bbejeck commented on code in PR #22323:
URL: https://github.com/apache/kafka/pull/22323#discussion_r3345062964


##########
streams/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/state/internals/StagedMergeIterator.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.streams.state.internals;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.KeyValue;
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.state.KeyValueIterator;
+
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NavigableMap;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+/**
+ * A merge iterator that overlays staged writes (from a {@link NavigableMap}) 
on top of
+ * a base store iterator. Staging entries take precedence over base entries 
for the same key.
+ * Tombstones ({@link Optional#empty()}) in the staging map cause the 
corresponding key
+ * to be skipped in the merged output.
+ * <p>
+ * Supports both forward and reverse iteration. When iterating in reverse, the 
staging
+ * map is traversed in descending order and the merge comparison is inverted 
so that
+ * the largest key is emitted first.
+ *
+ * @param <K> the key type, must be {@link Comparable}
+ * @param <V> the value type
+ */
+class StagedMergeIterator<K extends Comparable<K>, V> implements 
ManagedKeyValueIterator<K, V> {
+
+    private final Iterator<Map.Entry<K, Optional<V>>> stagingIterator;
+    private final KeyValueIterator<K, V> baseIterator;
+    private final boolean forward;
+
+    private Map.Entry<K, Optional<V>> nextStaging;
+    private KeyValue<K, V> nextBase;
+    private KeyValue<K, V> prefetched;
+    private boolean closed = false;
+    private Runnable closeCallback;
+
+    StagedMergeIterator(final NavigableMap<K, Optional<V>> staging,
+                        final KeyValueIterator<K, V> baseIterator) {
+        this(staging, baseIterator, true);
+    }
+
+    StagedMergeIterator(final NavigableMap<K, Optional<V>> staging,
+                        final KeyValueIterator<K, V> baseIterator,
+                        final boolean forward) {
+        this.forward = forward;
+        final NavigableMap<K, Optional<V>> orderedStaging = forward ? staging 
: staging.descendingMap();
+        this.stagingIterator = orderedStaging.entrySet().iterator();
+        this.baseIterator = baseIterator;
+        advanceStaging();
+        advanceBase();
+    }
+
+    private void advanceStaging() {
+        nextStaging = stagingIterator.hasNext() ? stagingIterator.next() : 
null;
+    }
+
+    private void advanceBase() {
+        nextBase = baseIterator.hasNext() ? baseIterator.next() : null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasNext() {
+        if (closed) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Iterator has already been 
closed.");
+        }
+        if (prefetched != null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        prefetched = computeNext();
+        return prefetched != null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public KeyValue<K, V> next() {
+        if (!hasNext()) {
+            throw new NoSuchElementException();
+        }
+        final KeyValue<K, V> result = prefetched;
+        prefetched = null;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public K peekNextKey() {
+        if (!hasNext()) {
+            throw new NoSuchElementException();
+        }
+        return prefetched.key;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onClose(final Runnable closeCallback) {
+        this.closeCallback = closeCallback;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        closed = true;

Review Comment:
   maybe check here if close has already been called 
   `if (closed) return`?



##########
streams/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/state/internals/StagedMergeIterator.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.streams.state.internals;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.KeyValue;
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.state.KeyValueIterator;
+
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NavigableMap;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+/**
+ * A merge iterator that overlays staged writes (from a {@link NavigableMap}) 
on top of
+ * a base store iterator. Staging entries take precedence over base entries 
for the same key.
+ * Tombstones ({@link Optional#empty()}) in the staging map cause the 
corresponding key
+ * to be skipped in the merged output.
+ * <p>
+ * Supports both forward and reverse iteration. When iterating in reverse, the 
staging
+ * map is traversed in descending order and the merge comparison is inverted 
so that
+ * the largest key is emitted first.
+ *
+ * @param <K> the key type, must be {@link Comparable}
+ * @param <V> the value type
+ */
+class StagedMergeIterator<K extends Comparable<K>, V> implements 
ManagedKeyValueIterator<K, V> {
+
+    private final Iterator<Map.Entry<K, Optional<V>>> stagingIterator;
+    private final KeyValueIterator<K, V> baseIterator;
+    private final boolean forward;
+
+    private Map.Entry<K, Optional<V>> nextStaging;
+    private KeyValue<K, V> nextBase;
+    private KeyValue<K, V> prefetched;
+    private boolean closed = false;
+    private Runnable closeCallback;
+
+    StagedMergeIterator(final NavigableMap<K, Optional<V>> staging,
+                        final KeyValueIterator<K, V> baseIterator) {
+        this(staging, baseIterator, true);
+    }
+
+    StagedMergeIterator(final NavigableMap<K, Optional<V>> staging,
+                        final KeyValueIterator<K, V> baseIterator,
+                        final boolean forward) {
+        this.forward = forward;
+        final NavigableMap<K, Optional<V>> orderedStaging = forward ? staging 
: staging.descendingMap();
+        this.stagingIterator = orderedStaging.entrySet().iterator();
+        this.baseIterator = baseIterator;
+        advanceStaging();
+        advanceBase();
+    }
+
+    private void advanceStaging() {
+        nextStaging = stagingIterator.hasNext() ? stagingIterator.next() : 
null;
+    }
+
+    private void advanceBase() {
+        nextBase = baseIterator.hasNext() ? baseIterator.next() : null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasNext() {
+        if (closed) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Iterator has already been 
closed.");
+        }
+        if (prefetched != null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        prefetched = computeNext();
+        return prefetched != null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public KeyValue<K, V> next() {
+        if (!hasNext()) {
+            throw new NoSuchElementException();
+        }
+        final KeyValue<K, V> result = prefetched;
+        prefetched = null;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public K peekNextKey() {
+        if (!hasNext()) {
+            throw new NoSuchElementException();
+        }
+        return prefetched.key;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onClose(final Runnable closeCallback) {
+        this.closeCallback = closeCallback;

Review Comment:
   If implementors call this method twice the original `closeCallback` get 
overwritten - maybe we should guard against that?



##########
streams/src/test/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/state/internals/StagedMergeIteratorTest.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.kafka.streams.state.internals;
+
+import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.Bytes;
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.KeyValue;
+import org.apache.kafka.streams.state.KeyValueIterator;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.NavigableMap;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+public class StagedMergeIteratorTest {

Review Comment:
   There are no reverse iteration tests - we don't need as many for the 
forward-iteration but 1-2 would be a good idea.



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