chia7712 commented on code in PR #20089:
URL: https://github.com/apache/kafka/pull/20089#discussion_r2207516464


##########
coordinator-common/src/test/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/common/runtime/CoordinatorLoaderImplTest.java:
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@@ -0,0 +1,706 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime;
+
+import kafka.server.ReplicaManager;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.TopicPartition;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.compress.Compression;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.errors.NotLeaderOrFollowerException;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.ControlRecordType;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.EndTransactionMarker;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.FileRecords;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.MemoryRecords;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.RecordBatch;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.SimpleRecord;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.requests.TransactionResult;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.MockTime;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.Time;
+import org.apache.kafka.server.storage.log.FetchIsolation;
+import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.FetchDataInfo;
+import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.LogOffsetMetadata;
+import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.UnifiedLog;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Timeout;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers;
+import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import scala.Option;
+
+import static org.apache.kafka.test.TestUtils.assertFutureThrows;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static scala.jdk.javaapi.OptionConverters.toJava;
+import static scala.jdk.javaapi.OptionConverters.toScala;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+@Timeout(60)
+class CoordinatorLoaderImplTest {
+
+    private record Tuple<K, V>(K key, V value) {
+    }
+
+    private static class StringKeyValueDeserializer implements 
Deserializer<Tuple<String, String>> {
+
+        @Override
+        public Tuple<String, String> deserialize(ByteBuffer key, ByteBuffer 
value) throws RuntimeException {
+            return new Tuple<>(
+                    StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(key).toString(),
+                    StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(value).toString()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNonexistentPartition() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        Deserializer<Tuple<String, String>> serde = mock(Deserializer.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(Option.empty());
+
+            assertFutureThrows(NotLeaderOrFollowerException.class, 
loader.load(tp, coordinator));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testLoadingIsRejectedWhenClosed() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        Deserializer<Tuple<String, String>> serde = mock(Deserializer.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            loader.close();
+            assertFutureThrows(RuntimeException.class, loader.load(tp, 
coordinator));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testLoading() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        Deserializer<Tuple<String, String>> serde = new 
StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(9L)));
+            when(log.highWatermark()).thenReturn(0L);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult1 = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult1);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult2 = logReadResult(2, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k3".getBytes(), "v3".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k4".getBytes(), "v4".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k5".getBytes(), "v5".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(2L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult2);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult3 = logReadResult(5, 100L, (short) 5, 
Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k6".getBytes(), "v6".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k7".getBytes(), "v7".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(5L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult3);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult4 = logReadResult(
+                    7,
+                    100L,
+                    (short) 5,
+                    ControlRecordType.COMMIT
+            );
+
+            when(log.read(7L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult4);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult5 = logReadResult(
+                    8,
+                    500L,
+                    (short) 10,
+                    ControlRecordType.ABORT
+            );
+
+            when(log.read(8L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult5);
+
+            assertNotNull(loader.load(tp, coordinator).get(10, 
TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+
+            verify(coordinator).replay(0L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k1", "v1"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(1L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k2", "v2"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(2L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k3", "v3"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(3L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k4", "v4"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(4L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k5", "v5"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(5L, 100L, (short) 5, new Tuple<>("k6", 
"v6"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(6L, 100L, (short) 5, new Tuple<>("k7", 
"v7"));
+            verify(coordinator).replayEndTransactionMarker(100L, (short) 5, 
TransactionResult.COMMIT);
+            verify(coordinator).replayEndTransactionMarker(500L, (short) 10, 
TransactionResult.ABORT);
+            verify(coordinator).updateLastWrittenOffset(2L);
+            verify(coordinator).updateLastWrittenOffset(5L);
+            verify(coordinator).updateLastWrittenOffset(7L);
+            verify(coordinator).updateLastWrittenOffset(8L);
+            verify(coordinator).updateLastCommittedOffset(0L);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testLoadingStoppedWhenClosed() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        Deserializer<Tuple<String, String>> serde = new 
StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(100L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            when(log.read(
+                    anyLong(),
+                    eq(1000),
+                    eq(FetchIsolation.LOG_END),
+                    eq(true)
+            )).thenAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
+                latch.countDown();
+                return readResult;
+            });
+
+            CompletableFuture<CoordinatorLoader.LoadSummary> result = 
loader.load(tp, coordinator);
+            boolean completed = latch.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            assertTrue(completed, "Log read timeout: Latch did not count down 
in time.");
+            loader.close();
+
+            RuntimeException ex = assertFutureThrows(RuntimeException.class, 
result);
+            assertNotNull(ex);
+            assertEquals("Coordinator loader is closed.", ex.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testUnknownRecordTypeAreIgnored() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = 
mock(StringKeyValueDeserializer.class);
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(2L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult);
+
+            when(serde.deserialize(any(ByteBuffer.class), 
any(ByteBuffer.class)))
+                    .thenThrow(new 
Deserializer.UnknownRecordTypeException((short) 1))
+                    .thenReturn(new Tuple<>("k2", "v2"));
+
+            loader.load(tp, coordinator).get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+
+            verify(coordinator).replay(1L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k2", "v2"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testDeserializationErrorFailsTheLoading() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = 
mock(StringKeyValueDeserializer.class);
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(2L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult);
+
+            when(serde.deserialize(any(ByteBuffer.class), 
any(ByteBuffer.class)))
+                    .thenThrow(new RuntimeException("Error!"));
+
+            RuntimeException ex = assertFutureThrows(RuntimeException.class, 
loader.load(tp, coordinator));
+
+            assertNotNull(ex);
+            assertEquals(String.format("Deserializing record 
DefaultRecord(offset=0, timestamp=-1, key=2 bytes, value=2 bytes) from %s 
failed due to: Error!", tp), ex.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testLoadGroupAndOffsetsWithCorruptedLog() throws Exception {
+        // Simulate a case where startOffset < endOffset but log is empty. 
This could theoretically happen
+        // when all the records are expired and the active segment is 
truncated or when the partition
+        // is accidentally corrupted.
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = 
mock(StringKeyValueDeserializer.class);
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(10L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult = logReadResult(0, List.of());
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult);
+
+            assertNotNull(loader.load(tp, coordinator).get(10, 
TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testLoadSummary() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = new StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+        MockTime time = new MockTime();
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                time,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            long startTimeMs = time.milliseconds();
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(5L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult1 = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
+                        time.sleep(1000);
+                        return readResult1;
+                    });
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult2 = logReadResult(2, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k3".getBytes(), "v3".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k4".getBytes(), "v4".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k5".getBytes(), "v5".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(2L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult2);
+
+            CoordinatorLoader.LoadSummary summary = loader.load(tp, 
coordinator).get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            assertEquals(startTimeMs, summary.startTimeMs());
+            assertEquals(startTimeMs + 1000, summary.endTimeMs());
+            assertEquals(5, summary.numRecords());
+            assertEquals(readResult1.records.sizeInBytes() + 
readResult2.records.sizeInBytes(), summary.numBytes());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testUpdateLastWrittenOffsetOnBatchLoaded() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = new StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            when(log.highWatermark()).thenReturn(0L, 0L, 2L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(7L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult1 = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult1);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult2 = logReadResult(2, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k3".getBytes(), "v3".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k4".getBytes(), "v4".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k5".getBytes(), "v5".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(2L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult2);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult3 = logReadResult(5, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k6".getBytes(), "v6".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k7".getBytes(), "v7".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(5L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult3);
+
+            assertNotNull(loader.load(tp, coordinator).get(10, 
TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+
+            verify(coordinator).replay(0L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k1", "v1"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(1L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k2", "v2"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(2L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k3", "v3"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(3L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k4", "v4"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(4L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k5", "v5"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(5L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k6", "v6"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(6L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k7", "v7"));
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastWrittenOffset(0L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastWrittenOffset(2L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastWrittenOffset(5L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastWrittenOffset(7L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastCommittedOffset(0L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastCommittedOffset(2L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastCommittedOffset(5L);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void 
testUpdateLastWrittenOffsetAndUpdateLastCommittedOffsetNoRecordsRead() throws 
Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = new StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            when(log.highWatermark()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(0L)));
+
+            assertNotNull(loader.load(tp, coordinator).get(10, 
TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastWrittenOffset(anyLong());
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastCommittedOffset(anyLong());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testUpdateLastWrittenOffsetOnBatchLoadedWhileHighWatermarkAhead() 
throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = new StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            when(log.highWatermark()).thenReturn(5L, 7L, 7L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(7L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult1 = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult1);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult2 = logReadResult(2, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k3".getBytes(), "v3".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k4".getBytes(), "v4".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k5".getBytes(), "v5".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(2L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult2);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult3 = logReadResult(5, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k6".getBytes(), "v6".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k7".getBytes(), "v7".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(5L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult3);
+
+            assertNotNull(loader.load(tp, coordinator).get(10, 
TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+
+            verify(coordinator).replay(0L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k1", "v1"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(1L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k2", "v2"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(2L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k3", "v3"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(3L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k4", "v4"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(4L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k5", "v5"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(5L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k6", "v6"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(6L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k7", "v7"));
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastWrittenOffset(0L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastWrittenOffset(2L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastWrittenOffset(5L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastWrittenOffset(7L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastCommittedOffset(0L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastCommittedOffset(2L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastCommittedOffset(5L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastCommittedOffset(7L);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPartitionGoesOfflineDuringLoad() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = new StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            when(log.highWatermark()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(5L))).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(-1L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult1 = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult1);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult2 = logReadResult(2, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k3".getBytes(), "v3".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k4".getBytes(), "v4".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k5".getBytes(), "v5".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(2L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult2);
+
+            assertFutureThrows(NotLeaderOrFollowerException.class, 
loader.load(tp, coordinator));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private FetchDataInfo logReadResult(long startOffset, List<SimpleRecord> 
records) throws IOException {
+        return logReadResult(startOffset, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, records);
+    }
+
+    private FetchDataInfo logReadResult(
+            long startOffset,
+            long producerId,
+            short producerEpoch,
+            List<SimpleRecord> records
+    ) throws IOException {
+        FileRecords fileRecords = mock(FileRecords.class);
+        MemoryRecords memoryRecords;
+        if (producerId == RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID) {
+            memoryRecords = MemoryRecords.withRecords(
+                    startOffset,
+                    Compression.NONE,
+                    records.toArray(new SimpleRecord[0])
+            );
+        } else {
+            memoryRecords = MemoryRecords.withTransactionalRecords(
+                    startOffset,
+                    Compression.NONE,
+                    producerId,
+                    producerEpoch,
+                    0,
+                    RecordBatch.NO_PARTITION_LEADER_EPOCH,
+                    records.toArray(new SimpleRecord[0])
+            );
+        }
+
+        
when(fileRecords.sizeInBytes()).thenReturn(memoryRecords.sizeInBytes());
+
+        ArgumentCaptor<ByteBuffer> bufferCapture = 
ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ByteBuffer.class);

Review Comment:
   ```java
           doAnswer(invocation -> {
               ByteBuffer buffer = invocation.getArgument(0);
               buffer.put(memoryRecords.buffer().duplicate());
               buffer.flip();
               return null;
           }).when(fileRecords).readInto(any(ByteBuffer.class), 
ArgumentMatchers.anyInt());
   ```



##########
coordinator-common/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/common/runtime/CoordinatorLoaderImpl.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.TopicPartition;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.errors.NotLeaderOrFollowerException;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.ControlRecordType;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.FileRecords;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.MemoryRecords;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.MutableRecordBatch;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.Record;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.Records;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.requests.TransactionResult;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.Time;
+import org.apache.kafka.server.storage.log.FetchIsolation;
+import org.apache.kafka.server.util.KafkaScheduler;
+import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.FetchDataInfo;
+import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.UnifiedLog;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+/**
+ * Coordinator loader which reads records from a partition and replays them
+ * to a group coordinator.
+ *
+ * @param <T> The record type.
+ */
+public class CoordinatorLoaderImpl<T> implements CoordinatorLoader<T> {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(CoordinatorLoaderImpl.class);
+
+    private final Time time;
+    private final Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> 
partitionLogSupplier;
+    private final Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> 
partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier;
+    private final Deserializer<T> deserializer;
+    private final int loadBufferSize;
+
+    private final AtomicBoolean isRunning = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+    private final KafkaScheduler scheduler = new KafkaScheduler(1);
+
+    public CoordinatorLoaderImpl(
+            Time time,
+            Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> 
partitionLogSupplier,
+            Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> 
partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+            Deserializer<T> deserializer,
+            int loadBufferSize
+    ) {
+        this.time = time;
+        this.partitionLogSupplier = partitionLogSupplier;
+        this.partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier = partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier;
+        this.deserializer = deserializer;
+        this.loadBufferSize = loadBufferSize;
+        this.scheduler.startup();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the coordinator by reading all the records from the TopicPartition
+     * and applying them to the Replayable object.
+     *
+     * @param tp          The TopicPartition to read from.
+     * @param coordinator The object to apply records to.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<LoadSummary> load(TopicPartition tp, 
CoordinatorPlayback<T> coordinator) {
+        final CompletableFuture<LoadSummary> future = new 
CompletableFuture<>();
+        long startTimeMs = time.milliseconds();
+        try {
+            ScheduledFuture<?> result = 
scheduler.scheduleOnce(String.format("Load coordinator from %s", tp),
+                    () -> doLoad(tp, coordinator, future, startTimeMs));
+            if (result.isCancelled()) {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new RuntimeException("Coordinator 
loader is closed."));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            future.completeExceptionally(e);
+        }
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    private void doLoad(
+            TopicPartition tp,
+            CoordinatorPlayback<T> coordinator,
+            CompletableFuture<LoadSummary> future,
+            long startTimeMs
+    ) {
+        long schedulerQueueTimeMs = time.milliseconds() - startTimeMs;
+        try {
+            Optional<UnifiedLog> logOpt = partitionLogSupplier.apply(tp);
+            if (logOpt.isEmpty()) {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new NotLeaderOrFollowerException(
+                        "Could not load records from " + tp + " because the 
log does not exist."));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            UnifiedLog log = logOpt.get();
+
+            // Buffer may not be needed if records are read from memory.
+            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(0);
+            long currentOffset = log.logStartOffset();
+            LoadStats stats = new LoadStats();
+
+            long previousHighWatermark = -1L;
+            while (shouldFetchNextBatch(currentOffset, logEndOffset(tp), 
stats.readAtLeastOneRecord)) {
+                FetchDataInfo fetchDataInfo = log.read(currentOffset, 
loadBufferSize, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true);
+
+                stats.readAtLeastOneRecord = 
fetchDataInfo.records.sizeInBytes() > 0;
+
+                MemoryRecords memoryRecords = toReadableMemoryRecords(tp, 
fetchDataInfo.records, buffer);

Review Comment:
   the current approach LGTM. could you please add comments?



##########
coordinator-common/src/test/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/common/runtime/CoordinatorLoaderImplTest.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,706 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime;
+
+import kafka.server.ReplicaManager;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.TopicPartition;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.compress.Compression;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.errors.NotLeaderOrFollowerException;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.ControlRecordType;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.EndTransactionMarker;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.FileRecords;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.MemoryRecords;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.RecordBatch;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.SimpleRecord;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.requests.TransactionResult;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.MockTime;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.Time;
+import org.apache.kafka.server.storage.log.FetchIsolation;
+import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.FetchDataInfo;
+import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.LogOffsetMetadata;
+import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.UnifiedLog;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Timeout;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers;
+import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import scala.Option;
+
+import static org.apache.kafka.test.TestUtils.assertFutureThrows;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static scala.jdk.javaapi.OptionConverters.toJava;
+import static scala.jdk.javaapi.OptionConverters.toScala;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+@Timeout(60)
+class CoordinatorLoaderImplTest {
+
+    private record Tuple<K, V>(K key, V value) {
+    }
+
+    private static class StringKeyValueDeserializer implements 
Deserializer<Tuple<String, String>> {
+
+        @Override
+        public Tuple<String, String> deserialize(ByteBuffer key, ByteBuffer 
value) throws RuntimeException {
+            return new Tuple<>(
+                    StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(key).toString(),
+                    StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(value).toString()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNonexistentPartition() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        Deserializer<Tuple<String, String>> serde = mock(Deserializer.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(Option.empty());
+
+            assertFutureThrows(NotLeaderOrFollowerException.class, 
loader.load(tp, coordinator));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testLoadingIsRejectedWhenClosed() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        Deserializer<Tuple<String, String>> serde = mock(Deserializer.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            loader.close();
+            assertFutureThrows(RuntimeException.class, loader.load(tp, 
coordinator));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testLoading() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        Deserializer<Tuple<String, String>> serde = new 
StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(9L)));
+            when(log.highWatermark()).thenReturn(0L);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult1 = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult1);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult2 = logReadResult(2, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k3".getBytes(), "v3".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k4".getBytes(), "v4".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k5".getBytes(), "v5".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(2L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult2);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult3 = logReadResult(5, 100L, (short) 5, 
Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k6".getBytes(), "v6".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k7".getBytes(), "v7".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(5L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult3);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult4 = logReadResult(
+                    7,
+                    100L,
+                    (short) 5,
+                    ControlRecordType.COMMIT
+            );
+
+            when(log.read(7L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult4);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult5 = logReadResult(
+                    8,
+                    500L,
+                    (short) 10,
+                    ControlRecordType.ABORT
+            );
+
+            when(log.read(8L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult5);
+
+            assertNotNull(loader.load(tp, coordinator).get(10, 
TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+
+            verify(coordinator).replay(0L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k1", "v1"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(1L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k2", "v2"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(2L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k3", "v3"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(3L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k4", "v4"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(4L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k5", "v5"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(5L, 100L, (short) 5, new Tuple<>("k6", 
"v6"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(6L, 100L, (short) 5, new Tuple<>("k7", 
"v7"));
+            verify(coordinator).replayEndTransactionMarker(100L, (short) 5, 
TransactionResult.COMMIT);
+            verify(coordinator).replayEndTransactionMarker(500L, (short) 10, 
TransactionResult.ABORT);
+            verify(coordinator).updateLastWrittenOffset(2L);
+            verify(coordinator).updateLastWrittenOffset(5L);
+            verify(coordinator).updateLastWrittenOffset(7L);
+            verify(coordinator).updateLastWrittenOffset(8L);
+            verify(coordinator).updateLastCommittedOffset(0L);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testLoadingStoppedWhenClosed() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        Deserializer<Tuple<String, String>> serde = new 
StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(100L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            when(log.read(
+                    anyLong(),
+                    eq(1000),
+                    eq(FetchIsolation.LOG_END),
+                    eq(true)
+            )).thenAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
+                latch.countDown();
+                return readResult;
+            });
+
+            CompletableFuture<CoordinatorLoader.LoadSummary> result = 
loader.load(tp, coordinator);
+            boolean completed = latch.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            assertTrue(completed, "Log read timeout: Latch did not count down 
in time.");
+            loader.close();
+
+            RuntimeException ex = assertFutureThrows(RuntimeException.class, 
result);
+            assertNotNull(ex);
+            assertEquals("Coordinator loader is closed.", ex.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testUnknownRecordTypeAreIgnored() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = 
mock(StringKeyValueDeserializer.class);
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(2L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult);
+
+            when(serde.deserialize(any(ByteBuffer.class), 
any(ByteBuffer.class)))
+                    .thenThrow(new 
Deserializer.UnknownRecordTypeException((short) 1))
+                    .thenReturn(new Tuple<>("k2", "v2"));
+
+            loader.load(tp, coordinator).get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+
+            verify(coordinator).replay(1L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k2", "v2"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testDeserializationErrorFailsTheLoading() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = 
mock(StringKeyValueDeserializer.class);
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(2L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult);
+
+            when(serde.deserialize(any(ByteBuffer.class), 
any(ByteBuffer.class)))
+                    .thenThrow(new RuntimeException("Error!"));
+
+            RuntimeException ex = assertFutureThrows(RuntimeException.class, 
loader.load(tp, coordinator));
+
+            assertNotNull(ex);
+            assertEquals(String.format("Deserializing record 
DefaultRecord(offset=0, timestamp=-1, key=2 bytes, value=2 bytes) from %s 
failed due to: Error!", tp), ex.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testLoadGroupAndOffsetsWithCorruptedLog() throws Exception {
+        // Simulate a case where startOffset < endOffset but log is empty. 
This could theoretically happen
+        // when all the records are expired and the active segment is 
truncated or when the partition
+        // is accidentally corrupted.
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = 
mock(StringKeyValueDeserializer.class);
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(10L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult = logReadResult(0, List.of());
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult);
+
+            assertNotNull(loader.load(tp, coordinator).get(10, 
TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testLoadSummary() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = new StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+        MockTime time = new MockTime();
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                time,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            long startTimeMs = time.milliseconds();
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(5L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult1 = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenAnswer((InvocationOnMock invocation) -> {
+                        time.sleep(1000);
+                        return readResult1;
+                    });
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult2 = logReadResult(2, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k3".getBytes(), "v3".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k4".getBytes(), "v4".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k5".getBytes(), "v5".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(2L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult2);
+
+            CoordinatorLoader.LoadSummary summary = loader.load(tp, 
coordinator).get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            assertEquals(startTimeMs, summary.startTimeMs());
+            assertEquals(startTimeMs + 1000, summary.endTimeMs());
+            assertEquals(5, summary.numRecords());
+            assertEquals(readResult1.records.sizeInBytes() + 
readResult2.records.sizeInBytes(), summary.numBytes());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testUpdateLastWrittenOffsetOnBatchLoaded() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = new StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            when(log.highWatermark()).thenReturn(0L, 0L, 2L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(7L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult1 = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult1);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult2 = logReadResult(2, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k3".getBytes(), "v3".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k4".getBytes(), "v4".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k5".getBytes(), "v5".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(2L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult2);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult3 = logReadResult(5, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k6".getBytes(), "v6".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k7".getBytes(), "v7".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(5L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult3);
+
+            assertNotNull(loader.load(tp, coordinator).get(10, 
TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+
+            verify(coordinator).replay(0L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k1", "v1"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(1L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k2", "v2"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(2L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k3", "v3"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(3L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k4", "v4"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(4L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k5", "v5"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(5L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k6", "v6"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(6L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k7", "v7"));
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastWrittenOffset(0L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastWrittenOffset(2L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastWrittenOffset(5L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastWrittenOffset(7L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastCommittedOffset(0L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastCommittedOffset(2L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastCommittedOffset(5L);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void 
testUpdateLastWrittenOffsetAndUpdateLastCommittedOffsetNoRecordsRead() throws 
Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = new StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            when(log.highWatermark()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(0L)));
+
+            assertNotNull(loader.load(tp, coordinator).get(10, 
TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastWrittenOffset(anyLong());
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastCommittedOffset(anyLong());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testUpdateLastWrittenOffsetOnBatchLoadedWhileHighWatermarkAhead() 
throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = new StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            when(log.highWatermark()).thenReturn(5L, 7L, 7L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(7L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult1 = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult1);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult2 = logReadResult(2, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k3".getBytes(), "v3".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k4".getBytes(), "v4".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k5".getBytes(), "v5".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(2L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult2);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult3 = logReadResult(5, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k6".getBytes(), "v6".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k7".getBytes(), "v7".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(5L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult3);
+
+            assertNotNull(loader.load(tp, coordinator).get(10, 
TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+
+            verify(coordinator).replay(0L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k1", "v1"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(1L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k2", "v2"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(2L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k3", "v3"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(3L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k4", "v4"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(4L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k5", "v5"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(5L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k6", "v6"));
+            verify(coordinator).replay(6L, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, new Tuple<>("k7", "v7"));
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastWrittenOffset(0L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastWrittenOffset(2L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastWrittenOffset(5L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastWrittenOffset(7L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastCommittedOffset(0L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastCommittedOffset(2L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(0)).updateLastCommittedOffset(5L);
+            verify(coordinator, times(1)).updateLastCommittedOffset(7L);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPartitionGoesOfflineDuringLoad() throws Exception {
+        TopicPartition tp = new TopicPartition("foo", 0);
+        ReplicaManager replicaManager = mock(ReplicaManager.class);
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> partitionLogSupplier = 
partition -> toJava(replicaManager.getLog(partition));
+        Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier 
= partition -> Optional.ofNullable((Long) 
replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(partition).get());
+        StringKeyValueDeserializer serde = new StringKeyValueDeserializer();
+        UnifiedLog log = mock(UnifiedLog.class);
+        CoordinatorPlayback<Tuple<String, String>> coordinator = 
mock(CoordinatorPlayback.class);
+
+        try (CoordinatorLoaderImpl<Tuple<String, String>> loader = new 
CoordinatorLoaderImpl<>(
+                Time.SYSTEM,
+                partitionLogSupplier,
+                partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+                serde,
+                1000
+        )) {
+            
when(replicaManager.getLog(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(log)));
+            when(log.logStartOffset()).thenReturn(0L);
+            when(log.highWatermark()).thenReturn(0L);
+            
when(replicaManager.getLogEndOffset(tp)).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(5L))).thenReturn(toScala(Optional.of(-1L)));
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult1 = logReadResult(0, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k1".getBytes(), "v1".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k2".getBytes(), "v2".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(0L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult1);
+
+            FetchDataInfo readResult2 = logReadResult(2, Arrays.asList(
+                    new SimpleRecord("k3".getBytes(), "v3".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k4".getBytes(), "v4".getBytes()),
+                    new SimpleRecord("k5".getBytes(), "v5".getBytes())
+            ));
+
+            when(log.read(2L, 1000, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true))
+                    .thenReturn(readResult2);
+
+            assertFutureThrows(NotLeaderOrFollowerException.class, 
loader.load(tp, coordinator));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private FetchDataInfo logReadResult(long startOffset, List<SimpleRecord> 
records) throws IOException {
+        return logReadResult(startOffset, RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID, 
RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_EPOCH, records);
+    }
+
+    private FetchDataInfo logReadResult(
+            long startOffset,
+            long producerId,
+            short producerEpoch,
+            List<SimpleRecord> records
+    ) throws IOException {
+        FileRecords fileRecords = mock(FileRecords.class);
+        MemoryRecords memoryRecords;
+        if (producerId == RecordBatch.NO_PRODUCER_ID) {
+            memoryRecords = MemoryRecords.withRecords(
+                    startOffset,
+                    Compression.NONE,
+                    records.toArray(new SimpleRecord[0])
+            );
+        } else {
+            memoryRecords = MemoryRecords.withTransactionalRecords(
+                    startOffset,
+                    Compression.NONE,
+                    producerId,
+                    producerEpoch,
+                    0,
+                    RecordBatch.NO_PARTITION_LEADER_EPOCH,
+                    records.toArray(new SimpleRecord[0])
+            );
+        }
+
+        
when(fileRecords.sizeInBytes()).thenReturn(memoryRecords.sizeInBytes());
+
+        ArgumentCaptor<ByteBuffer> bufferCapture = 
ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ByteBuffer.class);
+        doAnswer(invocation -> {
+            ByteBuffer buffer = bufferCapture.getValue();
+            buffer.put(memoryRecords.buffer().duplicate());
+            buffer.flip();
+            return null;
+        }).when(fileRecords).readInto(bufferCapture.capture(), 
ArgumentMatchers.anyInt());
+
+        return new FetchDataInfo(new LogOffsetMetadata(startOffset), 
fileRecords);
+    }
+
+    private FetchDataInfo logReadResult(
+            long startOffset,
+            long producerId,
+            short producerEpoch,
+            ControlRecordType controlRecordType
+    ) throws IOException {
+        FileRecords fileRecords = mock(FileRecords.class);
+        MemoryRecords memoryRecords = MemoryRecords.withEndTransactionMarker(
+                startOffset,
+                0L,
+                RecordBatch.NO_PARTITION_LEADER_EPOCH,
+                producerId,
+                producerEpoch,
+                new EndTransactionMarker(controlRecordType, 0)
+        );
+
+        
when(fileRecords.sizeInBytes()).thenReturn(memoryRecords.sizeInBytes());
+
+        ArgumentCaptor<ByteBuffer> bufferCapture = 
ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ByteBuffer.class);

Review Comment:
   ditto



##########
coordinator-common/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/common/runtime/CoordinatorLoaderImpl.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.TopicPartition;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.errors.NotLeaderOrFollowerException;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.ControlRecordType;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.FileRecords;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.MemoryRecords;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.MutableRecordBatch;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.Record;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.Records;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.requests.TransactionResult;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.Time;
+import org.apache.kafka.server.storage.log.FetchIsolation;
+import org.apache.kafka.server.util.KafkaScheduler;
+import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.FetchDataInfo;
+import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.UnifiedLog;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+/**
+ * Coordinator loader which reads records from a partition and replays them
+ * to a group coordinator.
+ *
+ * @param <T> The record type.
+ */
+public class CoordinatorLoaderImpl<T> implements CoordinatorLoader<T> {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(CoordinatorLoaderImpl.class);
+
+    private final Time time;
+    private final Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> 
partitionLogSupplier;
+    private final Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> 
partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier;
+    private final Deserializer<T> deserializer;
+    private final int loadBufferSize;
+
+    private final AtomicBoolean isRunning = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+    private final KafkaScheduler scheduler = new KafkaScheduler(1);
+
+    public CoordinatorLoaderImpl(
+            Time time,
+            Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> 
partitionLogSupplier,
+            Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> 
partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+            Deserializer<T> deserializer,
+            int loadBufferSize
+    ) {
+        this.time = time;
+        this.partitionLogSupplier = partitionLogSupplier;
+        this.partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier = partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier;
+        this.deserializer = deserializer;
+        this.loadBufferSize = loadBufferSize;
+        this.scheduler.startup();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the coordinator by reading all the records from the TopicPartition
+     * and applying them to the Replayable object.
+     *
+     * @param tp          The TopicPartition to read from.
+     * @param coordinator The object to apply records to.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<LoadSummary> load(TopicPartition tp, 
CoordinatorPlayback<T> coordinator) {
+        final CompletableFuture<LoadSummary> future = new 
CompletableFuture<>();
+        long startTimeMs = time.milliseconds();
+        try {
+            ScheduledFuture<?> result = 
scheduler.scheduleOnce(String.format("Load coordinator from %s", tp),
+                    () -> doLoad(tp, coordinator, future, startTimeMs));
+            if (result.isCancelled()) {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new RuntimeException("Coordinator 
loader is closed."));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            future.completeExceptionally(e);
+        }
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    private void doLoad(
+            TopicPartition tp,
+            CoordinatorPlayback<T> coordinator,
+            CompletableFuture<LoadSummary> future,
+            long startTimeMs
+    ) {
+        long schedulerQueueTimeMs = time.milliseconds() - startTimeMs;
+        try {
+            Optional<UnifiedLog> logOpt = partitionLogSupplier.apply(tp);
+            if (logOpt.isEmpty()) {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new NotLeaderOrFollowerException(
+                        "Could not load records from " + tp + " because the 
log does not exist."));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            UnifiedLog log = logOpt.get();
+
+            // Buffer may not be needed if records are read from memory.
+            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(0);
+            long currentOffset = log.logStartOffset();
+            LoadStats stats = new LoadStats();
+
+            long previousHighWatermark = -1L;
+            while (shouldFetchNextBatch(currentOffset, logEndOffset(tp), 
stats.readAtLeastOneRecord)) {
+                FetchDataInfo fetchDataInfo = log.read(currentOffset, 
loadBufferSize, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true);
+
+                stats.readAtLeastOneRecord = 
fetchDataInfo.records.sizeInBytes() > 0;
+
+                MemoryRecords memoryRecords = toReadableMemoryRecords(tp, 
fetchDataInfo.records, buffer);
+                if (fetchDataInfo.records instanceof FileRecords) {
+                    buffer = memoryRecords.buffer();
+                }
+
+                ReplayResult replayResult = processMemoryRecords(tp, log, 
memoryRecords, coordinator, stats, currentOffset, previousHighWatermark);
+                currentOffset = replayResult.nextOffset;
+                previousHighWatermark = replayResult.highWatermark;
+            }
+
+            long endTimeMs = time.milliseconds();
+
+            if (logEndOffset(tp) == -1L) {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new NotLeaderOrFollowerException(
+                        String.format("Stopped loading records from %s because 
the partition is not online or is no longer the leader.", tp)
+                ));
+            } else if (isRunning.get()) {
+                future.complete(new LoadSummary(startTimeMs, endTimeMs, 
schedulerQueueTimeMs, stats.numRecords, stats.numBytes));
+            } else {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new RuntimeException("Coordinator 
loader is closed."));
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable ex) {
+            future.completeExceptionally(ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private long logEndOffset(TopicPartition tp) {
+        return partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier.apply(tp).orElse(-1L);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if it's still valid to fetch the next batch of records.
+     * <p>
+     * This method ensures fetching continues only under safe and meaningful 
conditions:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>The current offset is less than the log end offset.</li>
+     * <li>At least one record was read in the previous fetch. This ensures 
that fetching stops even if the
+     * current offset remains smaller than the log end offset but the log is 
empty. This could happen with compacted topics.</li>
+     * <li>The log end offset is not -1L, which ensures the partition is 
online and is still the leader.</li>
+     * <li>The loader is still running.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     */
+    private boolean shouldFetchNextBatch(long currentOffset, long 
logEndOffset, boolean readAtLeastOneRecord) {
+        return currentOffset < logEndOffset && readAtLeastOneRecord && 
isRunning.get();
+    }
+
+    private MemoryRecords toReadableMemoryRecords(TopicPartition tp, Records 
records, ByteBuffer buffer) throws IOException {
+        if (records instanceof MemoryRecords memoryRecords) {
+            return memoryRecords;
+        } else if (records instanceof FileRecords fileRecords) {
+            int sizeInBytes = fileRecords.sizeInBytes();
+            int bytesNeeded = Math.max(loadBufferSize, sizeInBytes);
+
+            // "minOneMessage = true in the above log.read() means that the 
buffer may need to
+            // be grown to ensure progress can be made.
+            if (buffer.capacity() < bytesNeeded) {
+                if (loadBufferSize < bytesNeeded) {
+                    LOG.warn("Loaded metadata from {} with buffer larger ({} 
bytes) than" +
+                            " configured buffer size ({} bytes).", tp, 
bytesNeeded, loadBufferSize);
+                }
+
+                buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(bytesNeeded);
+            } else {
+                buffer.clear();
+            }
+
+            fileRecords.readInto(buffer, 0);
+            return MemoryRecords.readableRecords(buffer);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported record type: " + 
records.getClass());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ReplayResult processMemoryRecords(
+            TopicPartition tp,
+            UnifiedLog log,
+            MemoryRecords memoryRecords,
+            CoordinatorPlayback<T> coordinator,
+            LoadStats loadStats,
+            long currentOffset,
+            long previousHighWatermark
+    ) {
+
+        for (MutableRecordBatch batch : memoryRecords.batches()) {
+            if (batch.isControlBatch()) {
+                for (Record record : batch) {
+                    ControlRecordType controlRecord = 
ControlRecordType.parse(record.key());
+                    if (controlRecord == ControlRecordType.COMMIT) {
+                        if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                            LOG.trace("Replaying end transaction marker from 
{} at offset {} to commit" +
+                                            " transaction with producer id {} 
and producer epoch {}.",
+                                    tp, record.offset(), batch.producerId(), 
batch.producerEpoch());
+                        }
+                        coordinator.replayEndTransactionMarker(
+                                batch.producerId(),
+                                batch.producerEpoch(),
+                                TransactionResult.COMMIT
+                        );
+                    } else if (controlRecord == ControlRecordType.ABORT) {
+                        if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                            LOG.trace("Replaying end transaction marker from 
{} at offset {} to abort" +
+                                            " transaction with producer id {} 
and producer epoch {}.",
+                                    tp, record.offset(), batch.producerId(), 
batch.producerEpoch());
+                        }
+                        coordinator.replayEndTransactionMarker(
+                                batch.producerId(),
+                                batch.producerEpoch(),
+                                TransactionResult.ABORT
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                for (Record record : batch) {
+                    loadStats.numRecords++;
+
+                    Optional<T> coordinatorRecordOpt = Optional.empty();
+                    try {
+                        coordinatorRecordOpt = 
Optional.ofNullable(deserializer.deserialize(record.key(), record.value()));
+                    } catch (Deserializer.UnknownRecordTypeException ex) {
+                        LOG.warn("Unknown record type {} while loading offsets 
and group metadata from {}." +
+                                " Ignoring it. It could be a left over from an 
aborted upgrade.", ex.unknownType(), tp);
+                    } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
+                        String msg = String.format("Deserializing record %s 
from %s failed due to: %s", record, tp, ex.getMessage());
+                        LOG.error(msg);
+                        throw new RuntimeException(msg, ex);

Review Comment:
   `LOG.error` could accept exception directly. Perhaps we could replace `due 
to: %s` by `LOG.error(msg, ex)`?



##########
coordinator-common/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/coordinator/common/runtime/CoordinatorLoaderImpl.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.coordinator.common.runtime;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.TopicPartition;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.errors.NotLeaderOrFollowerException;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.ControlRecordType;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.FileRecords;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.MemoryRecords;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.MutableRecordBatch;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.Record;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.record.Records;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.requests.TransactionResult;
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.Time;
+import org.apache.kafka.server.storage.log.FetchIsolation;
+import org.apache.kafka.server.util.KafkaScheduler;
+import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.FetchDataInfo;
+import org.apache.kafka.storage.internals.log.UnifiedLog;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+/**
+ * Coordinator loader which reads records from a partition and replays them
+ * to a group coordinator.
+ *
+ * @param <T> The record type.
+ */
+public class CoordinatorLoaderImpl<T> implements CoordinatorLoader<T> {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(CoordinatorLoaderImpl.class);
+
+    private final Time time;
+    private final Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> 
partitionLogSupplier;
+    private final Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> 
partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier;
+    private final Deserializer<T> deserializer;
+    private final int loadBufferSize;
+
+    private final AtomicBoolean isRunning = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+    private final KafkaScheduler scheduler = new KafkaScheduler(1);
+
+    public CoordinatorLoaderImpl(
+            Time time,
+            Function<TopicPartition, Optional<UnifiedLog>> 
partitionLogSupplier,
+            Function<TopicPartition, Optional<Long>> 
partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier,
+            Deserializer<T> deserializer,
+            int loadBufferSize
+    ) {
+        this.time = time;
+        this.partitionLogSupplier = partitionLogSupplier;
+        this.partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier = partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier;
+        this.deserializer = deserializer;
+        this.loadBufferSize = loadBufferSize;
+        this.scheduler.startup();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the coordinator by reading all the records from the TopicPartition
+     * and applying them to the Replayable object.
+     *
+     * @param tp          The TopicPartition to read from.
+     * @param coordinator The object to apply records to.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public CompletableFuture<LoadSummary> load(TopicPartition tp, 
CoordinatorPlayback<T> coordinator) {
+        final CompletableFuture<LoadSummary> future = new 
CompletableFuture<>();
+        long startTimeMs = time.milliseconds();
+        try {
+            ScheduledFuture<?> result = 
scheduler.scheduleOnce(String.format("Load coordinator from %s", tp),
+                    () -> doLoad(tp, coordinator, future, startTimeMs));
+            if (result.isCancelled()) {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new RuntimeException("Coordinator 
loader is closed."));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            future.completeExceptionally(e);
+        }
+        return future;
+    }
+
+    private void doLoad(
+            TopicPartition tp,
+            CoordinatorPlayback<T> coordinator,
+            CompletableFuture<LoadSummary> future,
+            long startTimeMs
+    ) {
+        long schedulerQueueTimeMs = time.milliseconds() - startTimeMs;
+        try {
+            Optional<UnifiedLog> logOpt = partitionLogSupplier.apply(tp);
+            if (logOpt.isEmpty()) {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new NotLeaderOrFollowerException(
+                        "Could not load records from " + tp + " because the 
log does not exist."));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            UnifiedLog log = logOpt.get();
+
+            // Buffer may not be needed if records are read from memory.
+            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(0);
+            long currentOffset = log.logStartOffset();
+            LoadStats stats = new LoadStats();
+
+            long previousHighWatermark = -1L;
+            while (shouldFetchNextBatch(currentOffset, logEndOffset(tp), 
stats.readAtLeastOneRecord)) {
+                FetchDataInfo fetchDataInfo = log.read(currentOffset, 
loadBufferSize, FetchIsolation.LOG_END, true);
+
+                stats.readAtLeastOneRecord = 
fetchDataInfo.records.sizeInBytes() > 0;
+
+                MemoryRecords memoryRecords = toReadableMemoryRecords(tp, 
fetchDataInfo.records, buffer);
+                if (fetchDataInfo.records instanceof FileRecords) {
+                    buffer = memoryRecords.buffer();
+                }
+
+                ReplayResult replayResult = processMemoryRecords(tp, log, 
memoryRecords, coordinator, stats, currentOffset, previousHighWatermark);
+                currentOffset = replayResult.nextOffset;
+                previousHighWatermark = replayResult.highWatermark;
+            }
+
+            long endTimeMs = time.milliseconds();
+
+            if (logEndOffset(tp) == -1L) {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new NotLeaderOrFollowerException(
+                        String.format("Stopped loading records from %s because 
the partition is not online or is no longer the leader.", tp)
+                ));
+            } else if (isRunning.get()) {
+                future.complete(new LoadSummary(startTimeMs, endTimeMs, 
schedulerQueueTimeMs, stats.numRecords, stats.numBytes));
+            } else {
+                future.completeExceptionally(new RuntimeException("Coordinator 
loader is closed."));
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable ex) {
+            future.completeExceptionally(ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private long logEndOffset(TopicPartition tp) {
+        return partitionLogEndOffsetSupplier.apply(tp).orElse(-1L);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if it's still valid to fetch the next batch of records.
+     * <p>
+     * This method ensures fetching continues only under safe and meaningful 
conditions:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>The current offset is less than the log end offset.</li>
+     * <li>At least one record was read in the previous fetch. This ensures 
that fetching stops even if the
+     * current offset remains smaller than the log end offset but the log is 
empty. This could happen with compacted topics.</li>
+     * <li>The log end offset is not -1L, which ensures the partition is 
online and is still the leader.</li>
+     * <li>The loader is still running.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     */
+    private boolean shouldFetchNextBatch(long currentOffset, long 
logEndOffset, boolean readAtLeastOneRecord) {
+        return currentOffset < logEndOffset && readAtLeastOneRecord && 
isRunning.get();
+    }
+
+    private MemoryRecords toReadableMemoryRecords(TopicPartition tp, Records 
records, ByteBuffer buffer) throws IOException {
+        if (records instanceof MemoryRecords memoryRecords) {
+            return memoryRecords;
+        } else if (records instanceof FileRecords fileRecords) {
+            int sizeInBytes = fileRecords.sizeInBytes();
+            int bytesNeeded = Math.max(loadBufferSize, sizeInBytes);
+
+            // "minOneMessage = true in the above log.read() means that the 
buffer may need to
+            // be grown to ensure progress can be made.
+            if (buffer.capacity() < bytesNeeded) {
+                if (loadBufferSize < bytesNeeded) {
+                    LOG.warn("Loaded metadata from {} with buffer larger ({} 
bytes) than" +
+                            " configured buffer size ({} bytes).", tp, 
bytesNeeded, loadBufferSize);
+                }
+
+                buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(bytesNeeded);
+            } else {
+                buffer.clear();
+            }
+
+            fileRecords.readInto(buffer, 0);
+            return MemoryRecords.readableRecords(buffer);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported record type: " + 
records.getClass());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ReplayResult processMemoryRecords(
+            TopicPartition tp,
+            UnifiedLog log,
+            MemoryRecords memoryRecords,
+            CoordinatorPlayback<T> coordinator,
+            LoadStats loadStats,
+            long currentOffset,
+            long previousHighWatermark
+    ) {
+
+        for (MutableRecordBatch batch : memoryRecords.batches()) {
+            if (batch.isControlBatch()) {
+                for (Record record : batch) {
+                    ControlRecordType controlRecord = 
ControlRecordType.parse(record.key());
+                    if (controlRecord == ControlRecordType.COMMIT) {
+                        if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                            LOG.trace("Replaying end transaction marker from 
{} at offset {} to commit" +
+                                            " transaction with producer id {} 
and producer epoch {}.",
+                                    tp, record.offset(), batch.producerId(), 
batch.producerEpoch());
+                        }
+                        coordinator.replayEndTransactionMarker(
+                                batch.producerId(),
+                                batch.producerEpoch(),
+                                TransactionResult.COMMIT
+                        );
+                    } else if (controlRecord == ControlRecordType.ABORT) {
+                        if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                            LOG.trace("Replaying end transaction marker from 
{} at offset {} to abort" +
+                                            " transaction with producer id {} 
and producer epoch {}.",
+                                    tp, record.offset(), batch.producerId(), 
batch.producerEpoch());
+                        }
+                        coordinator.replayEndTransactionMarker(
+                                batch.producerId(),
+                                batch.producerEpoch(),
+                                TransactionResult.ABORT
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                for (Record record : batch) {
+                    loadStats.numRecords++;
+
+                    Optional<T> coordinatorRecordOpt = Optional.empty();
+                    try {
+                        coordinatorRecordOpt = 
Optional.ofNullable(deserializer.deserialize(record.key(), record.value()));
+                    } catch (Deserializer.UnknownRecordTypeException ex) {
+                        LOG.warn("Unknown record type {} while loading offsets 
and group metadata from {}." +
+                                " Ignoring it. It could be a left over from an 
aborted upgrade.", ex.unknownType(), tp);
+                    } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
+                        String msg = String.format("Deserializing record %s 
from %s failed due to: %s", record, tp, ex.getMessage());
+                        LOG.error(msg);
+                        throw new RuntimeException(msg, ex);
+                    }
+
+                    coordinatorRecordOpt.ifPresent(coordinatorRecord -> {
+                        try {
+                            if (LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                                LOG.trace("Replaying record {} from {} at 
offset {} with producer id {}" +
+                                        " and producer epoch {}.", 
coordinatorRecord, tp, record.offset(), batch.producerId(), 
batch.producerEpoch());
+                            }
+                            coordinator.replay(
+                                    record.offset(),
+                                    batch.producerId(),
+                                    batch.producerEpoch(),
+                                    coordinatorRecord
+                            );
+                        } catch (RuntimeException ex) {
+                            String msg = String.format("Replaying record %s 
from %s at offset %d with producer id %d and" +
+                                            " producer epoch %d failed due to: 
%s.", coordinatorRecord, tp, record.offset(),
+                                    batch.producerId(), batch.producerEpoch(), 
ex.getMessage());
+                            LOG.error(msg);

Review Comment:
   ditto



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