2016-01-12 8:44 GMT+11:00 Junchao Zhang <junchao.zh...@gmail.com>:
> Hello,
>    I am learning FEM by reading the Libmesh example adaptivity_ex2.C and
> have two questions.

>    2) The code uses the penalty method to impose boundary conditions. I was
> told the penalty method is bad and a smoothing function with zero on
> boundary is preferred. Could someone point me to literatures or examples on
> smoothing?

Hello.  I'm not sure that 'the penalty method is bad'.  There can be
some technical issues with it in specialized problems, but if you're
only just learning FEM, I wouldn't worry about them for the moment.  A
good introductory reference for the penalty method is the section
'Essential boundary conditions' on pp. 121-122 of

   Becker, E. B., G. F. Carey, & J. T. Oden (1981). Finite Elements,
An Introduction,
   Volume 1 of The Texas Finite Element Series. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall

which includes: 'The penalty method is not only easy to implement and
mathematically sound but it is also easy to motivate by physical
arguments.'

I haven't heard of the 'smoothing function' idea, but if you do need
or would prefer to avoid the penalty method, libMesh does have the
DirichletBoundary, as in introduction_ex4.C.

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