Now I thought he was being too kind to the PSL which is a Stalinist
degeneration of a Stalinist degeneration from the WWP which degenerated
from the SWP/USA.

There slide started way before WW2 and were wrong on most counts after the
war. The Sam Marcy slide started in 1948 supporting the imperialist Henry
Wallace for president and like the Becker Boys whose ego got in the way
with a many good people in WWP, had to leave the SWP .

 Actually these so called left groups deserve to be called  more
conservatives and not revolutionary for many reasons, they have failed to
learn lessons from the many world upheavals and developments ushered in
even before the collapse of the Soviet Union and they have not settled
accounts from their past with their wrong analysis of the development of
Europe after the war, supporting the Russian invasions when they led the
Warsaw pact troops into Hungary in 1956 or Czechoslovakia in 1968, the
crushing of the movement and protests at Tiananmen Square in 1989 while the
protesters were singing the Internationale ( they still think China is
socialist), supporting sub imperialists such as Libya and Syria, supporting
the most reactionary elements of Islam in Iran and Palestine, in confusing
the national question, self determination and anti imperialism in its name
while supporting the most brutal, un human, repressive and murderous
regimes.

I mean the list is endless and could go on for days.

Now I have met many good comrades who belong to those organizations in my
life and I won't mention them so I don't tarnish them with what I am saying.

But I have been a victim of the Becker Boys Star Chamber antics before and
did not find out about it till after the fact, so I may be biased but I
learned and did not give up the struggle.

But many like our Stanfield Smith, have a hard time telling the difference
between real socialism and leftist militants and opportunist's and
opportunistic demagogue's...like the Becker Boys in this case.

Rojo rojito

Cort







On Tue, Apr 9, 2013 at 6:37 PM, stansfield smith
<[email protected]>wrote:

> **
>
>
>    Having seen some of Pham Binh's replies to postings, he strikes me as
> one of these pretty lightweight guys who sometimes thinks being a smartass
> passes for political depth. Maybe it is thus needless to say that he is in
> the orbit ISO, that is, a group that is very hostile to real
> revolutions, only supportive of color revolutions, so long as the color is
> not red.
>     If Human Rights Watch were to set up a "Marxist" group, they couldn't
> have done a better job.
>
>   *From:* Cort Greene <[email protected]>
> *To:* Venezuela_Today <[email protected]>; csny <
> [email protected]>
> *Sent:* Tuesday, April 9, 2013 5:46 PM
> *Subject:* [Venezuela_Today] Eclectics or Dialectics? Unpacking PSL’s
> Defense of Racist, Collaborationist Tyrannies
>  **
> ****
>
>
>
> http://www.thenorthstar.info/?p=8293**
>
>  Eclectics or Dialectics? Unpacking PSL’s Defense of Racist,
> Collaborationist Tyrannies
> by PHAM BINH on  APRIL 8, 2013
>  * [image: promo]Socialists and War: Two Opposing Trends* published by
> Party for Socialism and Liberation (PSL) is as thin politically as it
> page-wise. Clocking in at 46 pages, most of the book consists of freely
> available published material: a 
> reprint<http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/justifying-imperialist-interventionint.html>
>  from
> PSL’s newspaper, a *Dissident Voice* 
> interview<http://dissidentvoice.org/2012/08/libya-and-the-western-left-2/>with
> Brian Becker who is the national director of PSL’s front group ANSWER
> Coalition, and a historical document, the Basel 
> Manifesto<http://www.marxists.org/history/international/social-democracy/1912/basel-manifesto.htm>.
> The only original work is Becker’s essay, “Socialists and War: Two Opposing
> Trends,” which claims that socialist debates over imperialist intervention
> into the Arab Spring are the modern analog to the 
> split<http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/jan/x02.htm> within
> the socialist movement over World War One with myself as 
> Plekhanov<http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/p/l.htm#plekhanov> and
> PSL as – who else? – the Bolsheviks. (Whether Becker gets to play Lenin and
> Mazda Majidi Trotsky or vice versa in their 1914-1917 reenactment is
> unclear.)
> The book is a reminder that seven dollars doesn’t buy much of anything
> these days.
> Majidi’s article, “When Justifying Imperialist Intervention ‘Goes 
> Wrong’<http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/justifying-imperialist-interventionint.html>”
> is a Revleft <http://www.revleft.com/>-style response to my essay, “Libya
> and Syria: When Anti-Imperialism Goes 
> Wrong<http://www.thenorthstar.info/?p=1097>.”
> Majidi’s strawmen speak for themselves and need not be enumerated here.
> However, his underlying method is of interest. He begins by asserting that,
> “All demonstrations and opposition movements [are] not progressive.”
> Undoubtedly this is true, and Majidi cites the Nazis and the Tea Party as
> examples. So far, so good. He then adds what he calls “color revolutions”
> to this list:
>
> “Most color revolutions occurred in the former Soviet Republics, such as
> Georgia’s Rose Revolution, Ukraine’s Orange Revolution and Kyrgyzstan’s
> Tulip Revolution. But there have also been (successful or attempted) color
> revolutions in other countries, such as Lebanon’s Cedar Revolution in 2005
> and Iran’s Green Revolution in 2009.”
>
> What is a “color revolution” according to Majidi?
>
> “Color revolutions usually include the formation of coherent and unified
> pro-imperialist political forces, which draw upon public discontent with
> economic distress, corruption and political coercion. They involve several
> operations, including the creation of division and disunity in the military
> and an intense propaganda campaign. … Elements who participate in such
> street protests are often a small part of the population and do not
> represent the sentiments of the majority of the people, much less the
> interests of the working class. In fact, many participants in the protests
> may not support the agenda of the right-wing leadership and its imperialist
> sponsors. Still, the imperialist propaganda campaign utilizes the protests,
> however large or small, to promote regime change and the ascension of a
> client state. The imperialists are not fools to do so; this is precisely
> what such ‘democratic’ movements produce absent an alternative
> working-class and anti-imperialist opposition.”
>
> This is a description of associated features, not a rigorous definition.
> Many of these features were present in the Egyptian revolution. The
> “coherent and unified pro-imperialist political force” known as the Muslim
> Brotherhood rode to power drawing “upon public discontent with economic
> distress, corruption and political coercion.” Their regime enjoys a much
> larger and firmer popular base than Mubarak’s decrepit dictatorship and in
> that narrow sense U.S. imperialism was strengthened rather than weakened by
> the January 25, 2011 revolution.
> Does PSL consider the Egyptian case to be a “color revolution”? Of course
> not<http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/egypt-a-continuous-process.html>.
> Thus, the only consistency to PSL’s method is its inconsistency.
> Eclecticism is inevitable because PSL continually substitutes description
> for definition.
> The next step in Majidi’s counter-argument is to ask, “What is the
> political character of the Syrian and Libyan rebels?” Earlier in the
> article, he poses questions of fundamental importance for approaching this
> issue:
>
> “In his entire article, Binh conveniently assumes the very thing that
> needs to be proven—that the Libyan rebels and the Syrian opposition are
> revolutionary. This false premise, once accepted, leads to all sorts of
> false conclusions. What is the political character of the NTC-led rebels in
> Libya? What qualified them as revolutionaries? How does Binh determine that
> the Syrian opposition is revolutionary and the government
> counter-revolutionary? When analyzing an opposition movement anywhere in
> the world, this is the first question that needs to be asked.”
>
> Wrong.
> The first question that needs to be asked in assessing an opposition
> movement is: what is it a movement *in opposition to*? What is the class
> character of the regime it is coming into conflict with and why? Imagine
> trying to analyze the political character Occupy Wall Street without
> knowing the first thing about Wall Street! Majidi makes this exact mistake
> by assessing the Libyan edition of the Arab Spring without *first* examining
> the Ghadafi regime in any detail. Doing this would make defending the
> regime from the protest movement as PSL does impossible because the regime
> was guilty of the very things Majidi claims define the rebellion as
> reactionary and right-wing: racism, collaboration with imperialism, and
> pro-neoliberalism.
> [image: hanging4.7. 77]
> April 4, 1977, Bengazi. PSL’s “progressive” regime lynched students
> (without trial) every year on April 4 to “commemorate” the anniversary of a
> 1976 student 
> uprising<http://www.thenorthstar.info/%22http://www.shabablibya.org/news/libyans-remember-april-7th-as-a-day-of-rage-and-grief>
> .
>  *Racism:* Much like the Polish, 
> Ukranian<http://www.philology.kiev.ua/new/node/4>,
> and other national minorities of Tsarist Russia, Libya’s Amazigh were
> forbidden from learning, speaking, or celebrating their language and
> culture by Ghadafi’s regime. Those that dared 
> risked<http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/11/after-centuries-of-oppression-a-libyan-minority-sees-hope-in-qaddafis-fall/249099/>
>  arrest
> and persecution.
> Becker claims “Gaddafi had a lot of support from black Libyans who
> considered [his] Africa-centric foreign policy to be positive” (33). Does
> Becker believe Black Libyans supported Ghadafi when he made a racist 
> deal<http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/libya-and-the-arab-revolt-in.html>
>  with
> Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi to keep Italy 
> free<http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2063399,00.html> of
> Black immigrants, 
> saying<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8170956/Gaddafi-demands-4-billion-from-EU-or-Europe-will-turn-black.html>,
> “We should stop this illegal immigration. If we don’t, Europe will become
> Black, it will be overcome by people with different religions”?
> *Collaboration with Imperialism:* *Socialists and War: Two Opposing Trends
> * says not a word about how Ghadafi’s regime tortured people on behalf of
> the 
> CIA<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2199246/CIA-delivered-Gaddafi-Libyan-rebels-torture-waterboarding-widespread-agency-admit.html>
>  and
> its British counterpart, MI6 <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14750998>. Nor
> does it mention Ghadafi’s mass 
> expulsion<http://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/05/world/libya-s-leader-urges-other-arab-countries-to-expel-palestinians.html>
>  of
> thousands of Palestinian refugees in 1995 and his call on other Arab states
> to follow suit.
> *Neoliberalism:* Majidi never discusses the Ghadafi regime’s embrace of
> neoliberalism, so comrade Becker’s 
> words<http://dissidentvoice.org/2012/08/libya-and-the-western-left-2/> on
> page 27 may come as a shock:
>
> “Following the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, Gaddafi’s government saw the
> handwriting on the wall and sought its own accommodation with the West. It
> adopted a set of neoliberal policies and invited major western oil
> companies to do business again, once sanctions had been lifted by Britain
> and the United States.”
>
> So for PSL, it is acceptable for a racist, tyrannical regime to
> collaborate with U.S. imperialism and institute neoliberal policies but
> unacceptable for a revolt against this same regime to have racist,
> collaborationist, and neoliberal elements or characteristics. What is good
> for the goose is absolutely impermissible for the gander. When Ghadafi made
> deals with British Petroleum and other western oil companies, PSL said this
> was understandable and 
> justified<http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/libya-and-the-arab-revolt-in.html>;
> when the post-Ghadafi government honored those same deals, PSL labeled it a
> pawn of imperialism.
> This is doublethink masquerading as Marxist analysis.
> Still, the question remains: was it correct to assume (as I did) that the
> Libyan edition of the Arab Spring was revolutionary and not reactionary,
> progressive and not regressive? If so, how do we make sense of PSL’s
> charges of racism, collaborationism, and neoliberalism on the part of the
> Libyan opposition?
> The answer to the first question goes to the very heart of what the Arab
> Spring is – a series ofbourgeois-democratic 
> revolutions<http://www.thenorthstar.info/?p=5759>.
> Unlike socialist revolutions and national liberation movements, democratic
> revolutions are not necessarily anti-imperialist; the pro-imperialist
> post-revolutionary governments in Egypt and Tunisia prove this. While the
> socialist revolution is principally a struggle by and for the proletariat
> (in conjunction with other classes and oppressed groups to be sure) against
> the bourgeoisie as a whole, modern democratic revolutions pit oppositional
> sections of the bourgeoisie against ruling sections of the bourgeoisie. PSL
> points to the defection of neoliberal figures like Mahmoud Jibril from
> Ghadafi’s regime to the side of the rebellion as proof that it was
> reactionary while remaining oblivious to analogous neoliberal figures like
> Mohammad Morsi and Amr Moussa in the Egyptian revolution and Hamadi 
> Jebali<http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/02/02/the-imf-and-tunisia/> in
> the Tunisian revolution. PSL does not label these latter revolutions
> right-wing, reactionary, or “colored.”
> Again, PSL’s consistent inconsistency is blindly obvious.
> Having exposed PSL’s inability to grasp that bourgeois and neoliberal
> forces inevitably play a prominent role in modern democratic revolutions,
> what of their charges that the Libyan opposition was racist against Blacks
> and collaborated with imperialism? Does this not invalidate the claim that
> the Libyan opposition was democratic in character?
> Historically speaking, democratic revolutions were not anti-racist nor
> even consistently democratic, the American revolution in which white
> slaveholders and racists played a dominant role being a prime example. The
> fact that bourgeois-democratic rights were not accorded to Blacks in 1776
> and that America’s post-revolutionary government ruthlessly exterminated
> the continent’s indigenous peoples does not change the revolution’s
> democratic character. Libya’s democratic revolution in 2011 is no different
> in this respect.
>   [image: LR1]
>  [image: LR2]
>  [image: LR3]
>  [image: Salem Al-Shoushan]
> *Libya’s Black Revolutionary Democrats*
> The problem for PSL and all those like Richard 
> Seymour<http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/aug/30/libya-spectacular-revolution-disgraced-racism>
>  who
> saw Libya’s revolutionary democrats as little more than an anti-Black
> lynch 
> mob<http://blackagendareport.com/content/obama-hosts-international-debut-libya%E2%80%99s-racist-and-thoroughly-non-revolutionary-regime>
>  is
> that they either deliberately ignored or were blissfully unaware of the
> significant number of Black Libyans fighting Ghadafi’s forces. This would
> have been impossible if anti-Black racism was the rule rather than the
> exception<http://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/09/12/1015087/-Racism-in-Libya> 
> among
> the rebels. Southern rebel brigades made up of the Tuareg and Tebo 
> peoples<http://www.temehu.com/Libyan-People.htm> were
> almost all Black.
> Libya’s rebels had more Black commanding officers than the Union did
> during the Civil War *and*they commanded non-Black and mixed race units.
>   *Right: Rebel commander Wanis Abu-Khmada berates a group of rebels in
> the first days of the revolution for their lack of discipline.*
>   *Right: Rebel commander Abdul-Wahab Qayed. After the revolution, he was
> put in command of Libya’s border protection forces.*
>
> Thus, PSL’s 
> depiction<http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/natos-rebels-are-lynching.html>
>  of
> Libyan rebels as Klansmen is counterfactual slander.
> As for the charge of collaborating or allying with imperialism,
> undoubtedly this is true. The problem for PSL is that democratic
> revolutions – unlike socialist revolutions – are not anti-imperialist by
> definition, and there is no socialist equivalent of the 10 Commandments
> that forbids such collaboration on a temporary or limited basis. Majidi
> concedes this, writing:
>
> “It is possible for one imperialist country, or a grouping of imperialist
> countries, to temporarily aid independence movements in the oppressed world
> in order to weaken the hold of their imperialist rivals in a different
> country.”
>
> By the same token, it is possible for one imperialist country, or a
> grouping of imperialist countries, to temporarily aid democratic
> revolutions in rival states just as monarchist France aided America’s
> democratic revolution against British colonialism. Only a 
> fool<http://www.thenorthstar.info/?p=1263> would
> conclude that independence movements and democratic revolutions in the
> oppressed world are reactionary because they receive temporary or limited
> aid from a reactionary power.
> At the root of PSL’s litany of errors is their utter failure to understand
> democratic revolutions as Lenin and Marx 
> did<http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1905/tactics/>.
> This failure leads them to invent a 
> distinction<http://www.scribd.com/doc/133382854/Class-Analysis-of-Upsurge-in-Arab-World>
>  between
> the “good” Arab Spring (against pro-U.S. dictatorships) and the “bad” Arab
> Spring (against anti-U.S. dictatorships) instead of realizing that the Arab
> Spring is an internationalist struggle against *all*dictatorships. Every
> country affected by the Arab Spring saw a fight between bourgeois
> anti-democratic states on the one hand and bourgeois-democratic mass
> movements on the other; every one of these struggles and movements had and
> has progressive, democratic <http://www.thenorthstar.info/?p=8118> political
> content compared to the tyrannical governments they struggled to reform or
> remove.
> Supporting one freedom struggle and not another is an exercise in the kind
> of selective hypocrisy characteristic of 
> liberalism<http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_03.htm>,
> as is the inability to recognize the 
> difference<http://www.thenorthstar.info/?p=1948> between
> revolution and counter-revolution; PSL does both while claiming to be a
> Marxist organization.
> PSL’s attempt to pass off eclecticism as Marxism is even more apparent in
> its internal documents. Richard Becker’s “A Class Analysis of the
> Revolutionary Upsurge in the Arab 
> World<http://www.scribd.com/doc/133382854/Class-Analysis-of-Upsurge-in-Arab-World>”
> is a 6-page chronological summary that is as broad as it is superficial. It
> reads more like a Wikipedia entry than a thoroughgoing study of Libya’s
> development since 1969 when a bourgeois nationalist military coup ended the
> monarchy and inaugurated Ghadafi’s 42-year tyranny from the standpoint of
> historical materialism. Becker’s 277 words “analyzing” (read: describing)
> Libya contain no discussion of how Ghadafi imported right-less migrant
> labor to staff the oil industry, creating an unemployed *lumpenproletariat
> * among native Libyans, no discussion of the country’s changing class and
> state 
> structures<http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21520844.2012.666646#preview>,
> and no recognition of Ghadafi’s impoverishment of the standing army in
> favor of irregular armies of snitches, spies, and enforcers dressed up as 
> “revolutionary
> committees<http://www.thenorthstar.info/www.shabablibya.org/news/libyans-remember-april-7th-as-a-day-of-rage-and-grief>.”
> The national oppression of the Amazigh is invisible to Becker, mirroring
> Ghadafi’s racist insistence<http://allafrica.com/stories/201103200010.html> 
> that
> the Amazigh people and culture simply did not exist.
> Having failed to properly examine the context and the regime that gave
> rise to protests in Libya, Majidi moves on to sketch an alternate history
> of the revolution that conforms all too perfectly with his description of
> “color revolutions.” He uses the fact that the Libyan revolt could not beat
> the regime militarily in spring of 2011 as proof that it was not popular,
> not progressive, nor a genuine revolution; perhaps he has never heard of
> the Paris Commune of 
> 1871<http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/index.htm>
>  that
> was also unable to triumph militarily, or perhaps he believes the Commune
> to be the very first “color revolution” (orchestrated by German and British
> imperialists, no doubt). Whatever the case may be, the fact remains that
> Libya was the first instance in the Arab Spring where a capitalist state
> used lethal force against peaceful protests on a mass scale – the Egyptian
> and Tunisian revolutions were fortunately never tested by this kind of
> wanton bloodshed. Ghadafi was the bloody vanguard of the Arab Spring’s
> counter-revolution, and his violent escalation prompted the democratic
> opposition led by the National Transition Council to 
> seek<http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/02/world/africa/02libya.html?_r=0> 
> military
> aid from imperialist powers that previously they rejected as 
> unwanted<http://www.thenorthstar.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/foreign-300x204.jpg>
>  and
> unnecessary.
> If anyone is to blame for NATO’s intervention in Libya, it is Ghadafi. He
> chose to shoot unarmed protesters *en masse, *handing NATO the political
> capital it needed to step into what began as a peaceful struggle.
> Majidi goes on to argue that because the NTC did not have the “support of
> the entire population,” it was a fake, reactionary, unpopular “color
> revolution,” as if there has *ever* been a revolution in world history
> that was an exercise in unanimity! As evidence of popular support for
> Ghadafi, he points to a single<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ts_qHfVQw2k> 
> state-sponsored
> rally of hundreds of thousands held in Tripoli “in the midst of the massive
> NATO bombing” (never mind the fact that NATO attacked only a 
> handful<http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_07/20110702_110702-oup-update.pdf>
>  of
> targets in Tripoli’s vicinity that day). What he omits is that Ghadafi was
> an unelected autocrat with an entire state apparatus (including a secret
> police) at his disposal to coerce people to show up, and, most damningly,
> that there has been *not one* pro-Ghadafi rally in all of Libya in the
> almost two years since the regime’s demise. If Ghadafi’s support emanated
> organically from the grassroots and not from the networks of patronage
> created by his regime’s oil money, this would not be the case.
> Regardless of what position one took on the character of the Libyan
> opposition back in 2011, what is indisputable today in 2013 is that
> Ghadafi’s repressive bourgeois state machine 
> wassmashed<http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch03.htm>
>  and razed <http://www.economist.com/node/21526958> to the ground by the
> self-armed population organized in militias, that there is no secret police
> to terrorize the masses, that 
> strikes<http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/14/sidra-terminal-strike-threatens-400000-bd-exports/>
> , 
> protests<http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2012/11/02/Armed-men-occupy-Libyan-Parliament/UPI-93461351866044/>
> , 
> demonstrations<http://www.juancole.com/2012/09/free-libya-crowds-in-benghazi-rally-against-militias-drive-al-qaeda-out-of-city.html>,
> and sit-ins are now regular occurrences, that freedom of the 
> press<http://feb17.info/media/video-libyas-first-english-radio-show-launches/>
>  and 
> expression<http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/14/libya-law-restricting-speech-ruled-unconstitutional>
>  exist,
> that victims of racist oppression like the Amazigh have made 
> advances<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21019020>,
> that unlike Kosovo NATO has no bases there, and that free and fair
> elections for a legislature were held to inaugurate a democratic 
> republic<http://www.juancole.com/2012/08/parliament-takes-over-in-modern-libyas-first-peaceful-transfer-of-power.html>.
> All of this is a great leap forward, a tremendous democratic gain for
> Libya’s oppressed and exploited that vindicates those who understood the
> Libyan opposition to be progressive, revolutionary, and democratic in
> character and serves as an irrefutable rebuke to those like PSL who
> slandered the opposition as 
> monarchist(!)<http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/libya-and-the-arab-revolt-in.html>
> , 
> racist<http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/natos-rebels-are-lynching.html>,
> unpopular, and reactionary.
> Even stranger than PSL’s defense of racist, collaborationist tyrannies in
> Libya and Syria from the Arab Spring’s democratic revolutions is their
> assertion that today’s imperialism and the tasks it poses for socialists
> remain almost totally 
> unchanged<http://dissidentvoice.org/2012/08/libya-and-the-western-left-2/> 
> from
> Lenin’s time. In the face of wars like Libya and Mali where Iraq-style
> colonization is not the name of the game, PSL can evidently only repeat
> 100-year-old formulas about 
> anti-colonial<http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/self-det/> wars
> and revolutionary 
> defeatism<http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1915/jul/26.htm>
> .
> [image: PSL]<http://www.thenorthstar.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/PSL.png>
> Standing with independent bourgeois nationalist governments as they
> slaughter their own peoples by the tens of thousands because said
> governments have conflicts of interest with imperialist powers is
> altogether different from standing with national liberation movements like
> the Vietnamese NLF who battled the 
> slaughter<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBDKzcjMHEs> wrought
> by French and American occupiers. The first is criminal stupidity, the
> second is anti-imperialism.
> Two opposing trends indeed.
> ****
> ****
>
>  
>



-- 
*A means can be justified only by its end. But the end in its turn needs to
be justified.

(Also quoted as "The end may justify the means as long as there is
something that justifies the end.")

Leon Trotsky

Their Morals and Ours (1938)*


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]



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