Shane,
When you click the Google Cast button what is the first option in the
dropdown menu? It should be "Cast tab to {insert name you gave your Chromecast
dongle at install}" and if it isn't it means that your Chromecast is not
connected to your wireless network. This should have been done when you did
your install of Chromecast itself, but I can't know whether that worked or not.
If that's not the first thing in the menu, then arrow down until you reach the
"Options" option and select it. This should open a new tab in Chrome and throw
focus to that tab. It is for "Google Cast Extension Options" and contains a
link to "Set up a new cast device" (as well as another to "Manage cast
devices").
You must have a Chromecast device already connected to your wireless
network and recognized by the Google Cast extension before you can cast a tab
to it.
This is the best stab I can take with the information available.
Brian