Hi Xiang,

On Wed, 24 Aug 2022 17:00:07 +0800
Gao Xiang <[email protected]> wrote:

> On Sun, Aug 21, 2022 at 09:57:25PM +0800, [email protected] wrote:
> > From: Yue Hu <[email protected]>
> > 
> > This approach can merge tail pclusters or the whole files into a special
> > inode in order to achieve greater compression ratio. And an option of
> > pcluster size is provided for different compression requirments.
> > 
> > Meanwhile, we change to write the uncompressed data from 'clusterofs'
> > when compressing files since it can benefit from in-place I/O. For now,
> > this change goes with the fragments.
> > 
> > Signed-off-by: Yue Hu <[email protected]>
> > ---
> >  include/erofs/compress.h  |   3 +-
> >  include/erofs/config.h    |   3 +-
> >  include/erofs/fragments.h |  25 +++++++++
> >  include/erofs/inode.h     |   1 +
> >  include/erofs/internal.h  |   1 +
> >  include/erofs_fs.h        |   1 +
> >  lib/Makefile.am           |   4 +-
> >  lib/compress.c            | 108 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
> >  lib/fragments.c           |  58 ++++++++++++++++++++
> >  lib/inode.c               |  59 ++++++++++++++++-----
> >  mkfs/main.c               |  64 +++++++++++++++++++---
> >  11 files changed, 277 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)
> >  create mode 100644 include/erofs/fragments.h
> >  create mode 100644 lib/fragments.c
> > 
> > diff --git a/include/erofs/compress.h b/include/erofs/compress.h
> > index 24f6204..d17aadb 100644
> > --- a/include/erofs/compress.h
> > +++ b/include/erofs/compress.h
> > @@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ extern "C"
> >  #define EROFS_CONFIG_COMPR_MIN_SZ           (32   * 1024)
> >  
> >  void z_erofs_drop_inline_pcluster(struct erofs_inode *inode);
> > -int erofs_write_compressed_file(struct erofs_inode *inode);
> > +int erofs_write_compressed_file_from_fd(struct erofs_inode *inode, int fd,
> > +                                   bool is_src);
> >  
> >  int z_erofs_compress_init(struct erofs_buffer_head *bh);
> >  int z_erofs_compress_exit(void);
> > diff --git a/include/erofs/config.h b/include/erofs/config.h
> > index 539d813..764b0f7 100644
> > --- a/include/erofs/config.h
> > +++ b/include/erofs/config.h
> > @@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ struct erofs_configure {
> >     char c_chunkbits;
> >     bool c_noinline_data;
> >     bool c_ztailpacking;
> > +   bool c_fragments;
> >     bool c_ignore_mtime;
> >     bool c_showprogress;
> >  
> > @@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ struct erofs_configure {
> >     /* < 0, xattr disabled and INT_MAX, always use inline xattrs */
> >     int c_inline_xattr_tolerance;
> >  
> > -   u32 c_pclusterblks_max, c_pclusterblks_def;
> > +   u32 c_pclusterblks_max, c_pclusterblks_def, c_pclusterblks_packed;
> >     u32 c_max_decompressed_extent_bytes;
> >     u32 c_dict_size;
> >     u64 c_unix_timestamp;
> > diff --git a/include/erofs/fragments.h b/include/erofs/fragments.h
> > new file mode 100644
> > index 0000000..913aa99
> > --- /dev/null
> > +++ b/include/erofs/fragments.h
> > @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
> > +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ OR Apache-2.0 */
> > +/*
> > + * Copyright (C), 2022, Coolpad Group Limited.
> > + */
> > +#ifndef __EROFS_FRAGMENTS_H
> > +#define __EROFS_FRAGMENTS_H
> > +
> > +#ifdef __cplusplus
> > +extern "C"
> > +{
> > +#endif
> > +
> > +#include "erofs/internal.h"
> > +
> > +int z_erofs_pack_fragments(struct erofs_inode *inode, void *data,
> > +                      unsigned int len);
> > +struct erofs_inode *erofs_mkfs_build_fragments(void);
> > +int erofs_fragments_init(void);
> > +void erofs_fragments_exit(void);
> > +
> > +#ifdef __cplusplus
> > +}
> > +#endif
> > +
> > +#endif
> > diff --git a/include/erofs/inode.h b/include/erofs/inode.h
> > index 79b8d89..bf20cd3 100644
> > --- a/include/erofs/inode.h
> > +++ b/include/erofs/inode.h
> > @@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ unsigned int erofs_iput(struct erofs_inode *inode);
> >  erofs_nid_t erofs_lookupnid(struct erofs_inode *inode);
> >  struct erofs_inode *erofs_mkfs_build_tree_from_path(struct erofs_inode 
> > *parent,
> >                                                 const char *path);
> > +struct erofs_inode *erofs_mkfs_build_special_from_fd(int fd, const char 
> > *name);
> >  
> >  #ifdef __cplusplus
> >  }
> > diff --git a/include/erofs/internal.h b/include/erofs/internal.h
> > index 58590ed..2e834e5 100644
> > --- a/include/erofs/internal.h
> > +++ b/include/erofs/internal.h
> > @@ -212,6 +212,7 @@ struct erofs_inode {
> >     uint64_t capabilities;
> >  #endif
> >     erofs_off_t fragmentoff;
> > +   unsigned int fragment_size;
> >  };
> >  
> >  static inline bool is_inode_layout_compression(struct erofs_inode *inode)
> > diff --git a/include/erofs_fs.h b/include/erofs_fs.h
> > index 2422e1c..997ac0c 100644
> > --- a/include/erofs_fs.h
> > +++ b/include/erofs_fs.h
> > @@ -267,6 +267,7 @@ struct erofs_inode_chunk_index {
> >  
> >  /* maximum supported size of a physical compression cluster */
> >  #define Z_EROFS_PCLUSTER_MAX_SIZE  (1024 * 1024)
> > +#define Z_EROFS_PCLUSTER_MAX_BLKS  (Z_EROFS_PCLUSTER_MAX_SIZE / 
> > EROFS_BLKSIZ)
> >  
> >  /* available compression algorithm types (for h_algorithmtype) */
> >  enum {
> > diff --git a/lib/Makefile.am b/lib/Makefile.am
> > index 3fad357..95f1d55 100644
> > --- a/lib/Makefile.am
> > +++ b/lib/Makefile.am
> > @@ -22,12 +22,14 @@ noinst_HEADERS = $(top_srcdir)/include/erofs_fs.h \
> >        $(top_srcdir)/include/erofs/trace.h \
> >        $(top_srcdir)/include/erofs/xattr.h \
> >        $(top_srcdir)/include/erofs/compress_hints.h \
> > +      $(top_srcdir)/include/erofs/fragments.h \
> >        $(top_srcdir)/lib/liberofs_private.h
> >  
> >  noinst_HEADERS += compressor.h
> >  liberofs_la_SOURCES = config.c io.c cache.c super.c inode.c xattr.c 
> > exclude.c \
> >                   namei.c data.c compress.c compressor.c zmap.c 
> > decompress.c \
> > -                 compress_hints.c hashmap.c sha256.c blobchunk.c dir.c
> > +                 compress_hints.c hashmap.c sha256.c blobchunk.c dir.c \
> > +                 fragments.c
> >  liberofs_la_CFLAGS = -Wall -I$(top_srcdir)/include
> >  if ENABLE_LZ4
> >  liberofs_la_CFLAGS += ${LZ4_CFLAGS}
> > diff --git a/lib/compress.c b/lib/compress.c
> > index fd02053..fde14f6 100644
> > --- a/lib/compress.c
> > +++ b/lib/compress.c
> > @@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
> >  #include "compressor.h"
> >  #include "erofs/block_list.h"
> >  #include "erofs/compress_hints.h"
> > +#include "erofs/fragments.h"
> >  
> >  static struct erofs_compress compresshandle;
> >  static unsigned int algorithmtype[2];
> > @@ -74,9 +75,9 @@ static void vle_write_indexes(struct 
> > z_erofs_vle_compress_ctx *ctx,
> >     if (!d1) {
> >             /*
> >              * A lcluster cannot have three parts with the middle one which
> > -            * is well-compressed for !ztailpacking cases.
> > +            * is well-compressed for !ztailpacking and !fragments cases.
> >              */
> > -           DBG_BUGON(!raw && !cfg.c_ztailpacking);
> > +           DBG_BUGON(!raw && !cfg.c_ztailpacking && !cfg.c_fragments);  
> 
> This should be per-inode?

Thanks for reviewing the patch, let me check this and below.

Thanks.

> 
> >             type = raw ? Z_EROFS_VLE_CLUSTER_TYPE_PLAIN :
> >                     Z_EROFS_VLE_CLUSTER_TYPE_HEAD;
> >             advise = cpu_to_le16(type << Z_EROFS_VLE_DI_CLUSTER_TYPE_BIT);
> > @@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ static int write_uncompressed_extent(struct 
> > z_erofs_vle_compress_ctx *ctx,
> >                                  unsigned int *len, char *dst)
> >  {
> >     int ret;
> > -   unsigned int count;
> > +   unsigned int count, offset, rcopied, rzeroed;
> >  
> >     /* reset clusterofs to 0 if permitted */
> >     if (!erofs_sb_has_lz4_0padding() && ctx->clusterofs &&
> > @@ -153,11 +154,21 @@ static int write_uncompressed_extent(struct 
> > z_erofs_vle_compress_ctx *ctx,
> >             ctx->clusterofs = 0;
> >     }
> >  
> > -   /* write uncompressed data */
> > +   /*
> > +    * write uncompressed data from clusterofs which can benefit from
> > +    * in-place I/O, loop shift right when to exceed EROFS_BLKSIZ.
> > +    */
> >     count = min(EROFS_BLKSIZ, *len);
> >  
> > -   memcpy(dst, ctx->queue + ctx->head, count);
> > -   memset(dst + count, 0, EROFS_BLKSIZ - count);
> > +   offset = cfg.c_fragments ? ctx->clusterofs : 0;  
> 
> interlaced_offset;
> 
> > +   rcopied = min(EROFS_BLKSIZ - offset, count);
> > +   rzeroed = EROFS_BLKSIZ - offset - rcopied;
> > +
> > +   memcpy(dst + offset, ctx->queue + ctx->head, rcopied);
> > +   memcpy(dst, ctx->queue + ctx->head + rcopied, count - rcopied);
> > +
> > +   memset(dst + offset + rcopied, 0, rzeroed);
> > +   memset(dst + count - rcopied, 0, EROFS_BLKSIZ - count - rzeroed);
> >  
> >     erofs_dbg("Writing %u uncompressed data to block %u",
> >               count, ctx->blkaddr);
> > @@ -167,8 +178,11 @@ static int write_uncompressed_extent(struct 
> > z_erofs_vle_compress_ctx *ctx,
> >     return count;
> >  }
> >  
> > -static unsigned int z_erofs_get_max_pclusterblks(struct erofs_inode *inode)
> > +static unsigned int z_erofs_get_max_pclusterblks(struct erofs_inode *inode,
> > +                                            bool is_src)  
> 
> is_src should be in erofs_inode as, for example, bool is_packed_inode,
> or other likewise rather than passing another argument here.
> 
> >  {
> > +   if (cfg.c_fragments && !is_src)
> > +           return cfg.c_pclusterblks_packed;
> >  #ifndef NDEBUG
> >     if (cfg.c_random_pclusterblks)
> >             return 1 + rand() % cfg.c_pclusterblks_max;
> > @@ -224,7 +238,7 @@ static void tryrecompress_trailing(void *in, unsigned 
> > int *insize,
> >  
> >  static int vle_compress_one(struct erofs_inode *inode,
> >                         struct z_erofs_vle_compress_ctx *ctx,
> > -                       bool final)
> > +                       bool final, bool is_src)
> >  {
> >     struct erofs_compress *const h = &compresshandle;
> >     unsigned int len = ctx->tail - ctx->head;
> > @@ -234,14 +248,19 @@ static int vle_compress_one(struct erofs_inode *inode,
> >     char *const dst = dstbuf + EROFS_BLKSIZ;
> >  
> >     while (len) {
> > -           unsigned int pclustersize =
> > -                   z_erofs_get_max_pclusterblks(inode) * EROFS_BLKSIZ;
> > +           unsigned int pclustersize = EROFS_BLKSIZ *
> > +                           z_erofs_get_max_pclusterblks(inode, is_src);
> >             bool may_inline = (cfg.c_ztailpacking && final);
> > +           bool may_packing = (cfg.c_fragments && final && is_src);
> >             bool raw;
> >  
> >             if (len <= pclustersize) {
> >                     if (!final)
> >                             break;
> > +                   if (may_packing) {
> > +                           count = len;
> > +                           goto frag_packing;
> > +                   }
> >                     if (!may_inline && len <= EROFS_BLKSIZ)
> >                             goto nocompression;
> >             }
> > @@ -294,6 +313,19 @@ nocompression:
> >                             return ret;
> >                     ctx->compressedblks = 1;
> >                     raw = false;
> > +           } else if (may_packing && len == count && ret < pclustersize) {
> > +frag_packing:
> > +                   ret = z_erofs_pack_fragments(inode,
> > +                                                ctx->queue + ctx->head,
> > +                                                len);
> > +                   if (ret < 0)
> > +                           return ret;
> > +                   if (inode->i_size == inode->fragment_size) {
> > +                           ctx->head += len;
> > +                           return 0;
> > +                   }
> > +                   ctx->compressedblks = 0;
> > +                   raw = false;
> >             } else {
> >                     unsigned int tailused, padding;
> >  
> > @@ -546,13 +578,20 @@ static void z_erofs_write_mapheader(struct 
> > erofs_inode *inode,
> >  {
> >     struct z_erofs_map_header h = {
> >             .h_advise = cpu_to_le16(inode->z_advise),
> > -           .h_idata_size = cpu_to_le16(inode->idata_size),
> >             .h_algorithmtype = inode->z_algorithmtype[1] << 4 |
> >                                inode->z_algorithmtype[0],
> >             /* lclustersize */
> >             .h_clusterbits = inode->z_logical_clusterbits - 12,
> >     };
> >  
> > +   if (cfg.c_fragments)
> > +           h.h_fragmentoff = cpu_to_le32(inode->fragmentoff);
> > +   else
> > +           h.h_idata_size = cpu_to_le16(inode->idata_size);
> > +
> > +   if (inode->fragment_size && inode->i_size == inode->fragment_size)
> > +           h.h_clusterbits |=  1 << Z_EROFS_FRAGMENT_INODE_BIT;
> > +
> >     memset(compressmeta, 0, Z_EROFS_LEGACY_MAP_HEADER_SIZE);
> >     /* write out map header */
> >     memcpy(compressmeta, &h, sizeof(struct z_erofs_map_header));
> > @@ -605,30 +644,25 @@ void z_erofs_drop_inline_pcluster(struct erofs_inode 
> > *inode)
> >     inode->eof_tailraw = NULL;
> >  }
> >  
> > -int erofs_write_compressed_file(struct erofs_inode *inode)
> > +int erofs_write_compressed_file_from_fd(struct erofs_inode *inode, int fd,
> > +                                   bool is_src)  
> 
> same here.
> 
> >  {
> >     struct erofs_buffer_head *bh;
> >     static struct z_erofs_vle_compress_ctx ctx;
> >     erofs_off_t remaining;
> >     erofs_blk_t blkaddr, compressed_blocks;
> >     unsigned int legacymetasize;
> > -   int ret, fd;
> > +   int ret;
> >     u8 *compressmeta = malloc(vle_compressmeta_capacity(inode->i_size));
> >  
> >     if (!compressmeta)
> >             return -ENOMEM;
> >  
> > -   fd = open(inode->i_srcpath, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
> > -   if (fd < 0) {
> > -           ret = -errno;
> > -           goto err_free_meta;
> > -   }
> > -
> >     /* allocate main data buffer */
> >     bh = erofs_balloc(DATA, 0, 0, 0);
> >     if (IS_ERR(bh)) {
> >             ret = PTR_ERR(bh);
> > -           goto err_close;
> > +           goto err_free_meta;
> >     }
> >  
> >     /* initialize per-file compression setting */
> > @@ -649,6 +683,9 @@ int erofs_write_compressed_file(struct erofs_inode 
> > *inode)
> >     inode->z_algorithmtype[1] = algorithmtype[1];
> >     inode->z_logical_clusterbits = LOG_BLOCK_SIZE;
> >  
> > +   inode->idata_size = 0;
> > +   inode->fragment_size = 0;
> > +
> >     blkaddr = erofs_mapbh(bh->block);       /* start_blkaddr */
> >     ctx.blkaddr = blkaddr;
> >     ctx.metacur = compressmeta + Z_EROFS_LEGACY_MAP_HEADER_SIZE;
> > @@ -668,7 +705,7 @@ int erofs_write_compressed_file(struct erofs_inode 
> > *inode)
> >             remaining -= readcount;
> >             ctx.tail += readcount;
> >  
> > -           ret = vle_compress_one(inode, &ctx, !remaining);
> > +           ret = vle_compress_one(inode, &ctx, !remaining, is_src);
> >             if (ret)
> >                     goto err_free_idata;
> >     }
> > @@ -682,19 +719,20 @@ int erofs_write_compressed_file(struct erofs_inode 
> > *inode)
> >     vle_write_indexes_final(&ctx);
> >     legacymetasize = ctx.metacur - compressmeta;
> >     /* estimate if data compression saves space or not */
> > -   if (compressed_blocks * EROFS_BLKSIZ + inode->idata_size +
> > +   if (!inode->fragment_size &&
> > +       compressed_blocks * EROFS_BLKSIZ + inode->idata_size +
> >         legacymetasize >= inode->i_size) {
> >             ret = -ENOSPC;
> >             goto err_free_idata;
> >     }
> >     z_erofs_write_mapheader(inode, compressmeta);
> >  
> > -   close(fd);
> >     if (compressed_blocks) {
> >             ret = erofs_bh_balloon(bh, blknr_to_addr(compressed_blocks));
> >             DBG_BUGON(ret != EROFS_BLKSIZ);
> >     } else {
> > -           DBG_BUGON(!inode->idata_size);
> > +           if (!cfg.c_fragments)
> > +                   DBG_BUGON(!inode->idata_size);
> >     }
> >  
> >     erofs_info("compressed %s (%llu bytes) into %u blocks",
> > @@ -717,7 +755,8 @@ int erofs_write_compressed_file(struct erofs_inode 
> > *inode)
> >             DBG_BUGON(ret);
> >     }
> >     inode->compressmeta = compressmeta;
> > -   erofs_droid_blocklist_write(inode, blkaddr, compressed_blocks);
> > +   if (is_src)
> > +           erofs_droid_blocklist_write(inode, blkaddr, compressed_blocks);
> >     return 0;
> >  
> >  err_free_idata:
> > @@ -727,8 +766,6 @@ err_free_idata:
> >     }
> >  err_bdrop:
> >     erofs_bdrop(bh, true);  /* revoke buffer */
> > -err_close:
> > -   close(fd);
> >  err_free_meta:
> >     free(compressmeta);
> >     return ret;
> > @@ -834,14 +871,27 @@ int z_erofs_compress_init(struct erofs_buffer_head 
> > *sb_bh)
> >      * to be loaded in order to get those compressed block counts.
> >      */
> >     if (cfg.c_pclusterblks_max > 1) {
> > -           if (cfg.c_pclusterblks_max >
> > -               Z_EROFS_PCLUSTER_MAX_SIZE / EROFS_BLKSIZ) {
> > +           if (cfg.c_pclusterblks_max > Z_EROFS_PCLUSTER_MAX_BLKS) {
> >                     erofs_err("unsupported clusterblks %u (too large)",
> >                               cfg.c_pclusterblks_max);
> >                     return -EINVAL;
> >             }
> > +           if (cfg.c_pclusterblks_packed > Z_EROFS_PCLUSTER_MAX_BLKS) {  
> 
>                       c_pclusterblks_packed should be smaller than 
> c_pclusterblks_max
> 
> > +                   erofs_err("unsupported clusterblks %u (too large for 
> > fragments)",
> > +                             cfg.c_pclusterblks_packed);
> > +                   return -EINVAL;
> > +           }
> > +           if (cfg.c_pclusterblks_packed == 1) {
> > +                   erofs_err("physical cluster size of fragments should > 
> > 4096 bytes");
> > +                   return -EINVAL;
> > +           }  
> 
> How can this happen? why judging this here?
> 
> >             erofs_sb_set_big_pcluster();
> >     }
> > +   if (!erofs_sb_has_big_pcluster() && cfg.c_pclusterblks_packed > 1) {
> > +           erofs_err("invalid clusterblks %u (for fragments)",
> > +                     cfg.c_pclusterblks_packed);
> > +           return -EINVAL;
> > +   }  
> 
> The only condition I think would be
> 
>       if (c_pclusterblks_packed > cfg.c_pclusterblks_max) {
>               erofs_err("invalid physical cluster size for the packed file");
>       }
> 
> 
> 
> >  
> >     if (ret != Z_EROFS_COMPRESSION_LZ4)
> >             erofs_sb_set_compr_cfgs();
> > diff --git a/lib/fragments.c b/lib/fragments.c
> > new file mode 100644
> > index 0000000..73c0d1b
> > --- /dev/null
> > +++ b/lib/fragments.c
> > @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
> > +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ OR Apache-2.0
> > +/*
> > + * Copyright (C), 2022, Coolpad Group Limited.
> > + * Created by Yue Hu <[email protected]>
> > + */
> > +#define _GNU_SOURCE
> > +#include <stdlib.h>
> > +#include <unistd.h>
> > +#include "erofs/err.h"
> > +#include "erofs/inode.h"
> > +#include "erofs/compress.h"
> > +#include "erofs/print.h"
> > +#include "erofs/fragments.h"
> > +
> > +static FILE *packedfile;
> > +
> > +int z_erofs_pack_fragments(struct erofs_inode *inode, void *data,
> > +                      unsigned int len)
> > +{
> > +   inode->z_advise |= Z_EROFS_ADVISE_FRAGMENT_PCLUSTER;
> > +   inode->fragmentoff = ftell(packedfile);
> > +   inode->fragment_size = len;
> > +
> > +   if (write(fileno(packedfile), data, len) < 0)
> > +           return -EIO;
> > +
> > +   erofs_sb_set_fragments();
> > +
> > +   erofs_dbg("Recording %u fragment data at %lu", inode->fragment_size,
> > +             inode->fragmentoff);
> > +   return len;
> > +}
> > +
> > +struct erofs_inode *erofs_mkfs_build_fragments(void)
> > +{
> > +   fseek(packedfile, 0, SEEK_SET);
> > +
> > +   return erofs_mkfs_build_special_from_fd(fileno(packedfile),
> > +                                           "packed_file");
> > +}
> > +
> > +void erofs_fragments_exit(void)
> > +{
> > +   if (packedfile)
> > +           fclose(packedfile);
> > +}
> > +
> > +int erofs_fragments_init(void)
> > +{
> > +#ifdef HAVE_TMPFILE64
> > +   packedfile = tmpfile64();
> > +#else
> > +   packedfile = tmpfile();
> > +#endif
> > +   if (!packedfile)
> > +           return -ENOMEM;
> > +   return 0;
> > +}
> > diff --git a/lib/inode.c b/lib/inode.c
> > index 4da28b3..e6f3dfa 100644
> > --- a/lib/inode.c
> > +++ b/lib/inode.c
> > @@ -424,7 +424,11 @@ int erofs_write_file(struct erofs_inode *inode)
> >     }
> >  
> >     if (cfg.c_compr_alg_master && erofs_file_is_compressible(inode)) {
> > -           ret = erofs_write_compressed_file(inode);
> > +           fd = open(inode->i_srcpath, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
> > +           if (fd < 0)
> > +                   return -errno;
> > +           ret = erofs_write_compressed_file_from_fd(inode, fd, true);
> > +           close(fd);
> >  
> >             if (!ret || ret != -ENOSPC)
> >                     return ret;
> > @@ -935,6 +939,24 @@ static struct erofs_inode *erofs_new_inode(void)
> >     return inode;
> >  }
> >  
> > +static struct erofs_inode *erofs_generate_inode(struct stat64 *st,
> > +                                           const char *path)  
> 
> let's avoid such helper, since it doesn't simplify a lot.
> 
> Thanks,
> Gao Xiang
> 
> > +{
> > +   struct erofs_inode *inode;
> > +   int ret;
> > +
> > +   inode = erofs_new_inode();
> > +   if (IS_ERR(inode))
> > +           return inode;
> > +
> > +   ret = erofs_fill_inode(inode, st, path);
> > +   if (ret) {
> > +           free(inode);
> > +           return ERR_PTR(ret);
> > +   }
> > +   return inode;
> > +}
> > +
> >  /* get the inode from the (source) path */
> >  static struct erofs_inode *erofs_iget_from_path(const char *path, bool 
> > is_src)
> >  {
> > @@ -962,17 +984,7 @@ static struct erofs_inode *erofs_iget_from_path(const 
> > char *path, bool is_src)
> >     }
> >  
> >     /* cannot find in the inode cache */
> > -   inode = erofs_new_inode();
> > -   if (IS_ERR(inode))
> > -           return inode;
> > -
> > -   ret = erofs_fill_inode(inode, &st, path);
> > -   if (ret) {
> > -           free(inode);
> > -           return ERR_PTR(ret);
> > -   }
> > -
> > -   return inode;
> > +   return erofs_generate_inode(&st, path);
> >  }
> >  
> >  static void erofs_fixup_meta_blkaddr(struct erofs_inode *rootdir)
> > @@ -1180,3 +1192,26 @@ struct erofs_inode 
> > *erofs_mkfs_build_tree_from_path(struct erofs_inode *parent,
> >  
> >     return erofs_mkfs_build_tree(inode);
> >  }
> > +
> > +struct erofs_inode *erofs_mkfs_build_special_from_fd(int fd, const char 
> > *name)
> > +{
> > +        struct stat64 st;
> > +        struct erofs_inode *inode;
> > +        int ret;
> > +
> > +        ret = fstat64(fd, &st);
> > +        if (ret)
> > +                return ERR_PTR(-errno);
> > +
> > +        inode = erofs_generate_inode(&st, name);
> > +        if (IS_ERR(inode))
> > +                return inode;
> > +
> > +   /* only for compressed file now */
> > +        ret = erofs_write_compressed_file_from_fd(inode, fd, false);
> > +        if (ret)
> > +                return ERR_PTR(ret);
> > +
> > +        erofs_prepare_inode_buffer(inode);
> > +        return inode;
> > +}
> > diff --git a/mkfs/main.c b/mkfs/main.c
> > index b969b35..cfc2c4a 100644
> > --- a/mkfs/main.c
> > +++ b/mkfs/main.c
> > @@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
> >  #include "erofs/block_list.h"
> >  #include "erofs/compress_hints.h"
> >  #include "erofs/blobchunk.h"
> > +#include "erofs/fragments.h"
> >  #include "../lib/liberofs_private.h"
> >  
> >  #ifdef HAVE_LIBUUID
> > @@ -133,9 +134,9 @@ static int parse_extended_opts(const char *opts)
> >             const char *p = strchr(token, ',');
> >  
> >             next = NULL;
> > -           if (p)
> > +           if (p) {
> >                     next = p + 1;
> > -           else {
> > +           } else {
> >                     p = token + strlen(token);
> >                     next = p;
> >             }
> > @@ -202,7 +203,34 @@ static int parse_extended_opts(const char *opts)
> >                             return -EINVAL;
> >                     cfg.c_ztailpacking = true;
> >             }
> > +
> > +           if (MATCH_EXTENTED_OPT("fragments", token, keylen)) {
> > +                   char *endptr;
> > +                   u64 i;
> > +
> > +                   if (vallen || cfg.c_ztailpacking)
> > +                           return -EINVAL;
> > +                   cfg.c_fragments = true;
> > +
> > +                   i = strtoull(next, &endptr, 0);
> > +                   if (i == 0 || (*endptr != ',' && *endptr != '\0')) {
> > +                           cfg.c_pclusterblks_packed = 1;
> > +                           continue;
> > +                   }
> > +                   if (i % EROFS_BLKSIZ) {
> > +                           erofs_err("invalid physical clustersize %llu",
> > +                                     i);
> > +                           return -EINVAL;
> > +                   }
> > +                   cfg.c_pclusterblks_packed = i / EROFS_BLKSIZ;
> > +
> > +                   if (*endptr == ',')
> > +                           next = strchr(next, ',')  + 1;
> > +                   else
> > +                           goto out;
> > +           }
> >     }
> > +out:
> >     return 0;
> >  }
> >  
> > @@ -458,7 +486,8 @@ static int mkfs_parse_options_cfg(int argc, char 
> > *argv[])
> >  
> >  int erofs_mkfs_update_super_block(struct erofs_buffer_head *bh,
> >                               erofs_nid_t root_nid,
> > -                             erofs_blk_t *blocks)
> > +                             erofs_blk_t *blocks,
> > +                             erofs_nid_t packed_nid)
> >  {
> >     struct erofs_super_block sb = {
> >             .magic     = cpu_to_le32(EROFS_SUPER_MAGIC_V1),
> > @@ -482,6 +511,7 @@ int erofs_mkfs_update_super_block(struct 
> > erofs_buffer_head *bh,
> >     *blocks         = erofs_mapbh(NULL);
> >     sb.blocks       = cpu_to_le32(*blocks);
> >     sb.root_nid     = cpu_to_le16(root_nid);
> > +   sb.packed_nid    = cpu_to_le64(packed_nid);
> >     memcpy(sb.uuid, sbi.uuid, sizeof(sb.uuid));
> >  
> >     if (erofs_sb_has_compr_cfgs())
> > @@ -599,8 +629,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
> >  {
> >     int err = 0;
> >     struct erofs_buffer_head *sb_bh;
> > -   struct erofs_inode *root_inode;
> > -   erofs_nid_t root_nid;
> > +   struct erofs_inode *root_inode, *packed_inode;
> > +   erofs_nid_t root_nid, packed_nid;
> >     struct stat64 st;
> >     erofs_blk_t nblocks;
> >     struct timeval t;
> > @@ -670,6 +700,14 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
> >             erofs_warn("EXPERIMENTAL chunked file feature in use. Use at 
> > your own risk!");
> >     if (cfg.c_ztailpacking)
> >             erofs_warn("EXPERIMENTAL compressed inline data feature in use. 
> > Use at your own risk!");
> > +   if (cfg.c_fragments) {
> > +           err = erofs_fragments_init();
> > +           if (err) {
> > +                   erofs_err("failed to initialize fragments");
> > +                   return 1;
> > +           }
> > +           erofs_warn("EXPERIMENTAL compressed fragments feature in use. 
> > Use at your own risk!");
> > +   }
> >     erofs_set_fs_root(cfg.c_src_path);
> >  #ifndef NDEBUG
> >     if (cfg.c_random_pclusterblks)
> > @@ -739,7 +777,19 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
> >                     goto exit;
> >     }
> >  
> > -   err = erofs_mkfs_update_super_block(sb_bh, root_nid, &nblocks);
> > +   packed_nid = 0;
> > +   if (cfg.c_fragments) {
> > +           packed_inode = erofs_mkfs_build_fragments();
> > +           if (IS_ERR(packed_inode)) {
> > +                   err = PTR_ERR(packed_inode);
> > +                   goto exit;
> > +           }
> > +           packed_nid = erofs_lookupnid(packed_inode);
> > +           erofs_iput(packed_inode);
> > +   }
> > +
> > +   err = erofs_mkfs_update_super_block(sb_bh, root_nid, &nblocks,
> > +                                       packed_nid);
> >     if (err)
> >             goto exit;
> >  
> > @@ -761,6 +811,8 @@ exit:
> >     erofs_cleanup_exclude_rules();
> >     if (cfg.c_chunkbits)
> >             erofs_blob_exit();
> > +   if (cfg.c_fragments)
> > +           erofs_fragments_exit();
> >     erofs_exit_configure();
> >  
> >     if (err) {
> > -- 
> > 2.17.1  

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