FATIMAH BINT MUHAMMAD
Fatimah was the fifth child of Muhammad and Khadijah.
She was born at a time when her noble father had begun
to spend long periods in the solitude of mountains
around Makkah, meditating and reflecting on the great
mysteries of creation.
This was the time, before the Bithah, when her eldest
sister Zaynab was married to her cousin, al-Aas ibn ar
Rabiah. Then followed the marriage of her two other
sisters, Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum, to the sons of Abu
Lahab, a paternal uncle of the Prophet. Both Abu Lahab
and his wife Umm Jamil turned out to be flaming
enemies of the Prophet from the very beginning of his
public mission.
The little Fatimah thus saw her sisters leave home one
after the other to live with their husbands. She was
too young to understand the meaning of marriage and
the reasons why her sisters had to leave home. She
loved them dearly and was sad and lonely when they
left. It is said that a certain silence and painful
sadness came over her then.
Of course, even after the marriage of her sisters, she
was not alone in the house of her parents. Barakah,
the maid-servant of Aminah, the Prophet's mother, who
had been with the Prophet since his birth, Zayd ibn
Harithah, and Ali, the young son of Abu Ta lib were
all part of Muhammad's household at this time. And of
course there was her loving mother, the lady Khadijah.
In her mother and in Barakah, Fatimah found a great
deal of solace and comfort. in Ali, who was about two
years older than she, she found a "brother" and a
friend who somehow took the place of her own brother
al-Qasim who had died in his infancy. Her other
brother Abdullah, known as the Good and the Pure, who
was born after her, also died in his infancy. However
in none of the people in her father's household did
Fatimah find the carefree joy and happiness which she
enjoyed with her sisters. She was an unusually
sensitive child for her age.
When she was five, she heard that her father had
become Rasul Allah, the Messenger of God. His first
task was to convey the good news of Islam to his
family and close relations. They were to worship God
Almighty alone. Her mother, who was a tower of
strength and support, explained to Fatimah what her
father had to do. From this time on, she became more
closely attached to him and felt a deep and abiding
love for him. Often she would be at Iris side walking
through the narrow streets and alleys of Makkah ,
visiting the Kabah or attending secret gatherings off,
the early Muslims who had accepted Islam and pledged
allegiance to the Prophet.
One day, when she was not yet ten, she accompanied her
father to the Masjid al-Haram. He stood in the place
known as al-Hijr facing the Kabah and began to pray.
Fatimah stood at his side. A group of Quraysh, by no
means well-disposed to the Prophet, gathe red about
him. They included Abu Jahl ibn Hisham, the Prophet's
uncle, Uqbah ibn Abi Muayt, Umayyah ibn Khalaf, and
Shaybah and Utbah, sons of Rabi'ah. Menacingly, the
group went up to the Prophet and Abu Jahl, the
ringleader, asked:
"Which of you can bring the entrails of a slaughtered
animal and throw it on Muhammad?"
Uqbah ibn Abi Muayt, one of the vilest of the lot,
volunteered and hurried off. He returned with the
obnoxious filth and threw it on the shoulders of the
Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, while
he was still prostrating. Abdullah ibn Masud, a
companion of the Prophet, was present but he was
powerless to do or say anything.
Imagine the feelings of Fatimah as she saw her father
being treated in this fashion. What could she, a girl
not ten years old, do? She went up to her father and
removed the offensive matter and then stood firmly and
angrily before the group of Quraysh thu gs and lashed
out against them. Not a single word did they say to
her. The noble Prophet raised his head on completion
of the prostration and went on to complete the Salat.
He then said: "O Lord, may you punish the Quraysh!"
and repeated this imprecati on three times. Then he
continued:
"May You punish Utbah, Uqbah, Abu Jahl and Shaybah."
(These whom he named were all killed many years later
at the Battle of Badr)
On another occasion, Fatimah was with the Prophet as
he made; tawaf around the Kabah. A Quraysh mob
gathered around him. They seized him and tried to
strangle him with his own clothes. Fatimah screamed
and shouted for help. Abu Bakr rushed to the scene a
nd managed to free the Prophet. While he was doing so,
he pleaded:
"Would you kill a man who says, 'My Lord is God?'" Far
from giving up, the mob turned on Abu Bakr and began
beating him until blood flowed from his head and face.
Such scenes of vicious opposition and harassment
against her father and the early Muslims were
witnessed by the young Fatimah. She did not meekly
stand aside but joined in the struggle in defence of
her father and his noble mission. She was still a
young girl and instead of the cheerful romping, the
gaiety and liveliness which children of her age are
and should normally be accustomed to, Fatimah had to
witness and participate in such ordeals.
Of course, she was not alone in this. The whole of the
Prophet's family suffered from the violent and
mindless Quraysh. Her sisters, Ruqayyah and Umm
Kulthum also suffered. They were living at this time
in the very nest of hatred and intrigue against the
Prophet. Their husbands were Utbah and Utaybah, sons
of Abu Lahab and Umm Jamil. Umm Jamil was known to be
a hard and harsh woman who had a sharp and evil
tongue. It was mainly because of her that Khadijah was
not pleased with the marriages of her daught ers to
Umm Jamil's sons in the first place. It must have been
painful for Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum to be living in
the household of such inveterate enemies who not only
joined but led the campaign against their father.
As a mark of disgrace to Muhammad and his family,
Utbah and Utaybah were prevailed upon by their parents
to divorce their wives. This was part of the process
of ostracizing the Prophet totally. The Prophet in
fact welcomed his daughters back to his home w ith
joy, happiness and relief.
Fatimah, no doubt, must have been happy to be with her
sisters once again. They all wished that their eldest
sister, Zaynab, would also be divorced by her husband.
In fact, the Quraysh brought pressure on Abu-l Aas to
do so but he refused. When the Qurays h leaders came
up to him and promised him the richest and most
beautiful woman as a wife should he divorce Zaynab, he
replied:
"I love my wife deeply and passionately and I have a
great and high esteem for her father even though I
have not entered the religion of Islam."
Both Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum were happy to be back
with their loving parents and to be rid of the
unbearable mental torture to which they had been
subjected in the house of Umm Jamil. Shortly
afterwards, Ruqayyah married again, to the young and
shy Uthman ibn Affaan who was among the first to have
accepted Islam. They both left for Abyssinia among the
first muhajireen who sought refuge in that land and
stayed there for several years. Fatimah was not to see
Ruqayyah again until after their mother had died.
The persecution of the Prophet, his family and his
followers continued and even became worse after the
migration of the first Muslims to Abyssinia. In about
the seventh year of his mission, the Prophet and his
family were forced to leave their homes and s eek
refuge in a rugged little valley enclosed by hills on
all sides and defile, which could only be entered from
Makkah by a narrow path.
To this arid valley, Muhammad and the clans of Banu
Hashim and al-Muttalib were forced to retire with
limited supplies of food. Fatimah was one of the
youngest members of the clans -just about twelve years
old - and had to undergo months of hardship and
suffering. The wailing of hungry children and women in
the valley could be heard from Makkah. The Quraysh
allowed no food and contact with the Muslims whose
hardship was only relieved somewhat during the season
of pilgrimage. The boycott lasted for three years.
When it was lifted, the Prophet had to face even more
trials and difficulties. Khadijah, the faithful and
loving, died shortly afterwards. With her death, the
Prophet and his family lost one of the greatest
sources of comfort and strength which h ad sustained
them through the difficult period. The year in which
the noble Khadijah, and later Abu Talib, died is known
as the Year of Sadness. Fatimah, now a young lady, was
greatly distressed by her mother's death. She wept
bitterly and for some time was so grief-striken that
her health deteriorated. It was even feared she might
die of grief.
Although her older sister, Umm Kulthum, stayed in the
same household, Fatimah realized that she now had a
greater responsibility with the passing away of her
mother. She felt that she had to give even greater
support to her father. With loving tendernes s, she
devoted herself to looking after his needs. So
concerned was she for his welfare that she came to be
called "Umm Abi-ha the mother of her father". She also
provided him with solace and comfort during times of
trial, difficulty and crisis.
Often the trials were too much for her. Once, about
this time, an insolent mob heaped dust and earth upon
his gracious head. As he entered his home, Fatimah
wept profusely as she wiped the dust from her father's
head.
"Do not cry, my daughter," he said, "for God shall
protect your father."
The Prophet had a special love for Fatimah. He once
said: "Whoever pleased Fatimah has indeed pleased God
and whoever has caused her to be angry has indeed
angered God. Fatimah is a part of me. Whatever pleases
her pleases me and whatever angers her a ngers me."
He also said: "The best women in all the world are
four: the Virgin Mary, Aasiyaa the wife of Pharoah,
Khadijah Mother of the Believers, and Fatimah,
daughter of Muhammad." Fatimah thus acquired a place
of love and esteem in the Prophet's heart that was o
nly occupied by his wife Khadijah.
Fatimah, may God be pleased with her, was given the
title of "az-Zahraa" which means "the Resplendent
One". That was because of her beaming face which
seemed to radiate light. It is said that when she
stood for Prayer, the mihrab would reflect the light
of her countenance. She was also called "al-Batul"
because of her asceticism. Instead of spending her
time in the company of women, much of her time would
be spent in Salat, in reading the Quran and in other
acts of ibadah.
Fatimah had a strong resemblance to her father, the
Messenger of God. Aishah. the wife of the Prophet,
said of her: "I have not seen any one of God's
creation resemble the Messenger of God more in speech,
conversation and manner of sitting than Fatimah, may
God be pleased with her. When the Prophet saw her
approaching, he would welcome her, stand up and kiss
her, take her by the hand and sit her down in the
place where he was sitting." She would do the same
when the Prophet came to her. She would sta nd up and
welcome him with joy and kiss him.
Fatimah's fine manners and gentle speech were part of
her lovely and endearing personality. She was
especially kind to poor and indigent folk and would
often give all the food she had to those in need even
if she herself remained hungry. She had no cravin g
for the ornaments of this world nor the luxury and
comforts of life. She lived simply, although on
occasion as we shall see circumstances seemed to be
too much and too difficult for her.
She inherited from her father a persuasive eloquence
that was rooted in wisdom. When she spoke, people
would often be moved to tears. She had the ability and
the sincerity to stir the emotions, move people to
tears and fill their hearts with praise and g ratitude
to God for His grace and His inestimable bounties.
Fatimah migrated to Madinah a few weeks after the
Prophet did. She went with Zayd ibn Harithah who was
sent by the Prophet back to Makkah to bring the rest
of his family. The party included Fatimah and Umm
Kulthum, Sawdah, the Prophet's wife, Zayd's wife
Barakah and her son Usamah. Travelling with the group
also were Abdullah the son of Abu Bakr who accompanied
his mother and his sisters, Aishah and Asma.
In Madinah, Fatimah lived with her father in the
simple dwelling he had built adjoining the mosque. In
the second year after the Hijrah, she received
proposals of marriage through her father, two of which
were turned down. Then Ali, the son of Abu Talib,
plucked up courage and went to the Prophet to ask for
her hand in marriage. In the presence of the Prophet,
however, Ali became over-awed and tongue-tied. He
stared at the ground and could not say anything. The
Prophet then asked: "Why have you come? Do you need
something?" Ali still could not speak and then the
Prophet suggested: "Perhaps you have come to propose
marriage to Fatimah."
"Yes," replied Ali. At this, according to one report,
the Prophet said simply: "Marhaban wa ahlan - Welcome
into the family," and this was taken by Ali and a
group of Ansar who were waiting outside for him as
indicating the Prophet's approval. Another re port
indicated that the Prophet approved and went on to ask
Ali if he had anything to give as mahr. Ali replied
that he didn't. The Prophet reminded him that he had a
shield which could be sold.
Ali sold the shield to Uthman for four hundred dirhams
and as he was hurrying back to the Prophet to hand
over the sum as mahr, Uthman stopped him and said:
"I am returning your shield to you as a present from
me on your marriage to Fatimah." Fatimah and Ali were
thus married most probably at the beginning of the
second year after the Hijrah. She was about nineteen
years old at the time and Ali was about twen ty one.
The Prophet himself performed the marriage ceremony.
At the walimah. the guests were served with dates,
figs and hais ( a mixture of dates and butter fat). A
leading member of the Ansar donated a ram and others
made offerings of grain. All Madin ah rejoiced.
On her marriage. the Prophet is said to have presented
Fatimah and Ali with a wooden bed intertwined with
palm leaves, a velvet coverlet. a leather cushion
filled with palm fibre, a sheepskin, a pot, a
waterskin and a quern for grinding grain.
Fatimah left the home of her beloved father for the
first time to begin life with her husband. The Prophet
was clearly anxious on her account and sent Barakah
with her should she be in need of any help. And no
doubt Barakah was a source of comfort and sol ace to
her. The Prophet prayed for them:
"O Lord, bless them both, bless their house and bless
their offspring." In Ali's humble dwelling, there was
only a sheepskin for a bed. In the morning after the
wedding night, the Prophet went to Ali's house and
knocked on the door.
Barakah came out and the Prophet said to her: "O Umm
Ayman, call my brother for me."
"Your brother? That's the one who married your
daughter?" asked Barakah somewhat incredulously as if
to say: Why should the Prophet call Ali his "brother"?
(He referred to Ali as his brother because just as
pairs of Muslims were joined in brotherhood aft er the
Hijrah, so the Prophet and Ali were linked as
"brothers".)
The Prophet repeated what he had said in a louder
voice. Ali came and the Prophet made a du'a, invoking
the blessings of God on him. Then he asked for
Fatimah. She came almost cringing with a mixture of
awe and shyness and the Prophet said to her:
"I have married you to the dearest of my family to
me." In this way, he sought to reassure her. She was
not starting life with a complete stranger but with
one who had grown up in the same household, who was
among the first to become a Muslim at a tender age,
who was known for his courage, bravery and virtue, and
whom the Prophet described as his "brother in this
world and the hereafter".
Fatimah's life with Ali was as simple and frugal as it
was in her father's household. In fact, so far as
material comforts were concerned, it was a life of
hardship and deprivation. Throughout their life
together, Ali remained poor because he did not set
great store by material wealth. Fatimah was the only
one of her sisters who was not married to a wealthy
man.
In fact, it could be said that Fatimah's life with Ali
was even more rigorous than life in her father's home.
At least before marriage, there were always a number
of ready helping hands in the Prophet's household. But
now she had to cope virtually on her own. To relieve
theft extreme poverty, Ali worked as a drawer and
carrier of water and she as a grinder of corn. One day
she said to Ali: "I have ground until my hands are
blistered."
"I have drawn water until I have pains in my chest,"
said Ali and went on to suggest to Fatimah: "God has
given your father some captives of war, so go and ask
him to give you a servant."
Reluctantly, she went to the Prophet who said: "What
has brought you here, my little daughter?" "I came to
give you greetings of peace," she said, for in awe of
him she could not bring herself to ask what she had
intended.
"What did you do?" asked Ali when she returned alone.
"I was ashamed to ask him," she said. So the two of
them went together but the Prophet felt they were less
in need than others.
"I will not give to you," he said, "and let the Ahl
as-Suffah (poor Muslims who stayed in the mosque) be
tormented with hunger. I have not enough for their
keep..."
Ali and Fatimah returned home feeling somewhat
dejected but that night, after they had gone to bed,
they heard the voice of the Prophet asking permission
to enter. Welcoming him, they both rose to their feet,
but he told them:
"Stay where you are," and sat down beside them. "Shall
I not tell you of something better than that which you
asked of me?" he asked and when they said yes he said:
"Words which Jibril taught me, that you should say
"Subhaan Allah- Glory be to God" ten ti mes after
every Prayer, and ten times "AI hamdu lillah - Praise
be to God," and ten times "Allahu Akbar - God is
Great." And that when you go to bed you should say
them thirty-three times each."
Ali used to say in later years: "I have never once
failed to say them since the Messenger of God taught
them to us."
There are many reports of the hard and difficult times
which Fatimah had to face. Often there was no food in
her house. Once the Prophet was hungry. He went to one
after another of his wives' apartments but there was
no food. He then went to Fatimah's ho use and she had
no food either. When he eventually got some food, he
sent two loaves and a piece of meat to Fatimah. At
another time, he went to the house of Abu Ayyub
al-Ansari and from the food he was given, he saved
some for her. Fatimah also knew tha t the Prophet was
without food for long periods and she in turn would
take food to him when she could. Once she took a piece
of barley bread and he, said to her: "This is the
first food your father has eaten for three days."
Through these acts of kindness she showed how much she
loved her father; and he loved her, really loved her
in return.
Once he returned from a journey outside Madinah. He
went to the mosque first of all and prayed two rakats
as was his custom. Then, as he often did, he went to
Fatimah's house before going to his wives. Fatimah
welcomed him and kissed his face, his mouth and his
eyes and cried.
"Why do you cry?" the Prophet asked.
"I see you, O Rasul Allah," she said, "Your color is
pale and sallow and your clothes have become worn and
shabby." ,P."O Fatimah," the Prophet replied tenderly,
"don't cry for Allah has sent your father with a
mission which He would cause to affect every house on
the face of the earth whether it be in towns, villages
or tents (in the desert) bringing either glory or h
umiliation until this mission is fulfilled just as
night (inevitably) comes."
With such comments Fatimah was often taken from the
harsh realities of daily life to get a glimpse of the
vast and far-reaching vistas opened up by the mission
entrusted to her noble father.
Fatimah eventually returned to live in a house close
to that of the Prophet. The place was donated by an
Ansari who knew that the Prophet would rejoice in
having his daughter as his neighbor. Together they
shared in the joys and the triumphs, the sorrow s and
the hardships of the crowded and momentous Madinah
days and years.
In the middle of the second year after the Hijrah, her
sister Ruqayyah fell ill with fever and measles. This
was shortly before the great campaign of Badr. Uthman,
her husband, stayed by her bedside and missed the
campaign. Ruqayyah died just before her father
returned. On his return to Madinah, one of the first
acts of the Prophet was to visit her grave.
Fatimah went with him. This was the first bereavement
they had suffered within their closest family since
the death of Khadijah. Fatimah was greatly distressed
by the loss of her sister. The tears poured from her
eyes as she sat beside her father at the edge of the
grave, and he comforted her and sought to dry her
tears with the corner of his cloak.
The Prophet had previously spoken against lamentations
for the dead, but this had lead to a misunderstanding,
and when they returned from the cemetery the voice of
Umar was heard raised in anger against the women who
were weeping for the martyrs of Badr a nd for
Ruqayyah.
"Umar, let them weep," he said and then added: "What
comes from the heart and from the eye, that is from
God and His mercy, but what comes from the hand and
from the tongue, that is from Satan." By the hand he
meant the beating of breasts and the smiting of
cheeks, and by the tongue he meant the loud clamor in
which women often joined as a mark of public sympathy.
Uthman later married the other daughter of the
Prophet, Umm Kulthum, and on this account came to be
known as Dhu-n Nurayn - Possessor of the Two Lights.
The bereavement which the family suffered by the death
of Ruqayyah was followed by happiness when to the
great joy of all the believers Fatimah gave birth to a
boy in Ramadan of the third year after the Hijrah. The
Prophet spoke the words of the Adhan int o the ear of
the new-born babe and called him al-Hasan which means
the Beautiful One.
One year later, she gave birth to another son who was
called al-Husayn, which means "little Hasan" or the
little beautiful one. Fatimah would often bring her
two sons to see their grandfather who was exceedingly
fond of them. Later he would take them to t he Mosque
and they would climb onto his back when he prostrated.
He did the same with his little granddaughter Umamah,
the daughter of Zaynab.
In the eighth year after the Hijrah, Fatimah gave
birth to a third child, a girl whom she named after
her eldest sister Zaynab who had died shortly before
her birth. This Zaynab was to grow up and become
famous as the "Heroine of Karbala". Fatimah's four th
child was born in the year after the Hijrah. The child
was also a girl and Fatimah named her Umm Kulthum
after her sister who had died the year before after an
illness.
It was only through Fatimah that the progeny of the
Prophet was perpetuated. All the Prophet's male
children had died in their infancy and the two
children of Zaynab named Ali and Umamah died young.
Ruqayyah's child Abdullah also died when he was no t
yet two years old. This is an added reason for the
reverence which is accorded to Fatimah.
Although Fatimah was so often busy with pregnancies
and giving birth and rearing children, she took as
much part as she could in the affairs of the growing
Muslim community of Madinah. Before her marriage, she
acted as a sort of hostess to the poor and d estitute
Ahl as-Suffah. As soon as the Battle of Uhud was over,
she went with other women to the battlefield and wept
over the dead martyrs and took time to dress her
father's wounds. At the Battle of the Ditch, she
played a major supportive role together with other
women in preparing food during the long and difficult
siege. In her camp, she led the Muslim women in prayer
and on that place there stands a mosque named Masjid
Fatimah, one of seven mosques where the Muslims stood
guard and performed their d evotions.
Fatimah also accompanied the Prophet when he made
Umrah in the sixth year after the Hijrah after the
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. In the following year, she and
her sister Umm Kulthum, were among the mighty throng
of Muslims who took part with the Prophet in th e
liberation of Makkah. It is said that on this
occasion, both Fatimah and Umm Kulthum visited the
home of their mother Khadijah and recalled memories of
their childhood and memories of jihad, of long
struggles in the early years of the Prophet's mission
.
In Ramadan of the tenth year just before he went on
his Farewell Pilgrimage, the Prophet confided to
Fatimah, as a secret not yet to be told to others:
"Jibril recited the Quran to me and I to him once
every year, but this year he has recited it with me
twice. I cannot but think that my time has come."
On his return from the Farewell Pilgrimage, the
Prophet did become seriously ill. His final days were
spent in the apartment of his wife Aishah. When
Fatimah came to visit him, Aishah would leave father
and daughter together.
One day he summoned Fatimah. When she came, he kissed
her and whispered some words in her ear. She wept.
Then again he whispered in her ear and she smiled.
Aishah saw and asked:
"You cry and you laugh at the same time, Fatimah? What
did the Messenger of God say to you?" Fatimah replied:
"He first told me that he would meet his Lord after a
short while and so I cried. Then he said to me: 'Don't
cry for you will be the first of my household to join
me.' So I laughed."
Not long afterwards the noble Prophet passed away.
Fatimah was grief-striken and she would often be seen
weeping profusely. One of the companions noted that he
did not see Fatimah, may God be pleased with her,
laugh after the death of her father.
One morning, early in the month of Ramadan, just less
than five month after her noble father had passed
away, Fatimah woke up looking unusually happy and full
of mirth. In the afternoon of that day, it is said
that she called Salma bint Umays who was loo king
after her. She asked for some water and had a bath.
She then put on new clothes and perfumed herself. She
then asked Salma to put her bed in the courtyard of
the house. With her face looking to the heavens above,
she asked for her husband Ali.
He was taken aback when he saw her lying in the middle
of the courtyard and asked her what was wrong. She
smiled and said: "I have an appointment today with the
Messenger of God."
Ali cried and she tried to console him. She told him
to look after their sons al-Hasan and al-Husayn and
advised that she should be buried without ceremony.
She gazed upwards again, then closed her eyes and
surrendered her soul to the Mighty Creator.
She, Fatimah the Resplendent One, was just twenty nine
years old.
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{Invite (mankind, O Muhammad ) to the Way of your Lord (i.e. Islam) with wisdom
(i.e. with the Divine Inspiration and the Qur'an) and fair preaching, and argue
with them in a way that is better. Truly, your Lord knows best who has gone
astray from His Path, and He is the Best Aware of those who are guided.}
(Holy Quran-16:125)
{And who is better in speech than he who [says: "My Lord is Allah (believes in
His Oneness)," and then stands straight (acts upon His Order), and] invites
(men) to Allah's (Islamic Monotheism), and does righteous deeds, and says: "I
am one of the Muslims."} (Holy Quran-41:33)
The prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "By Allah, if
Allah guides one person by you, it is better for you than the best types of
camels." [al-Bukhaaree, Muslim]
The prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) also said, "Whoever
calls to guidance will have a reward similar to the reward of the one who
follows him, without the reward of either of them being lessened at all."
[Muslim, Ahmad, Aboo Daawood, an-Nasaa'ee, at-Tirmidhee, Ibn Maajah]
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