darkma773r commented on a change in pull request #248:
URL: https://github.com/apache/commons-text/pull/248#discussion_r671690217



##########
File path: src/test/java/org/apache/commons/text/numbers/ParsedDecimalTest.java
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,764 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.text.numbers;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.math.MathContext;
+import java.math.RoundingMode;
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
+
+import org.apache.commons.rng.UniformRandomProvider;
+import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.function.Executable;
+
+class ParsedDecimalTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void testFrom() {
+        // act/assert
+        checkFrom(0.0, "0", 0);
+
+        checkFrom(1.0, "1", 0);
+        checkFrom(10.0, "1", 1);
+        checkFrom(100.0, "1", 2);
+        checkFrom(1000.0, "1", 3);
+        checkFrom(10000.0, "1", 4);
+
+        checkFrom(0.1, "1", -1);
+        checkFrom(0.01, "1", -2);
+        checkFrom(0.001, "1", -3);
+        checkFrom(0.0001, "1", -4);
+        checkFrom(0.00001, "1", -5);
+
+        checkFrom(1.2, "12", -1);
+        checkFrom(0.00971, "971", -5);
+        checkFrom(56300, "563", 2);
+
+        checkFrom(123.0, "123", 0);
+        checkFrom(1230.0, "123", 1);
+        checkFrom(12300.0, "123", 2);
+        checkFrom(123000.0, "123", 3);
+
+        checkFrom(12.3, "123", -1);
+        checkFrom(1.23, "123", -2);
+        checkFrom(0.123, "123", -3);
+        checkFrom(0.0123, "123", -4);
+
+        checkFrom(1.987654321e270, "1987654321", 261);
+        checkFrom(1.987654321e-270, "1987654321", -279);
+
+        checkFrom(Math.PI, "3141592653589793", -15);
+        checkFrom(Math.E, "2718281828459045", -15);
+
+        checkFrom(Double.MAX_VALUE, "17976931348623157", 292);
+        checkFrom(Double.MIN_VALUE, "49", -325);
+        checkFrom(Double.MIN_NORMAL, "22250738585072014", -324);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testFrom_notFinite() {
+        // arrange
+        final String msg = "Double is not finite";
+
+        // act/assert
+        assertThrowsWithMessage(() -> ParsedDecimal.from(Double.NaN),
+                IllegalArgumentException.class, msg);
+        assertThrowsWithMessage(() -> 
ParsedDecimal.from(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY),
+                IllegalArgumentException.class, msg);
+        assertThrowsWithMessage(() -> 
ParsedDecimal.from(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY),
+                IllegalArgumentException.class, msg);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testIsZero() {
+        // act/assert
+        Assertions.assertTrue(ParsedDecimal.from(0.0).isZero());
+        Assertions.assertTrue(ParsedDecimal.from(-0.0).isZero());
+
+        Assertions.assertFalse(ParsedDecimal.from(1.0).isZero());
+        Assertions.assertFalse(ParsedDecimal.from(-1.0).isZero());
+
+        Assertions.assertFalse(ParsedDecimal.from(Double.MIN_NORMAL).isZero());
+        
Assertions.assertFalse(ParsedDecimal.from(-Double.MIN_NORMAL).isZero());
+
+        Assertions.assertFalse(ParsedDecimal.from(Double.MAX_VALUE).isZero());
+        Assertions.assertFalse(ParsedDecimal.from(-Double.MIN_VALUE).isZero());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testRound_one() {
+        // arrange
+        final double a = 1e-10;
+        final double b = -1;
+        final double c = 1e10;
+
+        // act/assert
+        assertRound(a, -11, false, "1", -10);
+        assertRound(a, -10, false, "1", -10);
+        assertRound(a, -9, false, "0", 0);
+
+        assertRound(b, -1, true, "1", 0);
+        assertRound(b, 0, true, "1", 0);
+        assertRound(b, 1, true, "0", 0);
+
+        assertRound(c, 9, false, "1", 10);
+        assertRound(c, 10, false, "1", 10);
+        assertRound(c, 11, false, "0", 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testRound_nine() {
+        // arrange
+        final double a = 9e-10;
+        final double b = -9;
+        final double c = 9e10;
+
+        // act/assert
+        assertRound(a, -11, false, "9", -10);
+        assertRound(a, -10, false, "9", -10);
+        assertRound(a, -9, false, "1", -9);
+
+        assertRound(b, -1, true, "9", 0);
+        assertRound(b, 0, true, "9", 0);
+        assertRound(b, 1, true, "1", 1);
+
+        assertRound(c, 9, false, "9", 10);
+        assertRound(c, 10, false, "9", 10);
+        assertRound(c, 11, false, "1", 11);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testRound_mixed() {
+        // arrange
+        final double a = 9.94e-10;
+        final double b = -3.1415;
+        final double c = 5.55e10;
+
+        // act/assert
+        assertRound(a, -13, false, "994", -12);
+        assertRound(a, -12, false, "994", -12);
+        assertRound(a, -11, false, "99", -11);
+        assertRound(a, -10, false, "1", -9);
+        assertRound(a, -9, false, "1", -9);
+        assertRound(a, -8, false, "0", 0);
+
+        assertRound(b, -5, true, "31415", -4);
+        assertRound(b, -4, true, "31415", -4);
+        assertRound(b, -3, true, "3142", -3);
+        assertRound(b, -2, true, "314", -2);
+        assertRound(b, -1, true, "31", -1);
+        assertRound(b, 0, true, "3", 0);
+        assertRound(b, 1, true, "0", 0);
+        assertRound(b, 2, true, "0", 0);
+
+        assertRound(c, 7, false, "555", 8);
+        assertRound(c, 8, false, "555", 8);
+        assertRound(c, 9, false, "56", 9);
+        assertRound(c, 10, false, "6", 10);
+        assertRound(c, 11, false, "1", 11);
+        assertRound(c, 12, false, "0", 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testMaxPrecision() {
+        // arrange
+        final double d = 1.02576552;
+
+        // act
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 10, false, "102576552", -8);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 9, false, "102576552", -8);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 8, false, "10257655", -7);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 7, false, "1025766", -6);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 6, false, "102577", -5);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 5, false, "10258", -4);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 4, false, "1026", -3);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 3, false, "103", -2);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 2, false, "1", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 1, false, "1", 0);
+
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 0, false, "102576552", -8);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testMaxPrecision_carry() {
+        // arrange
+        final double d = -999.0999e50;
+
+        // act
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 8, true, "9990999", 46);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 7, true, "9990999", 46);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 6, true, "9991", 49);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 5, true, "9991", 49);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 4, true, "9991", 49);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 3, true, "999", 50);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 2, true, "1", 53);
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 1, true, "1", 53);
+
+        assertMaxPrecision(d, 0, true, "9990999", 46);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testMaxPrecision_halfEvenRounding() {
+        // act/assert
+        // Test values taken from RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN javadocs
+        assertMaxPrecision(5.5, 1, false, "6", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(2.5, 1, false, "2", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(1.6, 1, false, "2", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(1.1, 1, false, "1", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(1.0, 1, false, "1", 0);
+
+        assertMaxPrecision(-1.0, 1, true, "1", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(-1.1, 1, true, "1", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(-1.6, 1, true, "2", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(-2.5, 1, true, "2", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(-5.5, 1, true, "6", 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testMaxPrecision_singleDigits() {
+        // act
+        assertMaxPrecision(9.0, 1, false, "9", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(1.0, 1, false, "1", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(0.0, 1, false, "0", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(-0.0, 1, true, "0", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(-1.0, 1, true, "1", 0);
+        assertMaxPrecision(-9.0, 1, true, "9", 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testMaxPrecision_random() {
+        // arrange
+        final UniformRandomProvider rand = 
RandomSource.create(RandomSource.XO_RO_SHI_RO_128_PP, 0L);
+        final ParsedDecimal.FormatOptions opts = new FormatOptionsImpl();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10_000; ++i) {
+            final double d = createRandomDouble(rand);
+            final int precision = rand.nextInt(20) + 1;
+            final MathContext ctx = new MathContext(precision, 
RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN);
+
+            final ParsedDecimal dec = ParsedDecimal.from(d);
+
+            // act
+            dec.maxPrecision(precision);
+
+            // assert
+            Assertions.assertEquals(new BigDecimal(Double.toString(d), 
ctx).doubleValue(),
+                    Double.parseDouble(scientificString(dec, opts)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testToPlainString_defaults() {
+        // arrange
+        final FormatOptionsImpl opts = new FormatOptionsImpl();
+
+        // act/assert
+        checkToPlainString(0.0, "0.0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(-0.0, "-0.0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1.0, "1.0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1.5, "1.5", opts);
+
+        checkToPlainString(12, "12.0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(123, "123.0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1234, "1234.0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(12345, "12345.0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(123456, "123456.0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1234567, "1234567.0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(12345678, "12345678.0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(123456789, "123456789.0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1234567890, "1234567890.0", opts);
+
+        checkToPlainString(-0.000123, "-0.000123", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(12301, "12301.0", opts);
+
+        checkToPlainString(Math.PI, "3.141592653589793", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(Math.E, "2.718281828459045", opts);
+
+        checkToPlainString(-12345.6789, "-12345.6789", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1.23e12, "1230000000000.0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1.23e-12, "0.00000000000123", opts);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testToPlainString_altFormat() {
+        // arrange
+        final FormatOptionsImpl opts = new FormatOptionsImpl();
+        opts.setIncludeFractionPlaceholder(false);
+        opts.setSignedZero(false);
+        opts.setDecimalSeparator(',');
+        opts.setMinusSign('!');
+        opts.setThousandsGroupingSeparator('_');
+        opts.setGroupThousands(true);
+
+        // act/assert
+        checkToPlainString(0.0, "0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(-0.0, "0", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1.0, "1", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1.5, "1,5", opts);
+
+        checkToPlainString(12, "12", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(123, "123", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1234, "1_234", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(12345, "12_345", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(123456, "123_456", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1234567, "1_234_567", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(12345678, "12_345_678", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(123456789, "123_456_789", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1234567890, "1_234_567_890", opts);
+
+        checkToPlainString(-0.000123, "!0,000123", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(12301, "12_301", opts);
+
+        checkToPlainString(Math.PI, "3,141592653589793", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(Math.E, "2,718281828459045", opts);
+
+        checkToPlainString(-12345.6789, "!12_345,6789", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1.23e12, "1_230_000_000_000", opts);
+        checkToPlainString(1.23e-12, "0,00000000000123", opts);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testToScientificString_defaults() {
+        // arrange
+        final FormatOptionsImpl opts = new FormatOptionsImpl();
+
+        // act/assert
+        checkToScientificString(0.0, "0.0", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(-0.0, "-0.0", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(1.0, "1.0", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(1.5, "1.5", opts);
+
+        checkToScientificString(-0.000123, "-1.23E-4", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(12301, "1.2301E4", opts);
+
+        checkToScientificString(Math.PI, "3.141592653589793", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(Math.E, "2.718281828459045", opts);
+
+        checkToScientificString(-Double.MAX_VALUE, "-1.7976931348623157E308", 
opts);
+        checkToScientificString(Double.MIN_VALUE, "4.9E-324", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(Double.MIN_NORMAL, "2.2250738585072014E-308", 
opts);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testToScientificString_altFormats() {
+        // arrange
+        final FormatOptionsImpl opts = new FormatOptionsImpl();
+        opts.setIncludeFractionPlaceholder(false);
+        opts.setSignedZero(false);
+        opts.setDecimalSeparator(',');
+        opts.setMinusSign('!');
+        opts.setExponentSeparator("x10^");
+        opts.setAlwaysIncludeExponent(true);
+
+        // act/assert
+        checkToScientificString(0.0, "0x10^0", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(-0.0, "0x10^0", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(1.0, "1x10^0", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(1.5, "1,5x10^0", opts);
+
+        checkToScientificString(-0.000123, "!1,23x10^!4", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(12301, "1,2301x10^4", opts);
+
+        checkToScientificString(Math.PI, "3,141592653589793x10^0", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(Math.E, "2,718281828459045x10^0", opts);
+
+        checkToScientificString(-Double.MAX_VALUE, 
"!1,7976931348623157x10^308", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(Double.MIN_VALUE, "4,9x10^!324", opts);
+        checkToScientificString(Double.MIN_NORMAL, 
"2,2250738585072014x10^!308", opts);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testToEngineeringString_defaults() {
+        // arrange
+        final FormatOptionsImpl opts = new FormatOptionsImpl();
+
+        // act/assert
+        checkToEngineeringString(0.0, "0.0", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(-0.0, "-0.0", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(1.0, "1.0", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(1.5, "1.5", opts);
+
+        checkToEngineeringString(10, "10.0", opts);
+
+        checkToEngineeringString(-0.000000123, "-123.0E-9", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(12300000, "12.3E6", opts);
+
+        checkToEngineeringString(Math.PI, "3.141592653589793", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(Math.E, "2.718281828459045", opts);
+
+        checkToEngineeringString(-Double.MAX_VALUE, "-179.76931348623157E306", 
opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(Double.MIN_VALUE, "4.9E-324", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(Double.MIN_NORMAL, "22.250738585072014E-309", 
opts);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testToEngineeringString_altFormat() {
+        // arrange
+        final FormatOptionsImpl opts = new FormatOptionsImpl();
+        opts.setIncludeFractionPlaceholder(false);
+        opts.setSignedZero(false);
+        opts.setDecimalSeparator(',');
+        opts.setMinusSign('!');
+        opts.setExponentSeparator("x10^");
+        opts.setAlwaysIncludeExponent(true);
+
+        // act/assert
+        checkToEngineeringString(0.0, "0x10^0", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(-0.0, "0x10^0", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(1.0, "1x10^0", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(1.5, "1,5x10^0", opts);
+
+        checkToEngineeringString(10, "10x10^0", opts);
+
+        checkToEngineeringString(-0.000000123, "!123x10^!9", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(12300000, "12,3x10^6", opts);
+
+        checkToEngineeringString(Math.PI, "3,141592653589793x10^0", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(Math.E, "2,718281828459045x10^0", opts);
+
+        checkToEngineeringString(-Double.MAX_VALUE, 
"!179,76931348623157x10^306", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(Double.MIN_VALUE, "4,9x10^!324", opts);
+        checkToEngineeringString(Double.MIN_NORMAL, 
"22,250738585072014x10^!309", opts);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testStringMethods_customDigits() {
+        // arrange
+        final FormatOptionsImpl opts = new FormatOptionsImpl();
+        opts.setDigitsFromString("abcdefghij");
+
+        // act/assert
+        Assertions.assertEquals("b.a", plainString(ParsedDecimal.from(1.0), 
opts));
+        Assertions.assertEquals("-a.abcd", 
plainString(ParsedDecimal.from(-0.0123), opts));
+        Assertions.assertEquals("bc.de", 
plainString(ParsedDecimal.from(12.34), opts));
+        Assertions.assertEquals("baaaa.a", 
plainString(ParsedDecimal.from(10000), opts));
+        Assertions.assertEquals("jihgfedcba.a", 
plainString(ParsedDecimal.from(9876543210d), opts));
+
+        Assertions.assertEquals("b.a", 
scientificString(ParsedDecimal.from(1.0), opts));
+        Assertions.assertEquals("-b.cdE-c", 
scientificString(ParsedDecimal.from(-0.0123), opts));
+        Assertions.assertEquals("b.cdeEb", 
scientificString(ParsedDecimal.from(12.34), opts));
+        Assertions.assertEquals("b.aEe", 
scientificString(ParsedDecimal.from(10000), opts));
+        Assertions.assertEquals("j.ihgfedcbEj", 
scientificString(ParsedDecimal.from(9876543210d), opts));
+
+        Assertions.assertEquals("b.a", 
engineeringString(ParsedDecimal.from(1.0), opts));
+        Assertions.assertEquals("-bc.dE-d", 
engineeringString(ParsedDecimal.from(-0.0123), opts));
+        Assertions.assertEquals("bc.de", 
engineeringString(ParsedDecimal.from(12.34), opts));
+        Assertions.assertEquals("ba.aEd", 
engineeringString(ParsedDecimal.from(10000), opts));
+        Assertions.assertEquals("j.ihgfedcbEj", 
engineeringString(ParsedDecimal.from(9876543210d), opts));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testStringMethodAccuracy_sequence() {
+        // arrange
+        final double min = -1000;
+        final double max = 1000;
+        final double delta = 0.1;
+
+        final FormatOptionsImpl stdOpts = new FormatOptionsImpl();
+        final FormatOptionsImpl altOpts = new FormatOptionsImpl();
+        altOpts.setExponentSeparator("e");
+        altOpts.setIncludeFractionPlaceholder(false);
+
+        Assertions.assertEquals(10.0, 
Double.parseDouble(scientificString(ParsedDecimal.from(10.0), stdOpts)));
+
+        for (double d = min; d <= max; d += delta) {
+            // act/assert
+            Assertions.assertEquals(d, 
Double.parseDouble(scientificString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), stdOpts)));
+            Assertions.assertEquals(d, 
Double.parseDouble(scientificString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), altOpts)));
+
+            Assertions.assertEquals(d, 
Double.parseDouble(engineeringString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), stdOpts)));
+            Assertions.assertEquals(d, 
Double.parseDouble(engineeringString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), altOpts)));
+
+            Assertions.assertEquals(d, 
Double.parseDouble(plainString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), stdOpts)));
+            Assertions.assertEquals(d, 
Double.parseDouble(plainString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), altOpts)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testStringMethodAccuracy_random() {
+        // arrange
+        final UniformRandomProvider rand = 
RandomSource.create(RandomSource.XO_RO_SHI_RO_128_PP, 0L);
+
+        final FormatOptionsImpl stdOpts = new FormatOptionsImpl();
+        final FormatOptionsImpl altOpts = new FormatOptionsImpl();
+        altOpts.setExponentSeparator("e");
+        altOpts.setIncludeFractionPlaceholder(false);
+
+        double d;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10_000; ++i) {
+            d = createRandomDouble(rand);
+
+            // act/assert
+            Assertions.assertEquals(d, 
Double.parseDouble(scientificString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), stdOpts)));
+            Assertions.assertEquals(d, 
Double.parseDouble(scientificString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), altOpts)));
+
+            Assertions.assertEquals(d, 
Double.parseDouble(engineeringString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), stdOpts)));
+            Assertions.assertEquals(d, 
Double.parseDouble(engineeringString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), altOpts)));
+
+            Assertions.assertEquals(d, 
Double.parseDouble(plainString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), stdOpts)));
+            Assertions.assertEquals(d, 
Double.parseDouble(plainString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), altOpts)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void checkFrom(final double d, final String digits, final 
int exponent) {
+        final boolean negative = Math.signum(d) < 0;
+
+        assertSimpleDecimal(ParsedDecimal.from(d), negative, digits, exponent);
+        assertSimpleDecimal(ParsedDecimal.from(-d), !negative, digits, 
exponent);
+    }
+
+    private static void checkToPlainString(final double d, final String 
expected,
+            final ParsedDecimal.FormatOptions opts) {
+        checkToStringMethod(d, expected, ParsedDecimalTest::plainString, opts);
+    }
+
+    private static void checkToScientificString(final double d, final String 
expected,
+            final ParsedDecimal.FormatOptions opts) {
+        checkToStringMethod(d, expected, ParsedDecimalTest::scientificString, 
opts);
+    }
+
+    private static void checkToEngineeringString(final double d, final String 
expected,
+            final ParsedDecimal.FormatOptions opts) {
+        checkToStringMethod(d, expected, ParsedDecimalTest::engineeringString, 
opts);
+
+        // check the exponent value to make sure it is a multiple of 3
+        final String pos = engineeringString(ParsedDecimal.from(d), opts);
+        Assertions.assertEquals(0, parseExponent(pos, opts) % 3);
+
+        final String neg = engineeringString(ParsedDecimal.from(-d), opts);
+        Assertions.assertEquals(0, parseExponent(neg, opts) % 3);
+    }
+
+    private static int parseExponent(final String str, final 
ParsedDecimal.FormatOptions opts) {
+        final char[] expSep = opts.getExponentSeparatorChars();
+
+        final int expStartIdx = str.indexOf(String.valueOf(expSep));
+        if (expStartIdx > -1) {
+            int expIdx = expStartIdx + expSep.length;
+
+            boolean neg = false;
+            if (str.charAt(expIdx) == opts.getMinusSign()) {
+                ++expIdx;
+            }
+
+            final String expStr = str.substring(expIdx);
+            final int val = Integer.parseInt(expStr);
+            return neg
+                    ? -val
+                    : val;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private static void checkToStringMethod(final double d, final String 
expected,
+            final BiFunction<ParsedDecimal, ParsedDecimal.FormatOptions, 
String> fn,
+            final ParsedDecimal.FormatOptions opts) {
+
+        final ParsedDecimal pos = ParsedDecimal.from(d);
+        final String actual = fn.apply(pos, opts);
+
+        Assertions.assertEquals(expected, actual);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertRound(final double d, final int roundExponent,
+            final boolean negative, final String digits, final int exponent) {
+        final ParsedDecimal dec = ParsedDecimal.from(d);
+        dec.round(roundExponent);
+
+        assertSimpleDecimal(dec, negative, digits, exponent);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertMaxPrecision(final double d, final int 
maxPrecision,
+            final boolean negative, final String digits, final int exponent) {
+        final ParsedDecimal dec = ParsedDecimal.from(d);
+        dec.maxPrecision(maxPrecision);
+
+        assertSimpleDecimal(dec, negative, digits, exponent);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertSimpleDecimal(final ParsedDecimal parsed, final 
boolean negative, final String digits,
+            final int exponent) {
+        Assertions.assertEquals(negative, parsed.negative);
+        Assertions.assertEquals(digits, digitString(parsed));
+        Assertions.assertEquals(exponent, parsed.getExponent());
+        Assertions.assertEquals(digits.length(), parsed.digitCount);
+        Assertions.assertEquals(exponent, parsed.getScientificExponent() - 
digits.length() + 1);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertThrowsWithMessage(final Executable fn, final 
Class<? extends Throwable> type,
+            final String msg) {
+        Throwable exc = Assertions.assertThrows(type, fn);
+        Assertions.assertEquals(msg, exc.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    private static double createRandomDouble(final UniformRandomProvider rng) {
+        final long mask = ((1L << 52) - 1) | 1L << 63;
+        final long bits = rng.nextLong() & mask;
+        final long exp = rng.nextInt(2045) + 1;
+        return Double.longBitsToDouble(bits | (exp << 52));
+    }
+
+    /** Get the raw digits in the given decimal as a string.
+     * @param dec decimal instancE
+     * @return decimal digits as a string
+     */
+    private static String digitString(final ParsedDecimal dec) {
+        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < dec.digitCount; ++i) {
+            sb.append(dec.digits[i]);
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static String plainString(final ParsedDecimal dec, final 
ParsedDecimal.FormatOptions opts) {
+//        try {
+//            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+//            dec.toPlainString(sb, opts);
+//            return sb.toString();
+//        } catch (IOException exc) {
+//            throw new UncheckedIOException(exc);
+//        }
+        return dec.toPlainString(opts);
+    }
+
+    private static String scientificString(final ParsedDecimal dec, final 
ParsedDecimal.FormatOptions opts) {
+//        try {
+//            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+//            dec.toScientificString(sb, opts);
+//            return sb.toString();
+//        } catch (IOException exc) {
+//            throw new UncheckedIOException(exc);
+//        }
+        return dec.toScientificString(opts);
+    }
+
+    private static String engineeringString(final ParsedDecimal dec, final 
ParsedDecimal.FormatOptions opts) {
+//        try {
+//            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+//            dec.toEngineeringString(sb, opts);
+//            return sb.toString();
+//        } catch (IOException exc) {
+//            throw new UncheckedIOException(exc);
+//        }
+        return dec.toEngineeringString(opts);
+    }
+
+    private static final class FormatOptionsImpl implements 
ParsedDecimal.FormatOptions {
+
+        private boolean includeFractionPlaceholder = true;
+
+        private boolean signedZero = true;
+
+        private char[] digits = "0123456789".toCharArray();
+
+        private char decimalSeparator = '.';
+
+        private char thousandsGroupingSeparator = ',';
+
+        private boolean groupThousands = false;
+
+        private char minusSign = '-';

Review comment:
       I added this since it is part of `DecimalFormatSymbols`. I believe there 
are locales/languages that use a different symbol for minus but I can't think 
of any examples right now.




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