RussellSpitzer commented on a change in pull request #3966: URL: https://github.com/apache/iceberg/pull/3966#discussion_r801859352
########## File path: core/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/util/ZOrderByteUtils.java ########## @@ -0,0 +1,187 @@ +/* + * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one + * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file + * distributed with this work for additional information + * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file + * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the + * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance + * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, + * software distributed under the License is distributed on an + * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY + * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the + * specific language governing permissions and limitations + * under the License. + */ + +package org.apache.iceberg.util; + +import java.nio.ByteBuffer; +import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; +import java.util.Arrays; + +/** + * Within Z-Ordering the byte representations of objects being compared must be ordered, + * this requires several types to be transformed when converted to bytes. The goal is to + * map object's whose byte representation are not lexicographically ordered into representations + * that are lexicographically ordered. + * Most of these techniques are derived from + * https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/z-order-indexing-for-multifaceted-queries-in-amazon-dynamodb-part-2/ + * + * Some implementation is taken from + * https://github.com/apache/hbase/blob/master/hbase-common/src/main/java/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/util/OrderedBytes.java + */ +public class ZOrderByteUtils { + + private ZOrderByteUtils() { + + } + + /** + * Signed ints do not have their bytes in magnitude order because of the sign bit. + * To fix this, flip the sign bit so that all negatives are ordered before positives. This essentially + * shifts the 0 value so that we don't break our ordering when we cross the new 0 value. + */ + public static byte[] intToOrderedBytes(int val, ByteBuffer reuse) { + ByteBuffer bytes = ByteBuffers.reuse(reuse, Integer.BYTES); + bytes.putInt(val ^ 0x80000000); + return bytes.array(); + } + + /** + * Signed longs are treated the same as the signed ints in {@link #intToOrderedBytes(int, ByteBuffer)} + */ + public static byte[] longToOrderedBytes(long val, ByteBuffer reuse) { + ByteBuffer bytes = ByteBuffers.reuse(reuse, Long.BYTES); + bytes.putLong(val ^ 0x8000000000000000L); + return bytes.array(); + } + + /** + * Signed shorts are treated the same as the signed ints in {@link #intToOrderedBytes(int, ByteBuffer)} + */ + public static byte[] shortToOrderedBytes(short val, ByteBuffer reuse) { + ByteBuffer bytes = ByteBuffers.reuse(reuse, Short.BYTES); + bytes.putShort((short) (val ^ (0x8000))); + return bytes.array(); + } + + /** + * Signed tiny ints are treated the same as the signed ints in {@link #intToOrderedBytes(int, ByteBuffer)} + */ + public static byte[] tinyintToOrderedBytes(byte val, ByteBuffer reuse) { + ByteBuffer bytes = ByteBuffers.reuse(reuse, Byte.BYTES); + bytes.put((byte) (val ^ (0x80))); + return bytes.array(); + } + + /** + * IEEE 754 : + * “If two floating-point numbers in the same format are ordered (say, x {@literal <} y), + * they are ordered the same way when their bits are reinterpreted as sign-magnitude integers.” + * + * Which means floats can be treated as sign magnitude integers which can then be converted into lexicographically + * comparable bytes + */ + public static byte[] floatToOrderedBytes(float val, ByteBuffer reuse) { + ByteBuffer bytes = ByteBuffers.reuse(reuse, Float.BYTES); + int ival = Float.floatToIntBits(val); + ival ^= ((ival >> (Integer.SIZE - 1)) | Integer.MIN_VALUE); + bytes.putInt(ival); + return bytes.array(); + } + + /** + * Doubles are treated the same as floats in {@link #floatToOrderedBytes(float, ByteBuffer)} + */ + public static byte[] doubleToOrderedBytes(double val, ByteBuffer reuse) { + ByteBuffer bytes = ByteBuffers.reuse(reuse, Double.BYTES); + long lng = Double.doubleToLongBits(val); + lng ^= ((lng >> (Long.SIZE - 1)) | Long.MIN_VALUE); + bytes.putLong(lng); + return bytes.array(); + } + + /** + * Strings are lexicographically sortable BUT if different byte array lengths will + * ruin the Z-Ordering. (ZOrder requires that a given column contribute the same number of bytes every time). + * This implementation just uses a set size to for all output byte representations. Truncating longer strings + * and right padding 0 for shorter strings. + */ + public static byte[] stringToOrderedBytes(String val, int length, ByteBuffer reuse) { + ByteBuffer bytes = ByteBuffers.reuse(reuse, length); + Arrays.fill(bytes.array(), 0, length, (byte) 0x00); + if (val != null) { + int maxLength = Math.min(length, val.length()); + // We may truncate mid-character + bytes.put(val.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), 0, maxLength); + } + return bytes.array(); + } + + /** + * For Testing interleave all available bytes + */ + static byte[] interleaveBits(byte[][] columnsBinary) { + return interleaveBits(columnsBinary, + Arrays.stream(columnsBinary).mapToInt(column -> column.length).sum()); Review comment: I don't think so? Shouldn't we be allowing columns to contribute different amounts of bytes? This is one of the difficulties for working with strings and other types since not only are we going to need more bytes for strings, but their most significant bytes may be rather late in the string. For example "www.iceberg.org/index" "www.iceberg.org/spark" Only have a differing byte at position 17. This is one of my reluctances to require similar contributions of byte sizes until we have a better "toOrderedBytes" function. -- This is an automated message from the Apache Git Service. To respond to the message, please log on to GitHub and use the URL above to go to the specific comment. To unsubscribe, e-mail: [email protected] For queries about this service, please contact Infrastructure at: [email protected] --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: [email protected] For additional commands, e-mail: [email protected]
