- most of what they're using barcodes for could be done just as easily
  by typing four-digit codes on the phone keyboard.

Presumably a barcode can use all 10000 symbols, but manual entry would require some redundancy to catch fat-fingering of fields.

- It might be feasible to put actual applications into a barcode rather
  than just field identifiers.  PDF-417 barcodes can hold several
  kilobytes of data --- I think up to 6 or so.

Not closer to 1K, especially with ECC enabled?

QR code claims to get up to almost 3K:
http://www.denso-wave.com/qrcode/qrfeature-e.html

One nice thing about 2D vs. 1D is that the payload will increase with the area, but the overhead to recover boundary-sync information can be limited to increasing with the perimeter. (off on a tangent: http://sigfpe.blogspot.com/2006/08/what-can-we-measure-part-i.html)

(I paid bills today and noticed DataMatrices on some of the "receipt stub" portions, which keep their sync tracks along two of the four sides)

  Similarly, for data-entry applications, you could use barcodes to
  tell the cellphone which parts of the paper had which meanings ...

Xerox had a technology about 20 years ago to do exactly that -- although at the time we were interested in it for faxback services and not cellphones. It should still be around; they show up from time to time on brokerage statements.

(looks like it's turned into http://www.parc.com/research/projects/dataglyphs/)

- I think modern inkjet print heads can print at 2100 dpi, and I think
  they move across an A-size sheet of paper something like 20 times a
  minute

http://www.hackaday.com/2006/10/08/inker-the-hand-inkjet/
One of our Hackaday favorites, [Sprite_tm] made my morning when he sent this in. He built a driver circuit for a HP inkjet cartridge that allows him to print by hand. Ideal for printing on other people, their white boards or their beer. He had to do some blackbox reverse engineering to figure out what the onboard driver chip does on the cartridge. Considering the task, the circuit is surprisingly simple. It has some ATTINY brains, some driver transistors, a data bus and a DC/DC power converter to get the required 1.21 gigawatts, er 20 volts to drive the cartridge.

-Dave


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