So it's kind of a pain to track my supermarket purchases, in part because the receipt isn't really machine-readable. The store often has all the data in machine-readable form in their cash register; could they give it to me in machine-readable form?
It's Technically Feasible, Inexpensively ---------------------------------------- The bare minimum information for the receipt would be a little bit of header information (store location, date and time, currency of transaction), and for each item on the receipt, a UPC code, a quantity, and a price. UPC codes seem to be 13 digits (abbreviatable to 8), quantities are usually either three digits (of weight) or one (of units), and prices are usually two to four digits, including price. You could prefix prices and quantities with a length digit or terminated them with a non-digit code (say, if you're using BCD). (Say you bought 2.30 kilograms of avocados for $12.40; the quantity-and-price field would then read 323041240, and the UPC number would have to indicate that the unit of measure was 10 grams). In this scheme, quantity 1 would be represented as "11"; you could special-case that as "0". So the typical item would have five digits of price and quantity data, for a total of 18 self-delimiting decimal digits. In BCD that would be 72 bits, or 9 bytes. The per-receipt header might be 30 bytes. So a 30-item receipt might be 300 bytes. (In binary instead of BCD, you would need about 60 bits per item, but that's probably not worth the extra complexity.) PDF-417 stacked barcodes hold up to 1108 bytes of binary data per symbol; DataMatrix/Semacode holds up to 1556 bytes per symbol; QR Code holds up to 2953 bytes per symbol (at 177x177 pixels, which is about one-third redundancy). So 300 bytes is small enough that you could print a small barcode directly on the receipt, probably even with old dot-matrix receipt printers, given appropriate driver software. Minimally, with 1-bit pixels, you'd need 2400 pixels to represent 300 bytes, which is about 50x50 pixels. In traditional 5x9 dot-matrix fonts, that's less than 54 characters. I don't know if existing barcodes are sufficiently robust against the kinds of errors dot-matrix printers add (round dots, row-to-row misregistration) but there's plenty of headroom here for error correction. I vaguely seem to remember one of the matrix barcode systems recommending printing each pixel of the barcode symbol with at least 4x4 of the underlying pixels, so with that and the redundancy, you might need 16 * 4/3 * 300 * 8 = 51200 dot-matrix dots, 226 pixels square, or 1137 5x9 character cells. By my count, my latest dot-matrix receipt is 34 characters wide, so that would be 33 lines. On the face of it that sounds like an impracticably large amount to add to a 30-item receipt, but I've seen much worse, so it might already be reasonable. But you could presumably design a "barcode" whose overhead was close to a factor of 1.33 instead of a factor of 21, and then you'd be down to 72 characters instead of 1137, which obviously adds only a trivial amount of cost to the receipt. So you could use a less obtuse data format, too, instead of the horrible all-decimal format suggested above, where "323041240" means "2.30kg $12.40". How Could It Be Bootstrapped? ----------------------------- It may seem a little impractical to expect supermarkets and the like to upgrade their cash-register systems for the convenience of customers who want to itemize all their grocery purchases, which is something hardly any of them do. But here's a slightly plausible deployment path. A few people, some of the time, have to itemize all their purchases and turn in receipts: businessmen, academics, and NGO workers on travel on expense accounts, mostly. They already do this even though it's a pain, and a lot of them do it when they're on travel without their secretaries. A lot of them would be delighted to avoid the hassle. So if a major retailer of some expense-account-able commodity announced this kind of barcoded-receipt program and shipped free software to import your receipts into a few of the most popular ways of tracking expense accounts, it would attract these travelers. Maybe Ruth's Chris, or Avis, or Hyatt, or toward the lower end of the market, maybe T.G.I.Friday's, Chili's, Days Inn, and the like. It would have to offer some substantial advantage over monthly credit-card bills to get adopted, since that's what a lot of these folks use now. I have a couple of ideas: - It costs the receipt issuer much less to print a barcoded receipt than to process a credit-card transaction, so small-transaction merchants who aren't willing to accept credit cards could therefore become expense-account options. - Issuing a company credit card to someone puts the company at some financial risk, and perhaps for this reason, academics on travel and workers for small NGOs rarely use company credit cards. Accepting barcoded receipt entries does not entail any extra risk to the company. - Credit-card bills lose any convenience advantage when only part of a purchase is expensable. Similarly, self-employed USians who deduct business expenses on their federal tax returns are obligated to itemize those business expenses: travel expenses, raw materials, equipment, and the like. This suggests a broader group of retailers: Home Depot, OfficeMax, CompUSA, Best Buy, Kinko's, Ace Hardware, FedEx, Ikea, the Gap, Borders. Once the receipt-importing software was out there, other companies could compete for these customers by barcoding their receipts too, if the software to do so is relatively easily available. The path from Hyatt to Carrefour is pretty dubious, though. So is there anyone already in a position of routinely itemizing their supermarket purchases? Maybe servants who go grocery shopping for their masters? Thanks ------ To Beatrice, for very helpful discussions on the subject.
