http://www.irinnews.org/report/99074/analysis-indonesia-s-social-targeting-challenge
Analysis: Indonesia’s social targeting challenge
Photo: Natalie Bailey/IRIN
Who is accounting for her needs?
HIGHLIGHTS
a.. Millions of vulnerable, poor receive inadequate assistance
b.. Perceptions of favouritism spark protests
c.. Communities’ help with data collection vital
d.. Almost one billion near-poor vulnerable to shocks
BANGKOK, 7 November 2013 (IRIN) - Indonesia’s economy grew by roughly 6 percent
in 2013, but its poverty reduction has nearly stalled with almost half the
population living in poverty - and experts struggling to identify and serve the
neediest among them.
“It’s true that [social] targeting is not easy and it’s complicated,” Nina
Sardjunani, the Indonesian government’s deputy development planning minister,
told IRIN.
The decrease in the official poverty rate from 2011-2012 (half a percentage
point) was the smallest since 2003, according to the World Bank as cited by
Australian National University.
Social targeting - the process used to identify people most in need of social
assistance - in Indonesia has improved in recent years, say analysts.
But with some 11.4 percent of the population living in poverty (and another 40
percent hovering near it), the cyclical nature of poverty, time lags between
identifying the poor and getting them assistance, and different ways of
implementing national welfare programmes at the community level, have all made
it difficult to keep Indonesian families from falling into poverty, despite the
government's goal to cut poverty to 8 percent of the nearly 247 million
populationby 2014.
With some 3 percent (nearly eight million people) still to go and only two
months until 2014, it is imperative not only to expand poverty alleviation
initiatives, but also ensure their efficiency, say experts.
With fuel prices that have risen three times in the past decade and ongoing
increases in rice prices (in a heavily rice-dependent country), the government
has responded with several social safety nets this past decade.
Safety nets
The government first introduced the Bantuan Langsung Tunai (BLT), an
unconditional cash transfer now known as the Bantuan Langsung Semetara
Masyarakat (BLSM), to 19 million households every three months from 2005-2006,
and from 2008- 2009, to smooth over fuel price shocks.
In June 2013 the government allocated nearly US$829 million to the BLSM,
distributing $13.35 to each of 15.5 million households twice between June and
October.
The National Team for Accelerating Poverty Reduction (TNP2K), established by
the government in 2010, oversees implementation of all public poverty reduction
programmes.
The excluded fight back
A number of these initiatives, particularly cash transfers, have instigated
protests throughout the past decade, while failing to lift significant numbers
of households out of poverty, causing analysts to question the anti-poverty
schemes’ scope and efficacy.
Eligibility lists for unconditional cash transfers previously known as BLT were
largely decided by sub-village heads; national programme staff then reviewed
the lists.
Major social assistance programmes
In addition to BLSM, the government implements eight programmes to
provide assistance to the poor, including four main ones:
Raskin, or Rice for the Poor, a subsidized rice programme
Jamkesmas (JMK), a health fee-waiver programme
Bantuan Siswa Miskin (BSM) that provides student scholarships
Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) or the Family Hope Programme, which
provides cash assistance for maternal and child health check-ups and school
attendance for youths up to age 18.
“If a poor household was not nominated, they were not assessed, and many of
them missed out on the programme,” reported the World Bank in 2012.
Until recently families had no official recourse to challenge BLT
classification, resorting instead to protest.
There were protests in 56 percent of communities where BLT was implemented
between 2005 and 2008 linked to perceptions of favouritism.
In a West Papuan community, villagers jailed a village chief and his treasurer
in 2005; in Central Java in the same year, the community verbally insulted a
village leader responsible for eligibility until he offered to resign,
according to the 2012 study co-commissioned by TNP2K.
To maintain social peace, “local leaders often redistributed in order to
decrease social jealousy,” said Anna Winoto, the social policy specialist for
the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) in Indonesia.
Another programme that put a strain on community relations that has “abated but
not disappeared” according to a 2012 World Bank report is Raskin, which
provides 17.5 million households with 14kg of subsidized rice monthly.
Rice typically costs 40 US cents per kilogram; the subsidized price is almost
half, and covers 30-40 percent of a household's average total rice consumption,
according to the Asian Development Bank.
Village officials manage the subsidy, and often redistribute rice to the whole
village to share equally. As a result, an estimated 71 percent of the lowest
three socioeconomic groups - the targeted beneficiaries - receive subsidized
rice, but it may be less than what is intended for them, says the World Bank.
However, in a report released one year after Raskin’s implementation, the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development noted the “flexibility
in local level implementation may have even improved targeting with pressure
for fairer distribution at the local level and allowing newly poor families to
access the subsidized rice”.
Efforts to improve
The country’s current social targeting methodology, introduced in 2011, is a
database of households’ socioeconomic indicators (excluding income due to lack
of data) gathered every three years by the Central Bureau of Statistics.
“Before the government adopted a unified database in 2011, each programme had
[its] own list and target of people. It was all very confusing because of
leakage [when resources intended for the poor flow to affluent groups] and
overlap,” said Winoto from UNICEF.
TNP2K identifies households falling into the lowest 40 percent according to BPS
surveys, which are entered into the database. Each national poverty alleviation
programme can then filter its target population. (PKH targets the poorest 10
percent, BSM the poorest 25 percent with school-age children, and Raskin the
poorest 25 percent, with or without children.)
In addition, the government introduced Kartu Perlingdungan Sosial (KPS) social
security cards in June 2013 for the country’s poorest 25 percent that were
eligible for Raskin, BLSM, and BSM; without these cards, families will not be
considered for enrolment.
Families that think they were unfairly excluded in the past from any social
assistance programme can now apply to their village head to be re-assessed.
Card holders can also file complaints on a newly-established government website
for citizen reporting which includes reporting applications for smartphones for
download.
“Coverage has improved. However, we have to recognize a few challenges,” said
Winoto from UNICEF, who explained that household data is only collected by the
Central Bureau for Statistics every three years, and the rapid rate at which
people can fall into poverty means “a lot of people are still being missed in
safety net scheme[s].”
Photo: Jefri Aries/IRIN
Papua region is one of the country’s poorestData gathering as community exercise
Involving the community is “key” to finding residents who may qualify for
social assistance, but are falling through safety nets, said Winoto.
Community participation in data gathering has expanded in recent years after
local government officials in Polewali Mandar community in West Sulawesi
Province first piloted efforts in 2004.
Village chiefs there recruited data collectors from the community to identify
households with children who had dropped out of school and were eligible for
cash aid. Since then, more than 3,000 children have been identified and
returned to school with social assistance to support them, according to local
media.
In 2010 the same concept was tested in East Nusa Tenggara Province in 132
villages.
Methodology - but also money
Analysts say it is no surprise that a country with such a large population
(fourth largest in the world) that was classified a low-income country only a
decade ago would still struggle with poverty - and by extension - targeting
assistance.
However, the World Bank has noted that the challenge of helping Indonesia’s
poorest is not only an issue of targeting, but also of inadequate resources
invested in social assistance.
“While targeting is not perfect in Indonesia, most of the poor will be
receiving at least one of these [social assistance] programmes... [but] there
is a question as to whether they receive enough assistance for their needs,”
said an economist with the World Bank in Jakarta, Matthew Wai-Poi.
Indonesia invests 0.5 percent of its annual $878.2 billion GDP in social
assistance, as compared to a 2.6 percent regional average for Southeast Asia.
“We are yet to have established [sufficient] social safety nets,” said Arianto
Patunru, a local economics researcher for the University of Indonesia and
Australian National University.
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