zhouyc-ali commented on code in PR #376:
URL: https://github.com/apache/paimon-cpp/pull/376#discussion_r4236851504


##########
src/paimon/format/vortex/vortex_stats_extractor.cpp:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "paimon/format/vortex/vortex_stats_extractor.h"
+
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "paimon/common/utils/math.h"
+#include "paimon/format/vortex/vortex_ffi.h"
+#include "paimon/format/vortex/vortex_ffi_util.h"
+#include "paimon/format/vortex/vortex_io_callbacks.h"
+#include "paimon/fs/file_system.h"
+
+namespace paimon::vortex {
+
+Result<std::pair<ColumnStatsVector, FormatStatsExtractor::FileInfo>>
+VortexStatsExtractor::ExtractWithFileInfo(const std::shared_ptr<FileSystem>& 
file_system,
+                                          const std::string& path,
+                                          const std::shared_ptr<MemoryPool>& 
pool) {
+    if (file_system == nullptr) {
+        return Status::Invalid("Vortex stats extractor requires a file 
system");
+    }
+    if (schema_ == nullptr) {
+        return Status::Invalid("Vortex stats extractor has no schema");
+    }
+    (void)pool;
+    PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(std::shared_ptr<InputStream> input, 
file_system->Open(path));
+    // Only the row count is needed, and Vortex keeps it in the file footer. 
Reading through
+    // callbacks means just those ranges are fetched instead of the whole file.
+    PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(int64_t signed_length, input->Length());
+    PAIMON_RETURN_NOT_OK(ValidateValueNonNegative(signed_length, "Vortex input 
length"));
+    auto length = static_cast<uint64_t>(signed_length);
+    auto input_context = std::make_shared<VortexInputContext>(input);
+
+    VxSessionPtr session(vx_session_new(), vx_session_free);
+    if (session == nullptr) {
+        return Status::IOError("failed to create Vortex session");
+    }
+    vx_error* error = nullptr;
+    VxDataSourcePtr data_source(
+        vx_data_source_new_callback(session.get(), 
VortexInputContext::MakeCallbacks(input_context),
+                                    length, &error),
+        vx_data_source_free);
+    if (data_source == nullptr) {
+        return VortexCallbackError("open Vortex file for stats", error,
+                                   input_context->GetCallbackStatus());
+    }
+    vx_estimate row_count{};
+    vx_data_source_get_row_count(data_source.get(), &row_count);
+    if (row_count.type == VX_ESTIMATE_UNKNOWN) {
+        return Status::Invalid("Vortex file did not report a row count");
+    }
+    const auto rows = static_cast<int64_t>(row_count.estimate);
+    // Empty column stats: Vortex keeps its statistics internal and does not 
surface them to Paimon.
+    return std::make_pair(ColumnStatsVector(), FileInfo(rows));
+}

Review Comment:
   Done in 1c814ff. One unknown entry per field, mirroring 
`LanceStatsExtractor`.



##########
test/inte/scan_and_read_inte_test.cpp:
##########
@@ -3690,6 +3690,49 @@ TEST_F(ScanAndReadInteTest, 
TestMosaicJavaAndPythonCompatibility) {
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifdef PAIMON_ENABLE_VORTEX
+TEST_F(ScanAndReadInteTest, TestVortexJavaCompatibility) {
+    // Fixture written by Paimon Java 2.0.0 with file.format=vortex; see
+    // 
test/test_data/vortex/append_java_compat.db/append_java_compat/README.md. This 
verifies that
+    // paimon-cpp reads back a Vortex table produced by the Java 
implementation.
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {
+        arrow::field("_VALUE_KIND", arrow::int8()),
+        arrow::field("id", arrow::int32()),

Review Comment:
   Done in 1c814ff. Added the all-types Java fixture and 
`TestVortexJavaCompatibilityAllTypes`.



##########
test/test_data/vortex/append_java_compat.db/append_java_compat/README.md:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Table: append_java_compat
+Writer: Paimon Java 2.0.0 (paimon-vortex-format + paimon-vortex-jni 2.0.0)
+
+Schema:
+id INT NOT NULL
+name STRING
+
+Options:
+bucket = -1
+file.format = vortex
+
+Data is a single APPEND commit (snapshot 1) with five rows. The second row has 
a
+NULL name:
+(1, "one")
+(2, NULL)
+(3, "three")
+(4, "four")
+(5, "five")
+
+Generated by a standalone Java program using the Paimon batch write API
+(BatchWriteBuilder / BatchTableWrite / BatchTableCommit) on JDK 17 with
+--add-opens=java.base/java.nio=ALL-UNNAMED (required by Arrow Java memory).
+Read back and verified by paimon-cpp in
+ScanAndReadInteTest.TestVortexJavaCompatibility.

Review Comment:
   Done in 1c814ff.



##########
test/inte/scan_and_read_inte_test.cpp:
##########
@@ -3690,6 +3690,49 @@ TEST_F(ScanAndReadInteTest, 
TestMosaicJavaAndPythonCompatibility) {
 }
 #endif
 
+#ifdef PAIMON_ENABLE_VORTEX
+TEST_F(ScanAndReadInteTest, TestVortexJavaCompatibility) {
+    // Fixture written by Paimon Java 2.0.0 with file.format=vortex; see
+    // 
test/test_data/vortex/append_java_compat.db/append_java_compat/README.md. This 
verifies that
+    // paimon-cpp reads back a Vortex table produced by the Java 
implementation.
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {
+        arrow::field("_VALUE_KIND", arrow::int8()),
+        arrow::field("id", arrow::int32()),
+        arrow::field("name", arrow::utf8()),
+    };
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::DataType> data_type = arrow::struct_(fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> expected_array =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(data_type, R"([

Review Comment:
   Yes, follow-up: those suites would run cases Vortex does not support yet.



##########
src/paimon/format/vortex/vortex_file_format_test.cpp:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+// Round-trip unit tests for the Vortex file format: write, then read back via 
vortex-ffi.
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "arrow/api.h"
+#include "arrow/array/concatenate.h"
+#include "arrow/c/bridge.h"
+#include "arrow/ipc/json_simple.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "paimon/common/factories/io_hook.h"
+#include "paimon/common/utils/arrow/mem_utils.h"
+#include "paimon/common/utils/arrow/status_utils.h"
+#include "paimon/common/utils/path_util.h"
+#include "paimon/common/utils/scope_guard.h"
+#include "paimon/format/column_stats.h"
+#include "paimon/format/file_format.h"
+#include "paimon/format/file_format_factory.h"
+#include "paimon/format/format_stats_extractor.h"
+#include "paimon/format/format_writer.h"
+#include "paimon/format/reader_builder.h"
+#include "paimon/format/writer_builder.h"
+#include "paimon/fs/file_system.h"
+#include "paimon/fs/local/local_file_system.h"
+#include "paimon/memory/memory_pool.h"
+#include "paimon/reader/batch_reader.h"
+#include "paimon/reader/file_batch_reader.h"
+#include "paimon/testing/utils/io_exception_helper.h"
+#include "paimon/testing/utils/read_result_collector.h"
+#include "paimon/testing/utils/testharness.h"
+
+namespace paimon::vortex::test {
+
+class VortexFileFormatTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ public:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(format_,
+                             FileFormatFactory::Get("vortex", {{"file.format", 
"vortex"}}));
+        file_system_ = std::make_shared<LocalFileSystem>();
+        directory_ = paimon::test::UniqueTestDirectory::Create();
+        ASSERT_NE(directory_, nullptr);
+        pool_ = GetDefaultPool();
+        arrow_pool_ = GetArrowPool(pool_);
+    }
+
+    // Writes `array` (a struct array matching `schema`) to a Vortex file at 
`path`, pushing it in
+    // `batch_size` slices exactly like the production write path does.
+    Status WriteFile(const std::string& path, const 
std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema>& schema,
+                     const std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array>& array, int32_t 
batch_size) const {
+        ::ArrowSchema ffi_schema = {};
+        PAIMON_RETURN_NOT_OK_FROM_ARROW(arrow::ExportSchema(*schema, 
&ffi_schema));
+        PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(std::unique_ptr<WriterBuilder> writer_builder,
+                               format_->CreateWriterBuilder(&ffi_schema, 
batch_size));
+        writer_builder->WithMemoryPool(pool_);
+        PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(std::shared_ptr<OutputStream> output,
+                               file_system_->Create(path, 
/*overwrite=*/false));
+        PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(std::unique_ptr<FormatWriter> writer,
+                               writer_builder->Build(output, "zstd"));
+        for (int64_t offset = 0; offset < array->length(); offset += 
batch_size) {
+            std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> slice = array->Slice(offset, 
batch_size);
+            ::ArrowArray ffi_array = {};
+            PAIMON_RETURN_NOT_OK_FROM_ARROW(arrow::ExportArray(*slice, 
&ffi_array));
+            PAIMON_RETURN_NOT_OK(writer->AddBatch(&ffi_array));
+        }
+        PAIMON_RETURN_NOT_OK(writer->Finish());
+        return output->Close();
+    }
+
+    // Reads the whole Vortex file at `path` back as a single concatenated 
struct array, checking
+    // the reported row count and that no batch exceeds the configured batch 
size.
+    Result<std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array>> ReadFile(const std::string& path,
+                                                   const 
std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema>& schema,
+                                                   int32_t batch_size,
+                                                   uint64_t 
expected_row_count) const {
+        PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(std::unique_ptr<ReaderBuilder> reader_builder,
+                               format_->CreateReaderBuilder(batch_size));
+        reader_builder->WithMemoryPool(pool_);
+        PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(std::shared_ptr<InputStream> input, 
file_system_->Open(path));
+        PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(std::unique_ptr<FileBatchReader> reader,
+                               reader_builder->Build(input));
+        ::ArrowSchema ffi_schema = {};
+        PAIMON_RETURN_NOT_OK_FROM_ARROW(arrow::ExportSchema(*schema, 
&ffi_schema));
+        PAIMON_RETURN_NOT_OK(reader->SetReadSchema(&ffi_schema, 
/*predicate=*/nullptr,
+                                                   
/*selection_bitmap=*/std::nullopt));
+        PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(uint64_t total_rows, reader->GetNumberOfRows());
+        if (total_rows != expected_row_count) {
+            return Status::Invalid("unexpected Vortex row count");
+        }
+
+        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array>> batches;
+        uint64_t rows_seen = 0;
+        while (true) {
+            PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(BatchReader::ReadBatch batch, 
reader->NextBatch());
+            if (BatchReader::IsEofBatch(batch)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            
PAIMON_RETURN_NOT_OK(paimon::test::ReadResultCollector::CheckBatchOffset(batch));
+            PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE_FROM_ARROW(
+                std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> arrow_batch,
+                arrow::ImportArray(batch.first.get(), batch.second.get()));
+            if (arrow_batch->length() > batch_size) {
+                return Status::Invalid("Vortex read batch exceeds configured 
batch size");
+            }
+            rows_seen += static_cast<uint64_t>(arrow_batch->length());
+            batches.push_back(std::move(arrow_batch));
+        }
+        if (rows_seen != expected_row_count) {
+            return Status::Invalid("Vortex batches do not contain all rows");
+        }
+        PAIMON_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE_FROM_ARROW(std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> result,
+                                          arrow::Concatenate(batches, 
arrow_pool_.get()));
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    void AssertReadWithBatchSizes(const std::string& path,
+                                  const std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema>& schema,
+                                  const std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array>& 
expected,
+                                  std::initializer_list<int32_t> batch_sizes) 
const {
+        for (int32_t batch_size : batch_sizes) {
+            SCOPED_TRACE("batch_size=" + std::to_string(batch_size));
+            ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(
+                std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> actual,
+                ReadFile(path, schema, batch_size,
+                         
/*expected_row_count=*/static_cast<uint64_t>(expected->length())));
+            ASSERT_TRUE(actual->Equals(expected)) << actual->ToString() << 
"\nvs\n"
+                                                  << expected->ToString();
+        }
+    }
+
+ protected:
+    std::shared_ptr<FileFormat> format_;
+    std::shared_ptr<LocalFileSystem> file_system_;
+    std::unique_ptr<paimon::test::UniqueTestDirectory> directory_;
+    std::shared_ptr<MemoryPool> pool_;
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::MemoryPool> arrow_pool_;
+};
+
+TEST_F(VortexFileFormatTest, WriteThenRead) {
+    std::string path = PathUtil::JoinPath(directory_->Str(), "data.vortex");
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {arrow::field("id", arrow::int32(), false),
+                                 arrow::field("name", arrow::utf8())};
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> schema = arrow::schema(fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> expected =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(
+            arrow::struct_(fields), 
R"([[1,"one"],[2,null],[3,"three"],[4,"four"],[5,"five"]])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+
+    ASSERT_OK(WriteFile(path, schema, expected, /*batch_size=*/2));
+    AssertReadWithBatchSizes(path, schema, expected, {1, 2, 3, 5, 8});
+}
+
+TEST_F(VortexFileFormatTest, WriteThenReadSupportedTypes) {
+    std::string path = PathUtil::JoinPath(directory_->Str(), 
"supported-types.vortex");
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {
+        arrow::field("f0", arrow::boolean()),
+        arrow::field("f1", arrow::int8()),
+        arrow::field("f2", arrow::int16()),
+        arrow::field("f3", arrow::int32()),
+        arrow::field("f4", arrow::int64()),
+        arrow::field("f5", arrow::float32()),
+        arrow::field("f6", arrow::float64()),
+        arrow::field("f7", arrow::utf8()),
+        arrow::field("f8", arrow::binary()),
+        arrow::field("f9", arrow::date32()),
+        arrow::field("f10", arrow::timestamp(arrow::TimeUnit::NANO)),
+        arrow::field("f11", arrow::decimal128(2, 2)),
+        arrow::field("f12", arrow::decimal128(30, 2)),
+        arrow::field("f13", arrow::list(arrow::float32())),
+    };
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> schema = arrow::schema(fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> expected =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(arrow::struct_(fields), R"([
+          
[true,-128,-32768,-2147483648,-4294967298,0.5,1.141592659,"vortex","binary",
+           -1,"1970-01-01 
00:00:00.000000001","-0.99","-123456789987654321.45",[1.5,null]],
+          [false,127,32767,2147483647,4294967296,2.0,3.141592657,"","",
+           12345,"2030-12-31 
23:59:59.999999999","0.78","123456789987654321.45",[]],
+          
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null]
+        ])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+
+    ASSERT_OK(WriteFile(path, schema, expected, /*batch_size=*/2));
+    AssertReadWithBatchSizes(path, schema, expected, {1, 2, 3, 5});
+}
+
+// Regression: a list<utf8> column round-trips through Vortex's Utf8View 
export. The leaf strings
+// include a null element, an empty list, a null list, an empty string and a 
string long enough to
+// exceed the 12-byte StringView inline threshold (exercising the non-inline 
view buffer path).
+TEST_F(VortexFileFormatTest, WriteThenReadListOfString) {
+    std::string path = PathUtil::JoinPath(directory_->Str(), 
"list-of-string.vortex");
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {arrow::field("tags", 
arrow::list(arrow::utf8()))};
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> schema = arrow::schema(fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> expected =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(arrow::struct_(fields), R"([
+          [["one","two",null]],
+          [[]],
+          [null],
+          [["","a-longer-string-that-exceeds-the-inline-view-threshold","x"]],
+          [[null,null]]
+        ])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+
+    ASSERT_OK(WriteFile(path, schema, expected, /*batch_size=*/2));
+    AssertReadWithBatchSizes(path, schema, expected, {1, 2, 3, 5});
+}
+
+// Regression for the FIXED_SIZE_LIST branch of NormalizeViewArray: without 
recursion into the
+// elements, a fixed_size_list<utf8> column comes back as 
fixed_size_list<utf8view> (Vortex
+// hardcodes Utf8 -> Utf8View), mismatching the normalized read schema and 
silently corrupting the
+// data.
+TEST_F(VortexFileFormatTest, WriteThenReadFixedSizeListOfString) {
+    std::string path = PathUtil::JoinPath(directory_->Str(), 
"fsl-of-string.vortex");
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {arrow::field("triples", 
arrow::fixed_size_list(arrow::utf8(), 3))};
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> schema = arrow::schema(fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> expected =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(arrow::struct_(fields), R"([
+          [["a","bb","ccc"]],
+          [null],
+          [["","a-longer-string-that-exceeds-the-inline-view-threshold","z"]],
+          [[null,"q",null]]
+        ])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+
+    ASSERT_OK(WriteFile(path, schema, expected, /*batch_size=*/2));
+    AssertReadWithBatchSizes(path, schema, expected, {1, 2, 3, 4});
+}
+
+// Regression for a struct nested inside a list: the LIST branch recurses into 
the struct, whose
+// utf8 leaf is a view; the combination must normalize back to 
list<struct<utf8, int32>>.
+TEST_F(VortexFileFormatTest, WriteThenReadListOfStruct) {
+    std::string path = PathUtil::JoinPath(directory_->Str(), 
"list-of-struct.vortex");
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::DataType> item =
+        arrow::struct_({arrow::field("name", arrow::utf8()), 
arrow::field("id", arrow::int32())});
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {arrow::field("items", arrow::list(item))};
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> schema = arrow::schema(fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> expected =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(arrow::struct_(fields), R"([
+          [[{"name":"a","id":1},{"name":null,"id":2}]],
+          [[]],
+          [null],
+          
[[{"name":"a-longer-string-that-exceeds-the-inline-view-threshold","id":null}]]
+        ])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+
+    ASSERT_OK(WriteFile(path, schema, expected, /*batch_size=*/2));
+    AssertReadWithBatchSizes(path, schema, expected, {1, 2, 3});
+}
+
+TEST_F(VortexFileFormatTest, ExtractStatisticsReportsRowCount) {
+    std::string path = PathUtil::JoinPath(directory_->Str(), 
"statistics.vortex");
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {arrow::field("id", arrow::int32()),
+                                 arrow::field("name", arrow::utf8())};
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> schema = arrow::schema(fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> data =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(
+            arrow::struct_(fields), 
R"([[1,"one"],[2,"two"],[3,null],[4,"four"],[5,"five"]])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+    ASSERT_OK(WriteFile(path, schema, data, /*batch_size=*/2));
+
+    ::ArrowSchema ffi_schema = {};
+    ASSERT_TRUE(arrow::ExportSchema(*schema, &ffi_schema).ok());
+    ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(std::unique_ptr<FormatStatsExtractor> extractor,
+                         format_->CreateStatsExtractor(&ffi_schema));
+    ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto result, 
extractor->ExtractWithFileInfo(file_system_, path, pool_));
+    ASSERT_EQ(result.second.GetRowCount(), 5);
+    // Vortex exposes no per-column statistics; only the row count is verified.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.first.empty());
+}
+
+TEST_F(VortexFileFormatTest, ProjectedReadReturnsOnlyRequestedColumns) {
+    std::string path = PathUtil::JoinPath(directory_->Str(), 
"projection.vortex");
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {arrow::field("id", arrow::int32(), false),
+                                 arrow::field("name", arrow::utf8()),
+                                 arrow::field("score", arrow::float64())};
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> schema = arrow::schema(fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> written =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(arrow::struct_(fields),
+                                                  
R"([[1,"one",1.5],[2,null,2.5],[3,"three",3.5]])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+    ASSERT_OK(WriteFile(path, schema, written, /*batch_size=*/2));
+
+    // Read a reordered subset {name, id}; the reader must return exactly 
those columns, proving it
+    // honors SetReadSchema's projection rather than always emitting the full 
file schema.
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> projected = arrow::schema({fields[1], 
fields[0]});
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> expected =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(arrow::struct_({fields[1], 
fields[0]}),
+                                                  
R"([["one",1],[null,2],["three",3]])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+    ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> actual,
+                         ReadFile(path, projected, /*batch_size=*/2, 
/*expected_row_count=*/3));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(actual->Equals(expected)) << actual->ToString() << "\nvs\n" << 
expected->ToString();
+}
+
+// Regression: nested projection must prune sub-fields, not merely relabel the 
parent type. Reading
+// only r.b from a file whose r is ROW<a, b> must yield r as ROW<b> with 
matching data; before the
+// recursive fix the full ROW<a, b> child was kept under a ROW<b> type, so the 
exported ArrowSchema
+// disagreed with the array layout and silently corrupted the output. The b 
column also exercises
+// view normalization inside a nested struct.
+TEST_F(VortexFileFormatTest, ProjectedReadPrunesNestedStruct) {
+    std::string path = PathUtil::JoinPath(directory_->Str(), 
"nested-projection.vortex");
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::DataType> r_type =
+        arrow::struct_({arrow::field("a", arrow::int32()), arrow::field("b", 
arrow::utf8())});
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {arrow::field("id", arrow::int32(), false),
+                                 arrow::field("r", r_type)};
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> schema = arrow::schema(fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> written =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(
+            arrow::struct_(fields),
+            
R"([[1,{"a":10,"b":"x"}],[2,{"a":20,"b":null}],[3,{"a":30,"b":"z"}]])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+    // batch_size=2 also slices the top-level struct column on write (offset > 
0), exercising the
+    // writer's offset rebasing together with the nested-projection read fix.
+    ASSERT_OK(WriteFile(path, schema, written, /*batch_size=*/2));
+
+    // Read only r.b: drop the top-level id column and prune r.a.
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::DataType> r_pruned = 
arrow::struct_({arrow::field("b", arrow::utf8())});
+    arrow::FieldVector projected_fields = {arrow::field("r", r_pruned)};
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> projected = arrow::schema(projected_fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> expected =
+        
arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(arrow::struct_(projected_fields),
+                                                  
R"([[{"b":"x"}],[{"b":null}],[{"b":"z"}]])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+    ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> actual,
+                         ReadFile(path, projected, /*batch_size=*/2, 
/*expected_row_count=*/3));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(actual->Equals(expected)) << actual->ToString() << "\nvs\n" << 
expected->ToString();
+}
+
+// Regression guard for ordered scans: 200 sequential rows span many Vortex 
chunks, and a small read
+// batch size forces many batches. With ScanOptions.ordered(true) the rows 
must come back in storage
+// order, so the concatenated result equals the written 0..199 sequence 
exactly (physical row
+// positions, which the upper layer assigns by batch order, stay aligned for 
deletion vectors and
+// primary-key merge).
+TEST_F(VortexFileFormatTest, ReadPreservesRowOrderAcrossBatches) {
+    std::string path = PathUtil::JoinPath(directory_->Str(), 
"row-order.vortex");
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {arrow::field("id", arrow::int32(), false)};
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> schema = arrow::schema(fields);
+    std::string json = "[";
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < 200; ++i) {
+        json += (i > 0 ? "," : "") + std::string("[") + std::to_string(i) + 
"]";
+    }
+    json += "]";
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> expected =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(arrow::struct_(fields), 
json).ValueOrDie();
+    ASSERT_OK(WriteFile(path, schema, expected, /*batch_size=*/16));
+    AssertReadWithBatchSizes(path, schema, expected, {1, 7, 64, 200});
+}
+
+// Regression: writing a top-level struct column in slices must not abort. 
arrow-rs cannot import a
+// sliced (offset > 0) top-level struct (the parent offset is re-applied to 
already-offset children,
+// tripping an arrow-data slice assertion), so VortexFormatWriter::AddBatch 
rebases such a batch to
+// offset 0 before handing it to Vortex. batch_size=2 over 4 rows produces a 
slice at offset 2.
+TEST_F(VortexFileFormatTest, WriteThenReadSlicedStructColumn) {
+    std::string path = PathUtil::JoinPath(directory_->Str(), 
"sliced-struct.vortex");
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::DataType> r_type =
+        arrow::struct_({arrow::field("a", arrow::int32()), arrow::field("b", 
arrow::utf8())});
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {arrow::field("id", arrow::int32(), false),
+                                 arrow::field("r", r_type)};
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> schema = arrow::schema(fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> expected =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(
+            arrow::struct_(fields),
+            
R"([[1,{"a":10,"b":"x"}],[2,{"a":20,"b":null}],[3,{"a":30,"b":"z"}],[4,{"a":40,"b":"w"}]])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+    ASSERT_OK(WriteFile(path, schema, expected, /*batch_size=*/2));
+    AssertReadWithBatchSizes(path, schema, expected, {1, 2, 4});
+}
+
+// Regression: Flush() between batches must be safe (it is serialized with the 
background writer
+// task's writes on the host OutputStream) and must not lose or reorder any 
data.
+TEST_F(VortexFileFormatTest, FlushBetweenBatchesThenRead) {
+    std::string path = PathUtil::JoinPath(directory_->Str(), 
"flush-between.vortex");
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {arrow::field("id", arrow::int32(), false),
+                                 arrow::field("name", arrow::utf8())};
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> schema = arrow::schema(fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> written =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(arrow::struct_(fields),
+                                                  
R"([[1,"one"],[2,null],[3,"three"],[4,"four"]])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+
+    ::ArrowSchema ffi_schema = {};
+    ASSERT_TRUE(arrow::ExportSchema(*schema, &ffi_schema).ok());
+    ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(std::unique_ptr<WriterBuilder> writer_builder,
+                         format_->CreateWriterBuilder(&ffi_schema, 
/*batch_size=*/2));
+    writer_builder->WithMemoryPool(pool_);
+    ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(std::shared_ptr<OutputStream> output,
+                         file_system_->Create(path, /*overwrite=*/false));
+    ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(std::shared_ptr<FormatWriter> writer,
+                         writer_builder->Build(output, "zstd"));
+    for (int64_t offset = 0; offset < written->length(); offset += 2) {
+        std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> slice = written->Slice(offset, 2);
+        ::ArrowArray ffi_array = {};
+        ASSERT_TRUE(arrow::ExportArray(*slice, &ffi_array).ok());
+        ASSERT_OK(writer->AddBatch(&ffi_array));
+        ASSERT_OK(writer->Flush());
+    }
+    ASSERT_OK(writer->Finish());
+    ASSERT_OK(output->Close());
+
+    AssertReadWithBatchSizes(path, schema, written, {1, 2, 4});
+}
+
+// The IO callback bridge must surface a paimon IO failure as that paimon 
error, not Vortex's
+// opaque "stream error": the callback can only hand a status code back across 
the FFI boundary, so
+// the reader/writer stashes the real error and prefers it. `IOHook` injects a 
failure at the Nth
+// LocalFile IO; the loop walks the injection point across every IO of the 
whole read (or write)
+// workflow, so each failure position is checked, and stops once the point 
falls past the last IO
+// and the workflow runs clean. `CHECK_HOOK_STATUS` continues the loop when 
the surfaced error is
+// the injected one (proving it propagated), and fails the test on any other 
error.
+TEST_F(VortexFileFormatTest, ReadSurfacesInjectedIOError) {
+    std::string path = PathUtil::JoinPath(directory_->Str(), 
"read-io-error.vortex");
+    arrow::FieldVector fields = {arrow::field("id", arrow::int32(), false),
+                                 arrow::field("name", arrow::utf8())};
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Schema> schema = arrow::schema(fields);
+    std::shared_ptr<arrow::Array> written =
+        arrow::ipc::internal::json::ArrayFromJSON(arrow::struct_(fields),
+                                                  
R"([[1,"one"],[2,null],[3,"three"]])")
+            .ValueOrDie();
+    // Write the fixture with the hook disarmed so only the read path is 
exercised below.
+    ASSERT_OK(WriteFile(path, schema, written, /*batch_size=*/2));
+
+    IOHook* io_hook = IOHook::GetInstance();
+    bool run_complete = false;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
+        ScopeGuard guard([io_hook]() { io_hook->Clear(); });
+        io_hook->Reset(static_cast<int64_t>(i), IOHook::Mode::RETURN_ERROR);
+
+        Result<std::unique_ptr<InputStream>> input = file_system_->Open(path);
+        CHECK_HOOK_STATUS(input.status(), i);
+        Result<std::unique_ptr<ReaderBuilder>> reader_builder =
+            format_->CreateReaderBuilder(/*batch_size=*/2);
+        CHECK_HOOK_STATUS(reader_builder.status(), i);
+        reader_builder.value()->WithMemoryPool(pool_);
+
+        std::shared_ptr<InputStream> input_stream = std::move(input).value();
+        Result<std::unique_ptr<FileBatchReader>> reader =
+            reader_builder.value()->Build(input_stream);
+        CHECK_HOOK_STATUS(reader.status(), i);
+
+        ::ArrowSchema ffi_schema = {};
+        ASSERT_TRUE(arrow::ExportSchema(*schema, &ffi_schema).ok());
+        CHECK_HOOK_STATUS(reader.value()->SetReadSchema(&ffi_schema, 
/*predicate=*/nullptr,
+                                                        
/*selection_bitmap=*/std::nullopt),
+                          i);
+
+        bool eof = false;
+        while (!eof) {
+            Result<BatchReader::ReadBatch> batch = reader.value()->NextBatch();
+            CHECK_HOOK_STATUS(batch.status(), i);
+            eof = BatchReader::IsEofBatch(batch.value());
+        }
+        run_complete = true;

Review Comment:
   Done in 1c814ff. The clean round compares the collected batches now.



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