On Mon, 2019-04-08 at 09:23 -0600, Alex Williamson wrote:
> Loading modules is privileged:
> 
> $ modprobe vfio-pci
> modprobe: ERROR: could not insert 'vfio_pci': Operation not permitted
> 
> Granting a device to a user for device assignment purposes is also a
> privileged operation.  Can you describe a scenario where this is
> reachable without elevated privileges?  The driver core maintainer has
> indicated previously that manipulation of driver binding is effectively
> at your own risk.  It's entirely possible to bind devices to the wrong
> driver creating all sorts of bad behavior.  In this case, it appears
> that the system has been improperly configured if devices from a user
> owned group can accidentally be bound to host drivers. 

No user space action should ever crash the kernel, whether or not it
is a privileged action and whether or not a configuration mistake is
involved. The only exception are actions that are intended to crash
the kernel, e.g. SysRq-c. I'm surprised that I have to explain this.

Bart.
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