IABE
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Iabe is an English transliteration of the Greek name iabe. The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906 states that iabe was used in the writings of the Church Fathers to
represent the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, YHVH. Under the Article Heading, "Church
Fathers and Magic Papyri", it says:
- It was in connection with magic that the Tetragrammaton was introduced
into the magic papyri and, in all probability, into the writings of the Church
Fathers, these two sources containing the following forms, written in Greek
letters: "Iaoouee," "Iaoue," "Iabe,";
- It is evident that represents YHVH
- The three forms quoted under are merely three ways of writing the same
word, [i.e. YHVH] though "Iabe" is designated as the Samaritan
pronunciation.
Who are the Samaritans
[538-330 B.C.] Exile ends, Temple of Jerusalem rebuilt, Samaritan Temple
built.
article3jerusalem says:
When the exile ended in 538 B.C. and the exiles returned home again, they
found that their former homeland was now populated by other people who had
claimed this land as their own and that their former glorious capital still lay
in ruins.
According to 2 Chronicles 36.22-23, the Persian Emperor Cyrus, who returned
the exiles to their homeland, explicitly ordered the people to rebuild the
temple. The prophet Second Isaiah identified Cyrus as "Yahweh's anointed"
(meshiach; see Isa 45.1). The temple was rebuilt over a period of several
decades.
The project was first led by Sheshbazzar (about 538 B.C.), later by
Zerubbabel and Jeshua, and later still by Haggai and Zechariah (520-515 B.C.).
The text is not clear on this matter, but one possibility is that these
"people of the land" were thought of as Samaritans. We do know that Samaritan
and Jewish antagonism continued to increase, and that the Samaritans eventually
built their own temple on Mount Gerizim, perhaps around 330 B.C.
[330 B.C.] The Samaritans build a temple on Mount Gerizan
The precise date of the schism between Samaritans and Jews is unknown, but
was certainly complete by the end of the fourth century BCE. Archaeological
excavations at Mount Gerizim suggest that a Samaritan temple was built there c.
330BCE, and when Alexander the Great (356-323) was in the region, he is said to
have visited Samaria and not Jerusalem.
...it was on Mount Gerizim that Abraham offered Isaac (Gen 22:2).
It was also understood to be the place where God chose to establish His name
(Deut 12:5).
Although this and similar references are to Jerusalem, the Samaritan
identification of the "place" as Mount Gerizim made it the focus of their
spiritual values.
As the Samaritan woman informed Jesus, the mountain was center of their
worship (John 4:20).
[174-164 B.C.] Antiochus Epiphanes attempts to Hellenize the Jews and the
Samaritans
article3jerusalem says:
In the second century B.C. a particularly bitter series of events eventually
led to a revolution.
When Antiochus Epiphanes IV, a Syrian king who had control of the region,
tried to obliterate Jewish religion, he proclaimed himself the incarnation of
the Greek god Zeus and placed his statue in the most holy place in the temple,
where he sacrificed pigs.
The authority of the high priesthood was severely damaged when first Jason
and then Meneleus bought their office from Antiochus.
The persecution and death of faithful Jewish persons who refused to worship
and kiss Antiochus' image eventually led to a revolt led by Judas Maccabeus and
his family.
Judas´s priestly family, the Hasmoneans, introduced a dynasty that ruled
during a period of conflict, with tensions arising both from within the family
as well as from external enemies.
[174-164 B.C.] Under duress, the Samaritans dedicate their Temple to Jupiter
Hellinius
- Antiochus Epiphanes was on the throne of Syria from 175 to 164 BC. His
determined policy was to Hellenize his entire kingdom. The greatest obstacle
to his ambition was the fidelity of the Jews to their historic religion.
- The universal peril led the Samaritans, eager for safety, to repudiate all
connection and kinship with the Jews. They sent ambassadors and an epistle
asking to be recognized as belonging to the Greek party, and to have their
temple on Mt. Gerizim named "The Temple of Jupiter Hellenius." The request was
granted. This was evidently the final breach between the two races indicated
in John 4:9, "For Jews have no dealings with Samaritans.
- Several centuries before the birth of Christ, the Samaritans had built
their own temple on Mt. Gerizim to rival the one in Jerusalem. Here, they
offered sacrifices according to the Mosaic code. Anderson notes that during
the reign of Antiochus IV (175-164 B.C.):
"the Samaritan temple was renamed either Zeus
Hellenios
(willingly by the Samaritans according to Josephus)
or, more
likely, Zeus Xenios
(unwillingly in accord with 2 Macc.
6:2)"
(Bromiley, 4.304).
- Josephus Book 12, Chapter 5 quotes the Samaritans as saying:
We therefore beseech thee, our benefactor and saviour, to give
order to Apolonius, the governor of this part of the country, and to
Nicanor, the procurator of thy affairs, to give us no disturbances, nor to
lay to our charge what the Jews are accused for, since we are aliens from
their nation and from their customs, but let our temple which at present
hath no name at all, be named the Temple of Jupiter Hellenius.
- II Maccabees 6:1-2 says:
Shortly afterwards, the king sent Gerontes the Athenian to force
the Jews to violate their ancestral customs and live no longer by the laws
of God; and to profane the Temple in Jerusalem and dedicate it to Olympian
Zeus, and the one on Mount Gerizim to Zeus, Patron of Strangers, as the
inhabitants of the latter place had requested.
- In 167 B.C. a Greek ruler by the name of Antiochus Epiphanus set up an
altar to Zeus over the altar of burnt offerings in the Jewish temple in
Jerusalem. He also sacrificed a pig on the altar in the Temple in Jerusalem.
This event is known as the "abomination of desolation."
- This Samaritan Temple at Mount Gerizim was destroyed by John Hyracanus in
about 128 B.C., having been in existence about 200 years. Only a few stone
remnants of it exist today.
[26 A.D.] Jesus Criticizes the Samaritan Worship
- The dates listed below in bold type, have been taken from 'The
Chronological Bible' King James Version by Edward Reese, 1977:
- [26 A.D.] In John 4:19-26 Jesus criticizes the Samaritan
worship:
19. The woman saith unto him, Sir, I perceive that thou art a
prophet.
20. Our fathers worshipped in this mountain; and ye say, that in
Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship.
21. Jesus saith unto
her, Woman, believe me, the hour cometh, when ye shall neither in this
mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father.
22. Ye
worship ye know not what: we know what we worship: for salvation is of the
Jews.
23. But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true
worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father
seeketh such to worship him.
24. God is a Spirit: and they that worship
him must worship him in spirit and in truth.
25. The woman saith unto
him, I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is come, he
will tell us all things.
26. Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee
am he.
- [27 A.D.] Jesus restricts where His disciples are to go.
Jesus tells His disciples not to enter into any city of the Samaritans.
Matthew 10:5-7 says::
5. These twelve Jesus sent forth, and commanded them, saying,
Go not into the way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the
Samaritans enter ye not:
6. But go rather to the lost sheep of
the house of Israel.
7. And as ye go, preach, saying, The kingdom of
heaven is at hand.
- [29 A.D.] After His death and resurrection Jesus
authorizes his disciples to go and teach all nations. Matthew 28:18-20 says:
18. And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All power is
given unto me in heaven and in earth.
19. Go ye therefore, and
teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of
the Son, and of the Holy Ghost:
20. Teaching them to observe all things
whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the
end of the world. Amen.
[35-36 A.D.] The Samaritans receive the Holy Ghost
- The dates listed below in bold type, have been taken from
'The Chronological Bible' King James Version by Edward Reese, 1977:
- [35-36 A.D.] Philip goes to the city of Samaria and
preaches Christ. Acts 8:4-8 says:
4. Therefore they that were scattered abroad went every where
preaching the word.
5. Then Philip went down to the city of
Samaria, and preached Christ unto them.
6. And the people with
one accord gave heed unto those things which Philip spake, hearing and
seeing the miracles which he did.
7. For unclean spirits, crying with
loud voice, came out of many that were possessed with them: and many taken
with palsies, and that were lame, were healed.
8. And there was great joy
in that city.
- [35-36 A.D.] Peter and John go to Samaria lay hands on
the Samaritans that they might receive The Holy Ghost. Acts 8:12-17 says:
12. But when they believed Philip preaching the things
concerning the kingdom of God, and the name of Jesus Christ, they were
baptized, both men and women.
13. Then Simon himself believed
also: and when he was baptized, he continued with Philip, and wondered,
beholding the miracles and signs which were done.
14. Now when
the apostles which were at Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received the
word of God, they sent unto them Peter and John:
15.
Who, when they were come down, prayed for them, that they might
receive the Holy Ghost:
16. (For as yet he was fallen upon none
of them: only they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.)
17.
Then laid they their hands on them, and they received the Holy
Ghost.
[4th Century A.D.] Theodoret said the Samaritans called YHWH 'Iabe'
The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Volume 6 [1972] states:
- Instances of the divine name written in Greek letters, such as Iao
(equivalent to "Yaho"), Iabe (known to the Samaritans, Theodoret
[4th century A.D.], and Epiphanius), Iaoue, Iaouai (Clement of
Alexandria [3rd century]), and Iae also favor the form "Yahweh" (NWDB,
453).
The Catholic Encyclopedia and Iabe [i.e. Jabe]
In the Article "Jehovah (Yahweh)" in The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1910, it
says under the sub-heading "To take up the ancient writers":
- The judicious reader will perceive that the Samaritan pronunciation Jabe
probably approaches the real sound of the Divine name closest; the other early
writers transmit only abbreviations or corruptions of the sacred name.
- Inserting the vowels of Jabe into the original Hebrew consonant text, we
obtain the form Jahveh (Yahweh), which has been generally accepted by modern
scholars as the true pronunciation of the Divine name.
- It is not merely closely connected with the pronunciation of the ancient
synagogue by means of the Samaritan tradition, but it also allows the
legitimate derivation of all the abbreviations of the sacred name in the Old
Testament.
The 1910-1911 Encyclopedia Britannica supports Iabe
In the Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition (New York: Encyclopedia
Britannica, Inc., 1910-11, vol. 15, pp. 312, in the Article "JEHOVAH") it
states:
- The early Christian scholars, who inquired what was the true name of the
God of the Old Testament, had therefore no great difficulty in getting the
information they sought.
- Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 212) says that it was pronounced iaoue.
- Epiphanies (d. 404), who was born in Palestine and spent a considerable
part of his life there, gives Iabe (one cod. Iane).
- Theodoret (d. c. 457), born in Antioch, writes that the Samaritans
pronounced the name Iabe (in another passage, Iabai), the Jews Aia.
- The latter is probably not Jhvh but Ehyeh (Exod. iii. 14), which the Jews
counted among the names of God; there is no reason whatever to imagine that
the Samaritans pronounced the name Jhvh differently from the Jews. This direct
testimony is supplemented by that of the magical texts, in which Iabe zebnq (Jahveh Sebaoth), as well as Iaba, occurs frequently.
- In an Ethiopic list of magical names of Jesus, purporting to have been
taught by him to his disciples, Yawe is found.
- Finally there is evidence from more than one source that modern Samaritan
priests pronounce the name Yahweh or Yahwa.
- There is no reason to impugn the soundness of this substantially
consentient testimony to the pronunciation Yahweh or Jahveh, coming as it does
through several independent channels.
- It is confirmed by grammatical considerations. The name Jhvh enters into
the composition of many names of persons in the Old Testament, either as the
initial element, in the form Jeho- or Jo- (as in Jehoram, Joram), or as the
final element in the form -jahu or -jah (as in Adonijahu, Adonijah).
- These various forms are perfectly regular if the divine name was Yahweh,
and, taken altogether, they cannot be explained on any other hypothesis.
- Recent scholars, accordingly, with but few exceptions, are agreed that the
ancient pronunciation was Yahweh (the first h sounded at the end of the
syllable).
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