>
>
>    1. what is the role of kernels in Jupyter (how is the interaction with 
>    other components)
>
> The general concept is...

Browser/Client ---\         /---Kernel
Browser/Client ----*Jupyter*----Kernel
Browser/Client ---/         \---Kernel

where "Jupyter" can be a notebook server or kernel gateway. As Thomas 
explained, the kernels execute code. The browser or other client decides 
what should be executed, and gets the results.
If you have a Jupyter Notebook server, Jupyter knows about notebooks. 
Jupyter loads and saves notebooks as instructed by the client, and starts 
and stops kernels. When a cell is executed, just the code of that cell is 
sent by the client to the kernel that was started for the notebook. Jupyter 
serves as a kind of router or bridge that translates websocket connections 
from the client into ZeroMQ connections to the kernel.
If you have a Jupyter Kernel Gateway server in websocket mode, there are 
neither notebooks nor code cells. Clients provide code snippets directly. 
Jupyter still starts and stops kernels, and translates websocket 
connections into ZeroMQ connections.

hope that helps,
  Roland

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