dramaticlly commented on code in PR #14948:
URL: https://github.com/apache/iceberg/pull/14948#discussion_r3707016545


##########
spark/v4.1/spark/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/spark/source/MergingSortedRowDataReader.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.iceberg.spark.source;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Accessor;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Accessors;
+import org.apache.iceberg.BaseScanTaskGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.FileScanTask;
+import org.apache.iceberg.ScanTaskGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Schema;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortField;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortOrder;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortOrderComparators;
+import org.apache.iceberg.StructLike;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Table;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableIterable;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableIterator;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.FileIO;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.SparkSchemaUtil;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.source.metrics.TaskNumDeletes;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.source.metrics.TaskNumSplits;
+import org.apache.iceberg.types.TypeUtil;
+import org.apache.iceberg.types.Types;
+import org.apache.iceberg.util.Exceptions;
+import org.apache.iceberg.util.SortedMerge;
+import org.apache.spark.rdd.InputFileBlockHolder;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.InternalRow;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.ProjectingInternalRow;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.connector.metric.CustomTaskMetric;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.connector.read.PartitionReader;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import scala.collection.JavaConverters;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link PartitionReader} that reads multiple sorted files and merges them 
into a single sorted
+ * stream using a k-way heap merge ({@link SortedMerge}).
+ *
+ * <p>Every file in the task group must be written with the table's current 
sort order. Sort keys on
+ * nested fields are not supported.
+ */
+class MergingSortedRowDataReader implements PartitionReader<InternalRow> {
+  private static final Logger LOG = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(MergingSortedRowDataReader.class);
+
+  private final CloseableGroup resources;
+  private final CloseableIterator<TaggedRow> mergedIterator;
+  private final List<RowDataReader> fileReaders;
+  // non-null only when sort key columns were added to the read schema beyond 
what Spark projected
+  private final ProjectingInternalRow projectingRow;
+  private InternalRow current;
+  private FileBlock currentBlock;
+
+  MergingSortedRowDataReader(SparkInputPartition partition) {
+    this(
+        partition.table(),
+        partition.io(),
+        partition.taskGroup(),
+        partition.projection(),
+        partition.isCaseSensitive(),
+        partition.cacheDeleteFilesOnExecutors());
+  }
+
+  MergingSortedRowDataReader(
+      Table table,
+      FileIO io,
+      ScanTaskGroup<FileScanTask> taskGroup,
+      Schema projection,
+      boolean caseSensitive,
+      boolean cacheDeleteFilesOnExecutors) {
+    SortOrder sortOrder = table.sortOrder();
+    int numFiles = taskGroup.tasks().size();
+
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        sortOrder.isSorted(), "Cannot create merging reader for unsorted table 
%s", table.name());
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        numFiles > 1, "Merging reader requires multiple files, got %s", 
numFiles);
+
+    int expectedOrderId = sortOrder.orderId();
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        taskGroup.tasks().stream()
+            .allMatch(task -> Objects.equals(task.file().sortOrderId(), 
expectedOrderId)),
+        "Not all files in task group have the expected sort order %s",
+        expectedOrderId);
+
+    LOG.debug(
+        "Creating merging reader for {} files with sort order {} in table {}",
+        numFiles,
+        sortOrder.orderId(),
+        table.name());
+
+    // Augment the projected schema with any sort key columns Spark did not 
request so that
+    // SortOrderComparators can access every sort key field during the merge.
+    Schema mergeReadSchema = mergeReadSchema(projection, sortOrder, table);
+    this.projectingRow = buildProjectingRow(projection, mergeReadSchema);
+
+    this.resources = new CloseableGroup();
+    List<FileScanTask> tasks = Lists.newArrayList(taskGroup.tasks());
+    this.fileReaders =
+        tasks.stream()
+            .map(
+                task ->
+                    new RowDataReader(
+                        table,
+                        io,
+                        new BaseScanTaskGroup<>(ImmutableList.of(task)),
+                        mergeReadSchema,
+                        caseSensitive,
+                        cacheDeleteFilesOnExecutors))
+            .toList();
+    fileReaders.forEach(resources::addCloseable);
+    // Wrap each reader as a CloseableIterable and feed into SortedMerge.
+    List<CloseableIterable<TaggedRow>> fileIterables = 
Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(tasks.size());
+    for (int i = 0; i < tasks.size(); i++) {
+      fileIterables.add(readerToIterable(fileReaders.get(i), tasks.get(i)));
+    }
+    Comparator<InternalRow> rowComparator = buildComparator(mergeReadSchema, 
sortOrder);
+    SortedMerge<TaggedRow> sortedMerge =
+        new SortedMerge<>((a, b) -> rowComparator.compare(a.row(), b.row()), 
fileIterables);
+    resources.addCloseable(sortedMerge);
+    boolean threw = true;
+    try {
+      this.mergedIterator = sortedMerge.iterator();
+      threw = false;
+    } finally {
+      if (threw) {
+        Exceptions.close(resources, true);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adapts a {@link RowDataReader} to a {@link CloseableIterable} for use 
with {@link SortedMerge}.
+   *
+   * <p>Rows are copied on the way into the heap. {@link SortedMerge} advances 
an iterator before
+   * returning the value it just polled, so an uncopied row would be 
overwritten by the next read
+   * from the same file since Spark's Parquet and ORC readers reuse {@link 
InternalRow} containers.
+   * At most one row per file is held at a time, so the copy is bounded by the 
number of files.
+   */
+  private CloseableIterable<TaggedRow> readerToIterable(RowDataReader reader, 
FileScanTask task) {
+    FileBlock block = new FileBlock(task.file().location(), task.start(), 
task.length());
+    return CloseableIterable.withNoopClose(
+        () ->
+            new CloseableIterator<>() {
+              private boolean advanced = false;
+              private boolean hasNext = false;
+
+              @Override
+              public boolean hasNext() {
+                if (!advanced) {
+                  try {
+                    hasNext = reader.next();
+                    advanced = true;
+                  } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new UncheckedIOException("Failed to advance reader", 
e);
+                  }
+                }
+                return hasNext;
+              }
+
+              @Override
+              public TaggedRow next() {
+                if (!advanced) {
+                  hasNext();
+                }
+                advanced = false;
+                return new TaggedRow(reader.get().copy(), block);
+              }
+
+              @Override
+              public void close() {
+                // Readers are owned by the enclosing CloseableGroup, not by 
the merge. SortedMerge
+                // drops iterators that are empty on the first hasNext() 
without closing them, so a
+                // file whose rows are all deleted would otherwise leak. 
Closing here too would
+                // double-close every reader the merge does drain.
+              }
+            });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean next() throws IOException {
+    if (!mergedIterator.hasNext()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    TaggedRow tagged = mergedIterator.next();
+    // all rows from one task share a FileBlock instance, so identity is 
enough to detect a switch
+    // and avoid re-allocating the block holder entry on every row
+    if (tagged.block() != currentBlock) {
+      FileBlock block = tagged.block();
+      InputFileBlockHolder.set(block.filePath(), block.start(), 
block.length());
+      this.currentBlock = block;
+    }
+
+    InternalRow merged = tagged.row();
+    if (projectingRow == null) {
+      this.current = merged;
+    } else {
+      projectingRow.project(merged);
+      this.current = projectingRow;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public InternalRow get() {
+    return current;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() throws IOException {
+    resources.close();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public CustomTaskMetric[] currentMetricsValues() {
+    long totalDeletes =
+        fileReaders.stream()
+            .flatMap(reader -> Arrays.stream(reader.currentMetricsValues()))
+            .filter(metric -> metric instanceof TaskNumDeletes)
+            .mapToLong(CustomTaskMetric::value)
+            .sum();
+    return new CustomTaskMetric[] {
+      new TaskNumSplits(fileReaders.size()), new TaskNumDeletes(totalDeletes)
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Builds a comparator for merging {@link InternalRow}s by the given sort 
order. Each side wraps
+   * its row in its own reusable {@link InternalRowWrapper} so the two 
arguments stay distinct.
+   */
+  private static Comparator<InternalRow> buildComparator(
+      Schema mergeReadSchema, SortOrder sortOrder) {
+    StructType sparkSchema = SparkSchemaUtil.convert(mergeReadSchema);
+    Comparator<StructLike> keyComparator =
+        SortOrderComparators.forSchema(mergeReadSchema, sortOrder);
+    InternalRowWrapper left = new InternalRowWrapper(sparkSchema, 
mergeReadSchema.asStruct());
+    InternalRowWrapper right = new InternalRowWrapper(sparkSchema, 
mergeReadSchema.asStruct());
+    return (r1, r2) -> keyComparator.compare(left.wrap(r1), right.wrap(r2));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a {@link ProjectingInternalRow} that remaps columns from the 
wider merge schema back to
+   * the requested projection, or {@code null} if no extra columns were added.
+   */
+  private static ProjectingInternalRow buildProjectingRow(Schema projection, 
Schema mergeSchema) {
+    if (projection.columns().size() == mergeSchema.columns().size()) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    List<Object> positions = 
Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(projection.columns().size());
+    for (Types.NestedField column : projection.columns()) {
+      Accessor<StructLike> accessor = 
mergeSchema.accessorForField(column.fieldId());
+      Preconditions.checkArgument(
+          accessor != null,
+          "Cannot find projected field id %s in merge read schema",
+          column.fieldId());
+      positions.add(Accessors.toPosition(accessor));
+    }
+
+    StructType sparkSchema = SparkSchemaUtil.convert(projection);
+    return new ProjectingInternalRow(sparkSchema, 
JavaConverters.asScala(positions).toIndexedSeq());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the schema to use when reading each file. This is the requested 
{@code projection}
+   * augmented with any sort key columns that are not already present, so the 
merge comparator can
+   * access every sort key field regardless of what Spark projected.
+   */
+  private static Schema mergeReadSchema(Schema projection, SortOrder 
sortOrder, Table table) {
+    Schema tableSchema = table.schema();
+    List<Types.NestedField> missingFields = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+    for (SortField sortField : sortOrder.fields()) {
+      int fieldId = sortField.sourceId();
+      Types.NestedField tableField = tableSchema.findField(fieldId);
+      Preconditions.checkArgument(
+          tableField != null,
+          "Cannot find sort field id %s in schema of table %s",
+          fieldId,
+          table.name());
+      Preconditions.checkArgument(
+          TypeUtil.ancestorFields(tableSchema, fieldId).isEmpty(),

Review Comment:
   `ancestorFields` is a full schema walk per sort field, I think if we can 
just check with `tableSchema.asStruct().field(fieldId) != null` is enough for 
verifying top level (non-nested) field here. As it depends on the sortKey
   - if this is already projected we can read fine even nested. 
   - else I think we need fails as we don't use join with nested sortKey



##########
spark/v4.1/spark/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/spark/source/MergingSortedRowDataReader.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.iceberg.spark.source;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Accessor;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Accessors;
+import org.apache.iceberg.BaseScanTaskGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.FileScanTask;
+import org.apache.iceberg.ScanTaskGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Schema;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortField;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortOrder;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortOrderComparators;
+import org.apache.iceberg.StructLike;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Table;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableIterable;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableIterator;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.FileIO;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.SparkSchemaUtil;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.source.metrics.TaskNumDeletes;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.source.metrics.TaskNumSplits;
+import org.apache.iceberg.types.TypeUtil;
+import org.apache.iceberg.types.Types;
+import org.apache.iceberg.util.Exceptions;
+import org.apache.iceberg.util.SortedMerge;
+import org.apache.spark.rdd.InputFileBlockHolder;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.InternalRow;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.ProjectingInternalRow;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.connector.metric.CustomTaskMetric;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.connector.read.PartitionReader;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import scala.collection.JavaConverters;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link PartitionReader} that reads multiple sorted files and merges them 
into a single sorted
+ * stream using a k-way heap merge ({@link SortedMerge}).
+ *
+ * <p>Every file in the task group must be written with the table's current 
sort order. Sort keys on
+ * nested fields are not supported.
+ */
+class MergingSortedRowDataReader implements PartitionReader<InternalRow> {
+  private static final Logger LOG = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(MergingSortedRowDataReader.class);
+
+  private final CloseableGroup resources;
+  private final CloseableIterator<TaggedRow> mergedIterator;
+  private final List<RowDataReader> fileReaders;
+  // non-null only when sort key columns were added to the read schema beyond 
what Spark projected
+  private final ProjectingInternalRow projectingRow;
+  private InternalRow current;
+  private FileBlock currentBlock;
+
+  MergingSortedRowDataReader(SparkInputPartition partition) {
+    this(
+        partition.table(),
+        partition.io(),
+        partition.taskGroup(),
+        partition.projection(),
+        partition.isCaseSensitive(),
+        partition.cacheDeleteFilesOnExecutors());
+  }
+
+  MergingSortedRowDataReader(
+      Table table,
+      FileIO io,
+      ScanTaskGroup<FileScanTask> taskGroup,
+      Schema projection,
+      boolean caseSensitive,
+      boolean cacheDeleteFilesOnExecutors) {
+    SortOrder sortOrder = table.sortOrder();
+    int numFiles = taskGroup.tasks().size();
+
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        sortOrder.isSorted(), "Cannot create merging reader for unsorted table 
%s", table.name());
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        numFiles > 1, "Merging reader requires multiple files, got %s", 
numFiles);
+
+    int expectedOrderId = sortOrder.orderId();
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        taskGroup.tasks().stream()
+            .allMatch(task -> Objects.equals(task.file().sortOrderId(), 
expectedOrderId)),
+        "Not all files in task group have the expected sort order %s",
+        expectedOrderId);
+
+    LOG.debug(
+        "Creating merging reader for {} files with sort order {} in table {}",
+        numFiles,
+        sortOrder.orderId(),
+        table.name());
+
+    // Augment the projected schema with any sort key columns Spark did not 
request so that
+    // SortOrderComparators can access every sort key field during the merge.
+    Schema mergeReadSchema = mergeReadSchema(projection, sortOrder, table);
+    this.projectingRow = buildProjectingRow(projection, mergeReadSchema);
+
+    this.resources = new CloseableGroup();
+    List<FileScanTask> tasks = Lists.newArrayList(taskGroup.tasks());
+    this.fileReaders =
+        tasks.stream()
+            .map(
+                task ->
+                    new RowDataReader(
+                        table,
+                        io,
+                        new BaseScanTaskGroup<>(ImmutableList.of(task)),
+                        mergeReadSchema,
+                        caseSensitive,
+                        cacheDeleteFilesOnExecutors))
+            .toList();
+    fileReaders.forEach(resources::addCloseable);
+    // Wrap each reader as a CloseableIterable and feed into SortedMerge.
+    List<CloseableIterable<TaggedRow>> fileIterables = 
Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(tasks.size());
+    for (int i = 0; i < tasks.size(); i++) {
+      fileIterables.add(readerToIterable(fileReaders.get(i), tasks.get(i)));
+    }
+    Comparator<InternalRow> rowComparator = buildComparator(mergeReadSchema, 
sortOrder);
+    SortedMerge<TaggedRow> sortedMerge =
+        new SortedMerge<>((a, b) -> rowComparator.compare(a.row(), b.row()), 
fileIterables);
+    resources.addCloseable(sortedMerge);
+    boolean threw = true;
+    try {
+      this.mergedIterator = sortedMerge.iterator();
+      threw = false;
+    } finally {
+      if (threw) {
+        Exceptions.close(resources, true);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adapts a {@link RowDataReader} to a {@link CloseableIterable} for use 
with {@link SortedMerge}.
+   *
+   * <p>Rows are copied on the way into the heap. {@link SortedMerge} advances 
an iterator before
+   * returning the value it just polled, so an uncopied row would be 
overwritten by the next read
+   * from the same file since Spark's Parquet and ORC readers reuse {@link 
InternalRow} containers.
+   * At most one row per file is held at a time, so the copy is bounded by the 
number of files.
+   */
+  private CloseableIterable<TaggedRow> readerToIterable(RowDataReader reader, 
FileScanTask task) {
+    FileBlock block = new FileBlock(task.file().location(), task.start(), 
task.length());
+    return CloseableIterable.withNoopClose(
+        () ->
+            new CloseableIterator<>() {
+              private boolean advanced = false;
+              private boolean hasNext = false;
+
+              @Override
+              public boolean hasNext() {
+                if (!advanced) {
+                  try {
+                    hasNext = reader.next();
+                    advanced = true;
+                  } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new UncheckedIOException("Failed to advance reader", 
e);
+                  }
+                }
+                return hasNext;
+              }
+
+              @Override
+              public TaggedRow next() {
+                if (!advanced) {
+                  hasNext();
+                }
+                advanced = false;
+                return new TaggedRow(reader.get().copy(), block);
+              }
+
+              @Override
+              public void close() {
+                // Readers are owned by the enclosing CloseableGroup, not by 
the merge. SortedMerge
+                // drops iterators that are empty on the first hasNext() 
without closing them, so a
+                // file whose rows are all deleted would otherwise leak. 
Closing here too would
+                // double-close every reader the merge does drain.
+              }
+            });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean next() throws IOException {
+    if (!mergedIterator.hasNext()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    TaggedRow tagged = mergedIterator.next();
+    // all rows from one task share a FileBlock instance, so identity is 
enough to detect a switch
+    // and avoid re-allocating the block holder entry on every row
+    if (tagged.block() != currentBlock) {
+      FileBlock block = tagged.block();
+      InputFileBlockHolder.set(block.filePath(), block.start(), 
block.length());
+      this.currentBlock = block;
+    }
+
+    InternalRow merged = tagged.row();
+    if (projectingRow == null) {
+      this.current = merged;
+    } else {
+      projectingRow.project(merged);
+      this.current = projectingRow;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public InternalRow get() {
+    return current;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() throws IOException {
+    resources.close();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public CustomTaskMetric[] currentMetricsValues() {
+    long totalDeletes =
+        fileReaders.stream()
+            .flatMap(reader -> Arrays.stream(reader.currentMetricsValues()))
+            .filter(metric -> metric instanceof TaskNumDeletes)
+            .mapToLong(CustomTaskMetric::value)
+            .sum();
+    return new CustomTaskMetric[] {
+      new TaskNumSplits(fileReaders.size()), new TaskNumDeletes(totalDeletes)
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Builds a comparator for merging {@link InternalRow}s by the given sort 
order. Each side wraps
+   * its row in its own reusable {@link InternalRowWrapper} so the two 
arguments stay distinct.
+   */
+  private static Comparator<InternalRow> buildComparator(
+      Schema mergeReadSchema, SortOrder sortOrder) {
+    StructType sparkSchema = SparkSchemaUtil.convert(mergeReadSchema);
+    Comparator<StructLike> keyComparator =
+        SortOrderComparators.forSchema(mergeReadSchema, sortOrder);
+    InternalRowWrapper left = new InternalRowWrapper(sparkSchema, 
mergeReadSchema.asStruct());
+    InternalRowWrapper right = new InternalRowWrapper(sparkSchema, 
mergeReadSchema.asStruct());
+    return (r1, r2) -> keyComparator.compare(left.wrap(r1), right.wrap(r2));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a {@link ProjectingInternalRow} that remaps columns from the 
wider merge schema back to
+   * the requested projection, or {@code null} if no extra columns were added.
+   */
+  private static ProjectingInternalRow buildProjectingRow(Schema projection, 
Schema mergeSchema) {
+    if (projection.columns().size() == mergeSchema.columns().size()) {
+      return null;
+    }

Review Comment:
   looks like column count check is a proxy to evaluate whether the projection 
is the same
   ```suggestion
       if (projection.sameSchema(mergeSchema)) {
         return null;
       }
   ```



##########
spark/v4.1/spark/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/spark/source/MergingSortedRowDataReader.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.iceberg.spark.source;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Accessor;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Accessors;
+import org.apache.iceberg.BaseScanTaskGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.FileScanTask;
+import org.apache.iceberg.ScanTaskGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Schema;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortField;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortOrder;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortOrderComparators;
+import org.apache.iceberg.StructLike;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Table;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableIterable;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableIterator;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.FileIO;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.SparkSchemaUtil;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.source.metrics.TaskNumDeletes;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.source.metrics.TaskNumSplits;
+import org.apache.iceberg.types.TypeUtil;
+import org.apache.iceberg.types.Types;
+import org.apache.iceberg.util.Exceptions;
+import org.apache.iceberg.util.SortedMerge;
+import org.apache.spark.rdd.InputFileBlockHolder;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.InternalRow;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.ProjectingInternalRow;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.connector.metric.CustomTaskMetric;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.connector.read.PartitionReader;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import scala.collection.JavaConverters;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link PartitionReader} that reads multiple sorted files and merges them 
into a single sorted
+ * stream using a k-way heap merge ({@link SortedMerge}).
+ *
+ * <p>Every file in the task group must be written with the table's current 
sort order. Sort keys on
+ * nested fields are not supported.
+ */
+class MergingSortedRowDataReader implements PartitionReader<InternalRow> {
+  private static final Logger LOG = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(MergingSortedRowDataReader.class);
+
+  private final CloseableGroup resources;
+  private final CloseableIterator<TaggedRow> mergedIterator;
+  private final List<RowDataReader> fileReaders;
+  // non-null only when sort key columns were added to the read schema beyond 
what Spark projected
+  private final ProjectingInternalRow projectingRow;
+  private InternalRow current;
+  private FileBlock currentBlock;
+
+  MergingSortedRowDataReader(SparkInputPartition partition) {
+    this(
+        partition.table(),
+        partition.io(),
+        partition.taskGroup(),
+        partition.projection(),
+        partition.isCaseSensitive(),
+        partition.cacheDeleteFilesOnExecutors());
+  }
+
+  MergingSortedRowDataReader(
+      Table table,
+      FileIO io,
+      ScanTaskGroup<FileScanTask> taskGroup,
+      Schema projection,
+      boolean caseSensitive,
+      boolean cacheDeleteFilesOnExecutors) {
+    SortOrder sortOrder = table.sortOrder();
+    int numFiles = taskGroup.tasks().size();
+
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        sortOrder.isSorted(), "Cannot create merging reader for unsorted table 
%s", table.name());
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        numFiles > 1, "Merging reader requires multiple files, got %s", 
numFiles);
+
+    int expectedOrderId = sortOrder.orderId();
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        taskGroup.tasks().stream()
+            .allMatch(task -> Objects.equals(task.file().sortOrderId(), 
expectedOrderId)),
+        "Not all files in task group have the expected sort order %s",
+        expectedOrderId);
+
+    LOG.debug(
+        "Creating merging reader for {} files with sort order {} in table {}",
+        numFiles,
+        sortOrder.orderId(),
+        table.name());
+
+    // Augment the projected schema with any sort key columns Spark did not 
request so that
+    // SortOrderComparators can access every sort key field during the merge.
+    Schema mergeReadSchema = mergeReadSchema(projection, sortOrder, table);
+    this.projectingRow = buildProjectingRow(projection, mergeReadSchema);
+
+    this.resources = new CloseableGroup();
+    List<FileScanTask> tasks = Lists.newArrayList(taskGroup.tasks());
+    this.fileReaders =
+        tasks.stream()
+            .map(
+                task ->
+                    new RowDataReader(
+                        table,
+                        io,
+                        new BaseScanTaskGroup<>(ImmutableList.of(task)),
+                        mergeReadSchema,
+                        caseSensitive,
+                        cacheDeleteFilesOnExecutors))
+            .toList();
+    fileReaders.forEach(resources::addCloseable);
+    // Wrap each reader as a CloseableIterable and feed into SortedMerge.
+    List<CloseableIterable<TaggedRow>> fileIterables = 
Lists.newArrayListWithCapacity(tasks.size());
+    for (int i = 0; i < tasks.size(); i++) {
+      fileIterables.add(readerToIterable(fileReaders.get(i), tasks.get(i)));
+    }
+    Comparator<InternalRow> rowComparator = buildComparator(mergeReadSchema, 
sortOrder);
+    SortedMerge<TaggedRow> sortedMerge =
+        new SortedMerge<>((a, b) -> rowComparator.compare(a.row(), b.row()), 
fileIterables);
+    resources.addCloseable(sortedMerge);
+    boolean threw = true;
+    try {
+      this.mergedIterator = sortedMerge.iterator();
+      threw = false;
+    } finally {
+      if (threw) {
+        Exceptions.close(resources, true);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adapts a {@link RowDataReader} to a {@link CloseableIterable} for use 
with {@link SortedMerge}.
+   *
+   * <p>Rows are copied on the way into the heap. {@link SortedMerge} advances 
an iterator before
+   * returning the value it just polled, so an uncopied row would be 
overwritten by the next read
+   * from the same file since Spark's Parquet and ORC readers reuse {@link 
InternalRow} containers.
+   * At most one row per file is held at a time, so the copy is bounded by the 
number of files.
+   */
+  private CloseableIterable<TaggedRow> readerToIterable(RowDataReader reader, 
FileScanTask task) {
+    FileBlock block = new FileBlock(task.file().location(), task.start(), 
task.length());
+    return CloseableIterable.withNoopClose(
+        () ->
+            new CloseableIterator<>() {
+              private boolean advanced = false;
+              private boolean hasNext = false;
+
+              @Override
+              public boolean hasNext() {
+                if (!advanced) {
+                  try {
+                    hasNext = reader.next();
+                    advanced = true;
+                  } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new UncheckedIOException("Failed to advance reader", 
e);
+                  }
+                }
+                return hasNext;
+              }
+
+              @Override
+              public TaggedRow next() {
+                if (!advanced) {
+                  hasNext();
+                }
+                advanced = false;
+                return new TaggedRow(reader.get().copy(), block);
+              }
+
+              @Override
+              public void close() {
+                // Readers are owned by the enclosing CloseableGroup, not by 
the merge. SortedMerge
+                // drops iterators that are empty on the first hasNext() 
without closing them, so a
+                // file whose rows are all deleted would otherwise leak. 
Closing here too would
+                // double-close every reader the merge does drain.
+              }
+            });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean next() throws IOException {
+    if (!mergedIterator.hasNext()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    TaggedRow tagged = mergedIterator.next();
+    // all rows from one task share a FileBlock instance, so identity is 
enough to detect a switch
+    // and avoid re-allocating the block holder entry on every row
+    if (tagged.block() != currentBlock) {
+      FileBlock block = tagged.block();
+      InputFileBlockHolder.set(block.filePath(), block.start(), 
block.length());
+      this.currentBlock = block;
+    }
+
+    InternalRow merged = tagged.row();
+    if (projectingRow == null) {
+      this.current = merged;
+    } else {
+      projectingRow.project(merged);
+      this.current = projectingRow;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public InternalRow get() {
+    return current;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() throws IOException {
+    resources.close();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public CustomTaskMetric[] currentMetricsValues() {
+    long totalDeletes =
+        fileReaders.stream()
+            .flatMap(reader -> Arrays.stream(reader.currentMetricsValues()))
+            .filter(metric -> metric instanceof TaskNumDeletes)
+            .mapToLong(CustomTaskMetric::value)
+            .sum();
+    return new CustomTaskMetric[] {
+      new TaskNumSplits(fileReaders.size()), new TaskNumDeletes(totalDeletes)
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Builds a comparator for merging {@link InternalRow}s by the given sort 
order. Each side wraps
+   * its row in its own reusable {@link InternalRowWrapper} so the two 
arguments stay distinct.
+   */
+  private static Comparator<InternalRow> buildComparator(
+      Schema mergeReadSchema, SortOrder sortOrder) {
+    StructType sparkSchema = SparkSchemaUtil.convert(mergeReadSchema);
+    Comparator<StructLike> keyComparator =
+        SortOrderComparators.forSchema(mergeReadSchema, sortOrder);

Review Comment:
   From Claude, it seems for UUIDType we might have different ordering, the 
merge comparator use iceberg ordering 
https://github.com/apache/iceberg/blob/58d5c3704f1ea55a38383d10e2bfbb947d968b3f/api/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/types/Comparators.java#L49
 while files written by spark might be sorted by spark's ordering. 
https://github.com/apache/iceberg/blob/58d5c3704f1ea55a38383d10e2bfbb947d968b3f/spark/v4.1/spark/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/spark/TypeToSparkType.java#L149-L151
   
   See example repro in 
https://gist.github.com/dramaticlly/c57b7382f4e57cc9bf90f4b9e8366e9a



##########
spark/v4.1/spark/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/spark/source/MergingSortedRowDataReader.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.iceberg.spark.source;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Accessor;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Accessors;
+import org.apache.iceberg.BaseScanTaskGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.FileScanTask;
+import org.apache.iceberg.ScanTaskGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Schema;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortField;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortOrder;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortOrderComparators;
+import org.apache.iceberg.StructLike;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Table;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableIterable;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableIterator;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.FileIO;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.SparkSchemaUtil;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.source.metrics.TaskNumDeletes;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.source.metrics.TaskNumSplits;
+import org.apache.iceberg.types.TypeUtil;
+import org.apache.iceberg.types.Types;
+import org.apache.iceberg.util.Exceptions;
+import org.apache.iceberg.util.SortedMerge;
+import org.apache.spark.rdd.InputFileBlockHolder;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.InternalRow;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.ProjectingInternalRow;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.connector.metric.CustomTaskMetric;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.connector.read.PartitionReader;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import scala.collection.JavaConverters;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link PartitionReader} that reads multiple sorted files and merges them 
into a single sorted
+ * stream using a k-way heap merge ({@link SortedMerge}).
+ *
+ * <p>Every file in the task group must be written with the table's current 
sort order. Sort keys on
+ * nested fields are not supported.
+ */
+class MergingSortedRowDataReader implements PartitionReader<InternalRow> {
+  private static final Logger LOG = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(MergingSortedRowDataReader.class);
+
+  private final CloseableGroup resources;
+  private final CloseableIterator<TaggedRow> mergedIterator;
+  private final List<RowDataReader> fileReaders;
+  // non-null only when sort key columns were added to the read schema beyond 
what Spark projected
+  private final ProjectingInternalRow projectingRow;
+  private InternalRow current;
+  private FileBlock currentBlock;
+
+  MergingSortedRowDataReader(SparkInputPartition partition) {
+    this(
+        partition.table(),
+        partition.io(),
+        partition.taskGroup(),
+        partition.projection(),
+        partition.isCaseSensitive(),
+        partition.cacheDeleteFilesOnExecutors());
+  }
+
+  MergingSortedRowDataReader(
+      Table table,
+      FileIO io,
+      ScanTaskGroup<FileScanTask> taskGroup,
+      Schema projection,
+      boolean caseSensitive,
+      boolean cacheDeleteFilesOnExecutors) {
+    SortOrder sortOrder = table.sortOrder();
+    int numFiles = taskGroup.tasks().size();
+
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        sortOrder.isSorted(), "Cannot create merging reader for unsorted table 
%s", table.name());
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        numFiles > 1, "Merging reader requires multiple files, got %s", 
numFiles);
+
+    int expectedOrderId = sortOrder.orderId();
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        taskGroup.tasks().stream()
+            .allMatch(task -> Objects.equals(task.file().sortOrderId(), 
expectedOrderId)),
+        "Not all files in task group have the expected sort order %s",
+        expectedOrderId);
+
+    LOG.debug(
+        "Creating merging reader for {} files with sort order {} in table {}",
+        numFiles,
+        sortOrder.orderId(),
+        table.name());
+
+    // Augment the projected schema with any sort key columns Spark did not 
request so that
+    // SortOrderComparators can access every sort key field during the merge.
+    Schema mergeReadSchema = mergeReadSchema(projection, sortOrder, table);
+    this.projectingRow = buildProjectingRow(projection, mergeReadSchema);
+
+    this.resources = new CloseableGroup();

Review Comment:
   do we want to enable  `this.closeableGroup.setSuppressCloseFailure(true)`?
   



##########
spark/v4.1/spark/src/test/java/org/apache/iceberg/spark/source/TestMergingSortedRowDataReader.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.iceberg.spark.source;
+
+import static org.apache.iceberg.types.Types.NestedField.required;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.apache.iceberg.BaseScanTaskGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.DataFile;
+import org.apache.iceberg.DataFiles;
+import org.apache.iceberg.DeleteFile;
+import org.apache.iceberg.FileScanTask;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Files;
+import org.apache.iceberg.PartitionSpec;
+import org.apache.iceberg.ScanTaskGroup;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Schema;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortOrder;
+import org.apache.iceberg.Table;
+import org.apache.iceberg.TableUtil;
+import org.apache.iceberg.catalog.TableIdentifier;
+import org.apache.iceberg.data.FileHelpers;
+import org.apache.iceberg.data.GenericRecord;
+import org.apache.iceberg.data.Record;
+import org.apache.iceberg.expressions.Expressions;
+import org.apache.iceberg.io.CloseableIterable;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import org.apache.iceberg.spark.TestBase;
+import org.apache.iceberg.transforms.Transform;
+import org.apache.iceberg.transforms.Transforms;
+import org.apache.iceberg.types.Types;
+import org.apache.iceberg.util.Pair;
+import org.apache.spark.rdd.InputFileBlockHolder;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.InternalRow;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.io.TempDir;
+import org.mockito.Mockito;
+
+class TestMergingSortedRowDataReader extends TestBase {
+
+  private static final Schema SCHEMA =
+      new Schema(
+          required(1, "id", Types.IntegerType.get()), required(2, "data", 
Types.StringType.get()));
+
+  private static final PartitionSpec SPEC = PartitionSpec.unpartitioned();
+
+  private Table table;
+
+  @TempDir private Path temp;
+
+  @BeforeEach
+  void before() {
+    table = catalog.createTable(TableIdentifier.of("default", 
"test_merging_reader"), SCHEMA, SPEC);
+    table.replaceSortOrder().asc("id").commit();
+  }
+
+  @AfterEach
+  void after() {
+    catalog.dropTable(TableIdentifier.of("default", "test_merging_reader"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeTwoSortedFiles() throws IOException {
+    DataFile file1 = writeDataFile(record(1, "a"), record(3, "c"), record(5, 
"e"));
+    DataFile file2 = writeDataFile(record(2, "b"), record(4, "d"), record(6, 
"f"));
+
+    table.newAppend().appendFile(file1).appendFile(file2).commit();
+
+    List<InternalRow> rows = readMerged(table);
+
+    assertThat(extractIds(rows)).containsExactly(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeWithDuplicateKeys() throws IOException {
+    DataFile file1 = writeDataFile(record(1, "a"), record(2, "b"));
+    DataFile file2 = writeDataFile(record(1, "c"), record(2, "d"));
+    DataFile file3 = writeDataFile(record(1, "e"), record(3, "f"));
+
+    
table.newAppend().appendFile(file1).appendFile(file2).appendFile(file3).commit();
+
+    List<InternalRow> rows = readMerged(table);
+
+    assertThat(extractIds(rows)).containsExactly(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeDescendingOrder() throws IOException {
+    catalog.dropTable(TableIdentifier.of("default", "test_merging_reader"));
+    table = catalog.createTable(TableIdentifier.of("default", 
"test_merging_reader"), SCHEMA, SPEC);
+    table.replaceSortOrder().desc("id").commit();
+
+    DataFile file1 = writeDataFile(record(6, "f"), record(4, "d"));
+    DataFile file2 = writeDataFile(record(5, "e"), record(3, "c"), record(1, 
"a"));
+
+    table.newAppend().appendFile(file1).appendFile(file2).commit();
+
+    List<InternalRow> rows = readMerged(table);
+
+    assertThat(extractIds(rows)).containsExactly(6, 5, 4, 3, 1);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeWithNulls() throws IOException {
+    Schema nullableSchema =
+        new Schema(
+            Types.NestedField.optional(1, "id", Types.IntegerType.get()),
+            required(2, "data", Types.StringType.get()));
+
+    catalog.dropTable(TableIdentifier.of("default", "test_merging_reader"));
+    table =
+        catalog.createTable(
+            TableIdentifier.of("default", "test_merging_reader"), 
nullableSchema, SPEC);
+    table.replaceSortOrder().asc("id").commit();
+
+    DataFile file1 = writeDataFile(nullRecord("x"), record(3, "c"));
+    DataFile file2 = writeDataFile(nullRecord("y"), record(1, "a"), record(2, 
"b"));
+
+    table.newAppend().appendFile(file1).appendFile(file2).commit();
+
+    List<InternalRow> rows = readMerged(table);
+
+    assertThat(rows).hasSize(5);
+    assertThat(rows.get(0).isNullAt(0)).isTrue();
+    assertThat(rows.get(1).isNullAt(0)).isTrue();
+    assertThat(extractIds(rows.subList(2, 5))).containsExactly(1, 2, 3);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeThreeFiles() throws IOException {
+    DataFile file1 = writeDataFile(record(1, "a"), record(4, "d"), record(7, 
"g"));
+    DataFile file2 = writeDataFile(record(2, "b"), record(5, "e"), record(8, 
"h"));
+    DataFile file3 = writeDataFile(record(3, "c"), record(6, "f"), record(9, 
"i"));
+
+    
table.newAppend().appendFile(file1).appendFile(file2).appendFile(file3).commit();
+
+    List<InternalRow> rows = readMerged(table);
+
+    assertThat(extractIds(rows)).containsExactly(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeWithSortKeyNotInProjection() throws IOException {
+    DataFile file1 = writeDataFile(record(1, "a"), record(3, "c"), record(5, 
"e"));
+    DataFile file2 = writeDataFile(record(2, "b"), record(4, "d"), record(6, 
"f"));
+
+    table.newAppend().appendFile(file1).appendFile(file2).commit();
+
+    // Project only "data". The sort key "id" is missing from the projection, 
so it is added to
+    // the read schema for the merge comparator and stripped from the rows 
returned to Spark.
+    Schema dataOnly = table.schema().select("data");
+    List<InternalRow> rows = readMerged(table, dataOnly);
+
+    // Rows come back ordered by id even though id is not projected.
+    assertThat(extractData(rows, 0)).containsExactly("a", "b", "c", "d", "e", 
"f");
+    // Only the projected column is present in the returned rows.
+    assertThat(rows.get(0).numFields()).isEqualTo(1);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeAfterSortOrderEvolution() throws IOException {
+    // Evolve the sort order from "id" to "data". The reader should merge by 
the current order.
+    table.replaceSortOrder().asc("data").commit();
+
+    DataFile file1 = writeDataFile(record(5, "a"), record(3, "c"), record(1, 
"e"));
+    DataFile file2 = writeDataFile(record(6, "b"), record(4, "d"), record(2, 
"f"));
+
+    table.newAppend().appendFile(file1).appendFile(file2).commit();
+
+    List<InternalRow> rows = readMerged(table);
+
+    // Ordered by data, not by id.
+    assertThat(extractData(rows, 1)).containsExactly("a", "b", "c", "d", "e", 
"f");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeWithStructColumnNotInSortOrder() throws IOException {
+    catalog.dropTable(TableIdentifier.of("default", "test_merging_reader"));
+
+    Schema schemaWithStruct =
+        new Schema(
+            required(1, "id", Types.IntegerType.get()),
+            required(2, "data", Types.StringType.get()),
+            required(
+                4, "location", Types.StructType.of(required(5, "city", 
Types.StringType.get()))));
+
+    table =
+        catalog.createTable(
+            TableIdentifier.of("default", "test_merging_reader"), 
schemaWithStruct, SPEC);
+    table.replaceSortOrder().asc("id").commit();
+
+    DataFile file1 = writeDataFile(structRecord(1, "a", "NYC"), 
structRecord(3, "c", "SFO"));
+    DataFile file2 = writeDataFile(structRecord(2, "b", "LAX"), 
structRecord(4, "d", "SEA"));
+
+    table.newAppend().appendFile(file1).appendFile(file2).commit();
+
+    // Project the struct but not the sort key, so the merge schema is widened 
around a struct.
+    Schema projection = table.schema().select("location");
+    List<InternalRow> rows = readMerged(table, projection);
+
+    assertThat(rows.get(0).numFields()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(rows.stream().map(row -> row.getStruct(0, 
1).getUTF8String(0).toString()).toList())
+        .containsExactly("NYC", "LAX", "SFO", "SEA");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeRejectsStaleSortOrderId() throws IOException {
+    SortOrder oldSortOrder = table.sortOrder();
+
+    // file1 keeps the old order id, file2 is written with the evolved one
+    DataFile file1 =
+        DataFiles.builder(table.spec())
+            .copy(writeRecords(record(1, "a"), record(3, "c")))
+            .withSortOrder(oldSortOrder)
+            .build();
+
+    table.replaceSortOrder().asc("data").commit();
+    DataFile file2 = writeDataFile(record(2, "b"), record(4, "d"));
+
+    table.newAppend().appendFile(file1).appendFile(file2).commit();
+
+    assertThatThrownBy(() -> readMerged(table))
+        .isInstanceOf(IllegalArgumentException.class)
+        .hasMessageContaining("Not all files in task group have the expected 
sort order");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeRejectsMissingSortOrderId() {
+    // sort_order_id is optional in the manifest schema, so a file may report 
null
+    ScanTaskGroup<FileScanTask> taskGroup =
+        taskGroupWithSortOrderIds(table.sortOrder().orderId(), null);
+
+    assertThatThrownBy(
+            () ->
+                new MergingSortedRowDataReader(
+                    table, table.io(), taskGroup, table.schema(), true, false))
+        .isInstanceOf(IllegalArgumentException.class)
+        .hasMessageContaining("Not all files in task group have the expected 
sort order");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeRejectsSingleFile() throws IOException {
+    DataFile file1 = writeDataFile(record(1, "a"), record(3, "c"));
+
+    table.newAppend().appendFile(file1).commit();
+    table.refresh();
+
+    BaseScanTaskGroup<FileScanTask> taskGroup = new 
BaseScanTaskGroup<>(planFiles(table));
+
+    assertThatThrownBy(
+            () ->
+                new MergingSortedRowDataReader(
+                    table, table.io(), taskGroup, table.schema(), true, false))
+        .isInstanceOf(IllegalArgumentException.class)
+        .hasMessageContaining("Merging reader requires multiple files, got 1");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeRejectsUnsortedTable() throws IOException {
+    catalog.dropTable(TableIdentifier.of("default", "test_merging_reader"));
+    table = catalog.createTable(TableIdentifier.of("default", 
"test_merging_reader"), SCHEMA, SPEC);
+
+    DataFile file1 = writeDataFile(record(1, "a"), record(3, "c"));
+    DataFile file2 = writeDataFile(record(2, "b"), record(4, "d"));
+
+    table.newAppend().appendFile(file1).appendFile(file2).commit();
+    table.refresh();
+
+    BaseScanTaskGroup<FileScanTask> taskGroup = new 
BaseScanTaskGroup<>(planFiles(table));
+
+    assertThatThrownBy(
+            () ->
+                new MergingSortedRowDataReader(
+                    table, table.io(), taskGroup, table.schema(), true, false))
+        .isInstanceOf(IllegalArgumentException.class)
+        .hasMessageContaining("Cannot create merging reader for unsorted 
table");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void mergeWithFileFullyRemovedByDeletes() throws IOException {

Review Comment:
   can we add a 3 files here so that file1 is fully removed and file2 and file3 
still enter the merge code path after apply the row to be positional deleted?



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