This patch introduces a multi-threaded pipeline for fsck.erofs,
combining parallel directory traversal with background pcluster
decompression to significantly reduce extraction time.

Key architectural changes include:

- Thread-Safe State: Removes the global dirstack array and
  fsckcfg.extract_path. These are replaced with per-task localized
  paths and thread-local linked lists to eliminate data races.
- Concurrent Traversal: Refactors erofsfsck_dirent_iter to allocate
  task structures and dispatch inode processing to a background
  workqueue (z_erofs_mt_wq).
- Asynchronous Decompression: Introduces z_erofs_mt_read_ctx to
  batch pcluster reads and decouple decompression from main I/O.
  Limits batch size dynamically (32 for LZ4, 8 for compute-heavy
  algorithms) to balance CPU cache hits and memory overhead.
- Memory & Deadlock Safety: Implements inline backpressure during
  directory iteration. If pending inodes exceed workqueue capacity,
  execution falls back to synchronous processing to prevent
  recursive thread-pool starvation and unbounded memory growth.
- Synchronization Primitives: Adds portable condition variable
  wrappers (erofs_cond_t) to ensure the main thread safely waits
  for all pending background inodes before exiting.

Signed-off-by: Nithurshen <[email protected]>
---
 fsck/main.c              | 446 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 include/erofs/cond.h     |  31 +++
 include/erofs/internal.h |  15 +-
 include/erofs/lock.h     |   3 +
 lib/data.c               | 248 +++++++++++++++++-----
 5 files changed, 525 insertions(+), 218 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 include/erofs/cond.h

diff --git a/fsck/main.c b/fsck/main.c
index 16cc627..15500ce 100644
--- a/fsck/main.c
+++ b/fsck/main.c
@@ -8,23 +8,43 @@
 #include <time.h>
 #include <utime.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+#include "erofs/lock.h"
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include "erofs/print.h"
 #include "erofs/decompress.h"
 #include "erofs/dir.h"
 #include "erofs/xattr.h"
+#include "erofs/workqueue.h"
 #include "../lib/compressor.h"
 #include "../lib/liberofs_compress.h"
 
-static int erofsfsck_check_inode(erofs_nid_t pnid, erofs_nid_t nid);
-
 struct erofsfsck_dirstack {
-       erofs_nid_t dirs[PATH_MAX];
-       int top;
+       erofs_nid_t nid;
+       struct erofsfsck_dirstack *parent;
+       int depth;
 };
 
+static int erofsfsck_check_inode(erofs_nid_t pnid, erofs_nid_t nid, const char 
*path,
+                 struct erofsfsck_dirstack *dirstack);
+
+#ifdef EROFS_MT_ENABLED
+static EROFS_DEFINE_MUTEX(erofsfsck_mt_lock);
+static erofs_cond_t erofsfsck_mt_cond;
+static int erofsfsck_pending_inodes = 0;
+static int erofsfsck_global_err = 0;
+extern struct erofs_workqueue z_erofs_mt_wq;
+static struct erofs_workqueue erofsfsck_wq;
+
+struct erofsfsck_inode_task {
+       struct erofs_work work;
+       erofs_nid_t pnid;
+       erofs_nid_t nid;
+       char *path;
+       struct erofsfsck_dirstack *dirstack;
+};
+#endif
+
 struct erofsfsck_cfg {
-       struct erofsfsck_dirstack dirstack;
        u64 physical_blocks;
        u64 logical_blocks;
        char *extract_path;
@@ -306,7 +326,7 @@ static void erofsfsck_set_attributes(struct erofs_inode 
*inode, char *path)
        int ret;
 
        /* don't apply attributes when fsck is used without extraction */
-       if (!fsckcfg.extract_path)
+       if (!path)
                return;
 
 #ifdef HAVE_UTIMENSAT
@@ -509,32 +529,27 @@ static int erofs_verify_inode_data(struct erofs_inode 
*inode, int outfd)
                .buf = __EROFS_BUF_INITIALIZER,
        };
        bool needdecode = fsckcfg.check_decomp && !erofs_is_packed_inode(inode);
-       int ret = 0;
+       int ret = 0, wait_err;
        bool compressed;
        erofs_off_t pos = 0;
        u64 pchunk_len = 0;
-       unsigned int raw_size = 0, buffer_size = 0;
-       char *raw = NULL, *buffer = NULL;
+       struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *ctx;
 
        erofs_dbg("verify data chunk of nid(%llu): type(%d)",
-                 inode->nid | 0ULL, inode->datalayout);
+               inode->nid | 0ULL, inode->datalayout);
 
+       ctx = z_erofs_mt_read_ctx_alloc(outfd, true);
+       if (!ctx)
+               return -ENOMEM;
+       
        compressed = erofs_inode_is_data_compressed(inode->datalayout);
-       while (pos < inode->i_size) {
-               unsigned int alloc_rawsize;
 
+       while (pos < inode->i_size) {
                map.m_la = pos;
                ret = erofs_map_blocks(inode, &map, EROFS_GET_BLOCKS_FIEMAP);
                if (ret)
                        goto out;
 
-               if (!compressed && map.m_llen != map.m_plen) {
-                       erofs_err("broken chunk length m_la %" PRIu64 " m_llen 
%" PRIu64 " m_plen %" PRIu64,
-                                 map.m_la, map.m_llen, map.m_plen);
-                       ret = -EFSCORRUPTED;
-                       goto out;
-               }
-
                /* the last lcluster can be divided into 3 parts */
                if (map.m_la + map.m_llen > inode->i_size)
                        map.m_llen = inode->i_size - map.m_la;
@@ -555,92 +570,60 @@ static int erofs_verify_inode_data(struct erofs_inode 
*inode, int outfd)
                        continue;
                }
 
-               if (map.m_plen > Z_EROFS_PCLUSTER_MAX_SIZE) {
-                       if (compressed && !(map.m_flags & 
__EROFS_MAP_FRAGMENT)) {
-                               erofs_err("invalid pcluster size %" PRIu64 " @ 
offset %" PRIu64 " of nid %" PRIu64,
-                                         map.m_plen, map.m_la,
-                                         inode->nid | 0ULL);
-                               ret = -EFSCORRUPTED;
-                               goto out;
-                       }
-                       alloc_rawsize = Z_EROFS_PCLUSTER_MAX_SIZE;
-               } else {
-                       alloc_rawsize = map.m_plen;
-               }
-
-               if (alloc_rawsize > raw_size) {
-                       char *newraw = realloc(raw, alloc_rawsize);
-
-                       if (!newraw) {
+               if (compressed) {
+                       size_t buffer_size = map.m_llen > 
erofs_blksiz(inode->sbi) ? 
+                               map.m_llen : erofs_blksiz(inode->sbi);
+                       char *raw, *buffer;
+                       raw = malloc(map.m_plen);
+                       buffer = calloc(1, buffer_size);
+                       
+                       if (!raw || !buffer) {
+                               free(raw);
+                               free(buffer);
                                ret = -ENOMEM;
                                goto out;
                        }
-                       raw = newraw;
-                       raw_size = alloc_rawsize;
-               }
 
-               if (compressed) {
-                       if (map.m_llen > buffer_size) {
-                               char *newbuffer;
-
-                               buffer_size = map.m_llen;
-                               newbuffer = realloc(buffer, buffer_size);
-                               if (!newbuffer) {
-                                       ret = -ENOMEM;
-                                       goto out;
-                               }
-                               buffer = newbuffer;
+                       ret = z_erofs_read_one_data(inode, &map, raw, buffer, 
0, map.m_llen, 
+                               false, map.m_la, ctx);
+                       if (ret) {
+                               goto out;
                        }
-                       ret = z_erofs_read_one_data(inode, &map, raw, buffer,
-                                                   0, map.m_llen, false);
+               } else {
+                       char *raw = calloc(1, map.m_llen);
+                       ret = erofs_read_one_data(inode, &map, raw, 0, 
map.m_llen);
+                       if (ret >= 0 && outfd >= 0)
+                               pwrite(outfd, raw, map.m_llen, map.m_la);
+                       free(raw);
                        if (ret)
                                goto out;
-
-                       if (outfd >= 0 && write(outfd, buffer, map.m_llen) < 0)
-                               goto fail_eio;
-               } else {
-                       u64 p = 0;
-
-                       do {
-                               u64 count = min_t(u64, alloc_rawsize,
-                                                 map.m_llen);
-
-                               ret = erofs_read_one_data(inode, &map, raw, p, 
count);
-                               if (ret)
-                                       goto out;
-
-                               if (outfd >= 0 && write(outfd, raw, count) < 0)
-                                       goto fail_eio;
-                               map.m_llen -= count;
-                               p += count;
-                       } while (map.m_llen);
                }
        }
+       z_erofs_mt_read_enqueue(ctx);
+
+out:
+       wait_err = z_erofs_mt_read_ctx_wait(ctx);
+       if (wait_err < 0 && ret >= 0)
+               ret = wait_err;
 
        if (fsckcfg.print_comp_ratio) {
                if (!erofs_is_packed_inode(inode))
                        fsckcfg.logical_blocks += BLK_ROUND_UP(inode->sbi, 
inode->i_size);
                fsckcfg.physical_blocks += BLK_ROUND_UP(inode->sbi, pchunk_len);
        }
-out:
-       if (raw)
-               free(raw);
-       if (buffer)
-               free(buffer);
-       return ret < 0 ? ret : 0;
 
-fail_eio:
-       erofs_err("I/O error occurred when verifying data chunk @ nid %llu",
-                 inode->nid | 0ULL);
-       ret = -EIO;
-       goto out;
+       if (outfd >= 0 && ret >= 0)
+               ftruncate(outfd, inode->i_size);
+       
+       z_erofs_mt_read_ctx_free(ctx);
+       return ret < 0 ? ret : 0;
 }
 
-static inline int erofs_extract_dir(struct erofs_inode *inode)
+static inline int erofs_extract_dir(struct erofs_inode *inode, const char* 
path)
 {
        int ret;
 
-       erofs_dbg("create directory %s", fsckcfg.extract_path);
+       erofs_dbg("create directory %s", path);
 
        /* verify data chunk layout */
        ret = erofs_verify_inode_data(inode, -1);
@@ -653,19 +636,19 @@ static inline int erofs_extract_dir(struct erofs_inode 
*inode)
         * write/execute permission.  These are fixed up later in
         * erofsfsck_set_attributes().
         */
-       if (mkdir(fsckcfg.extract_path, 0700) < 0) {
+       if (mkdir(path, 0700) < 0) {
                struct stat st;
 
                if (errno != EEXIST) {
                        erofs_err("failed to create directory: %s (%s)",
-                                 fsckcfg.extract_path, strerror(errno));
+                                 path, strerror(errno));
                        return -errno;
                }
 
-               if (lstat(fsckcfg.extract_path, &st) ||
+               if (lstat(path, &st) ||
                    !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
                        erofs_err("path is not a directory: %s",
-                                 fsckcfg.extract_path);
+                                 path);
                        return -ENOTDIR;
                }
 
@@ -673,9 +656,9 @@ static inline int erofs_extract_dir(struct erofs_inode 
*inode)
                 * Try to change permissions of existing directory so
                 * that we can write to it
                 */
-               if (chmod(fsckcfg.extract_path, 0700) < 0) {
+               if (chmod(path, 0700) < 0) {
                        erofs_err("failed to set permissions: %s (%s)",
-                                 fsckcfg.extract_path, strerror(errno));
+                                 path, strerror(errno));
                        return -errno;
                }
        }
@@ -739,37 +722,37 @@ static void erofsfsck_hardlink_exit(void)
        }
 }
 
-static inline int erofs_extract_file(struct erofs_inode *inode)
+static inline int erofs_extract_file(struct erofs_inode *inode, const char* 
path)
 {
        bool tryagain = true;
        int ret, fd;
 
-       erofs_dbg("extract file to path: %s", fsckcfg.extract_path);
+       erofs_dbg("extract file to path: %s", path);
 
 again:
-       fd = open(fsckcfg.extract_path,
+       fd = open(path,
                  O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_NOFOLLOW |
                        (fsckcfg.overwrite ? O_TRUNC : O_EXCL), 0700);
        if (fd < 0) {
                if (fsckcfg.overwrite && tryagain) {
                        if (errno == EISDIR) {
                                erofs_warn("try to forcely remove directory %s",
-                                          fsckcfg.extract_path);
-                               if (rmdir(fsckcfg.extract_path) < 0) {
+                                          path);
+                               if (rmdir(path) < 0) {
                                        erofs_err("failed to remove: %s (%s)",
-                                                 fsckcfg.extract_path, 
strerror(errno));
+                                                 path, strerror(errno));
                                        return -EISDIR;
                                }
                        } else if (errno == EACCES &&
-                                  chmod(fsckcfg.extract_path, 0700) < 0) {
+                                  chmod(path, 0700) < 0) {
                                erofs_err("failed to set permissions: %s (%s)",
-                                         fsckcfg.extract_path, 
strerror(errno));
+                                         path, strerror(errno));
                                return -errno;
                        }
                        tryagain = false;
                        goto again;
                }
-               erofs_err("failed to open: %s (%s)", fsckcfg.extract_path,
+               erofs_err("failed to open: %s (%s)", path,
                          strerror(errno));
                return -errno;
        }
@@ -780,14 +763,14 @@ again:
        return ret;
 }
 
-static inline int erofs_extract_symlink(struct erofs_inode *inode)
+static inline int erofs_extract_symlink(struct erofs_inode *inode, const char* 
path)
 {
        struct erofs_vfile vf;
        bool tryagain = true;
        int ret;
        char *buf = NULL;
 
-       erofs_dbg("extract symlink to path: %s", fsckcfg.extract_path);
+       erofs_dbg("extract symlink to path: %s", path);
 
        /* verify data chunk layout */
        ret = erofs_verify_inode_data(inode, -1);
@@ -813,13 +796,13 @@ static inline int erofs_extract_symlink(struct 
erofs_inode *inode)
 
        buf[inode->i_size] = '\0';
 again:
-       if (symlink(buf, fsckcfg.extract_path) < 0) {
+       if (symlink(buf, path) < 0) {
                if (errno == EEXIST && fsckcfg.overwrite && tryagain) {
                        erofs_warn("try to forcely remove file %s",
-                                  fsckcfg.extract_path);
-                       if (unlink(fsckcfg.extract_path) < 0) {
+                                  path);
+                       if (unlink(path) < 0) {
                                erofs_err("failed to remove: %s",
-                                         fsckcfg.extract_path);
+                                         path);
                                ret = -errno;
                                goto out;
                        }
@@ -827,7 +810,7 @@ again:
                        goto again;
                }
                erofs_err("failed to create symlink: %s",
-                         fsckcfg.extract_path);
+                         path);
                ret = -errno;
        }
 out:
@@ -836,12 +819,12 @@ out:
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int erofs_extract_special(struct erofs_inode *inode)
+static int erofs_extract_special(struct erofs_inode *inode, const char* path)
 {
        bool tryagain = true;
        int ret;
 
-       erofs_dbg("extract special to path: %s", fsckcfg.extract_path);
+       erofs_dbg("extract special to path: %s", path);
 
        /* verify data chunk layout */
        ret = erofs_verify_inode_data(inode, -1);
@@ -849,13 +832,13 @@ static int erofs_extract_special(struct erofs_inode 
*inode)
                return ret;
 
 again:
-       if (mknod(fsckcfg.extract_path, inode->i_mode, inode->u.i_rdev) < 0) {
+       if (mknod(path, inode->i_mode, inode->u.i_rdev) < 0) {
                if (errno == EEXIST && fsckcfg.overwrite && tryagain) {
                        erofs_warn("try to forcely remove file %s",
-                                  fsckcfg.extract_path);
-                       if (unlink(fsckcfg.extract_path) < 0) {
+                                  path);
+                       if (unlink(path) < 0) {
                                erofs_err("failed to remove: %s",
-                                         fsckcfg.extract_path);
+                                         path);
                                return -errno;
                        }
                        tryagain = false;
@@ -863,28 +846,73 @@ again:
                }
                if (errno == EEXIST || fsckcfg.superuser) {
                        erofs_err("failed to create special file: %s",
-                                 fsckcfg.extract_path);
+                                 path);
                        ret = -errno;
                } else {
                        erofs_warn("failed to create special file: %s, skipped",
-                                  fsckcfg.extract_path);
+                                  path);
                        ret = -ECANCELED;
                }
        }
        return ret;
 }
 
-struct erofsfsck_get_parent_ctx {
+#ifdef EROFS_MT_ENABLED
+static void erofsfsck_inode_worker(struct erofs_work *work, void *tlsp)
+{
+    struct erofsfsck_inode_task *task = (struct erofsfsck_inode_task *)work;
+    int ret;
+
+    ret = erofsfsck_check_inode(task->pnid, task->nid, task->path, 
task->dirstack);
+
+    erofs_mutex_lock(&erofsfsck_mt_lock);
+    if (ret < 0 && !erofsfsck_global_err)
+        erofsfsck_global_err = ret;
+
+    erofsfsck_pending_inodes--;
+    if (erofsfsck_pending_inodes == 0)
+        erofs_cond_signal(&erofsfsck_mt_cond);
+    erofs_mutex_unlock(&erofsfsck_mt_lock);
+
+       struct erofsfsck_dirstack *curr = task->dirstack;
+       while (curr) {
+               struct erofsfsck_dirstack *next = curr->parent;
+               free(curr);
+               curr = next;
+       }
+       task->dirstack = NULL;
+
+    free(task->path);
+    free(task->dirstack);
+    free(task);
+}
+
+static void erofsfsck_wait_pending_inodes(void)
+{
+    erofs_mutex_lock(&erofsfsck_mt_lock);
+    while (erofsfsck_pending_inodes > 0)
+        erofs_cond_wait(&erofsfsck_mt_cond, &erofsfsck_mt_lock);
+
+    if (erofsfsck_global_err && !fsckcfg.corrupted)
+        fsckcfg.corrupted = true;
+    erofs_mutex_unlock(&erofsfsck_mt_lock);
+}
+#else
+static void erofsfsck_wait_pending_inodes(void) {}
+#endif
+
+struct erofsfsck_dir_context {
        struct erofs_dir_context ctx;
-       erofs_nid_t pnid;
+       const char *parent_path;
+       struct erofsfsck_dirstack *dirstack;
 };
 
 static int erofsfsck_get_parent_cb(struct erofs_dir_context *ctx)
 {
-       struct erofsfsck_get_parent_ctx *pctx = (void *)ctx;
+       struct erofsfsck_dir_context *dctx = (struct erofsfsck_dir_context 
*)ctx;
 
        if (ctx->dot_dotdot && ctx->de_namelen == 2) {
-               pctx->pnid = ctx->de_nid;
+               dctx->ctx.pnid = ctx->de_nid;
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
@@ -892,45 +920,89 @@ static int erofsfsck_get_parent_cb(struct 
erofs_dir_context *ctx)
 
 static int erofsfsck_dirent_iter(struct erofs_dir_context *ctx)
 {
-       int ret;
-       size_t prev_pos, curr_pos;
+       struct erofsfsck_dir_context *dctx = (struct erofsfsck_dir_context 
*)ctx;
+       int ret = 0;
+       char *path = NULL;
 
        if (ctx->dot_dotdot)
                return 0;
 
-       prev_pos = fsckcfg.extract_pos;
-       curr_pos = prev_pos;
+       if (dctx->parent_path) {
+               size_t plen = strlen(dctx->parent_path);
+               if (plen + 1 + ctx->de_namelen >= PATH_MAX)
+                       return -ENAMETOOLONG;
 
-       if (prev_pos + ctx->de_namelen >= PATH_MAX) {
-               erofs_err("unable to fsck since the path is too long (%llu)",
-                         (curr_pos + ctx->de_namelen) | 0ULL);
-               return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+               path = malloc(plen + 1 + ctx->de_namelen + 1);
+               if (!path)
+                       return -ENOMEM;
+               snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "%s/%.*s", dctx->parent_path,
+                       (int)ctx->de_namelen, ctx->dname);
        }
 
-       if (fsckcfg.extract_path) {
-               fsckcfg.extract_path[curr_pos++] = '/';
-               strncpy(fsckcfg.extract_path + curr_pos, ctx->dname,
-                       ctx->de_namelen);
-               curr_pos += ctx->de_namelen;
-               fsckcfg.extract_path[curr_pos] = '\0';
+#ifdef EROFS_MT_ENABLED
+       bool queue_full = false;
+
+       erofs_mutex_lock(&erofsfsck_mt_lock);
+       /* Backpressure: Prevent recursive thread-pool deadlock */
+       if (erofsfsck_pending_inodes >= erofsfsck_wq.max_jobs) {
+               queue_full = true;
        } else {
-               curr_pos += ctx->de_namelen;
+               erofsfsck_pending_inodes++;
        }
-       fsckcfg.extract_pos = curr_pos;
-       ret = erofsfsck_check_inode(ctx->dir->nid, ctx->de_nid);
+       erofs_mutex_unlock(&erofsfsck_mt_lock);
+
+       /* If space is available, offload to background workers */
+       if (!queue_full) {
+               struct erofsfsck_inode_task *task = calloc(1, sizeof(*task));
+               if (!task) {
+                       erofs_mutex_lock(&erofsfsck_mt_lock);
+                       erofsfsck_pending_inodes--;
+                       erofs_mutex_unlock(&erofsfsck_mt_lock);
+                       free(path);
+                       return -ENOMEM;
+               }
 
-       if (fsckcfg.extract_path)
-               fsckcfg.extract_path[prev_pos] = '\0';
-       fsckcfg.extract_pos = prev_pos;
+               task->pnid = ctx->dir->nid;
+               task->nid = ctx->de_nid;
+               task->path = path;
+
+       if (dctx->dirstack) {
+               struct erofsfsck_dirstack *src = dctx->dirstack;
+               struct erofsfsck_dirstack *new_node = NULL;
+               struct erofsfsck_dirstack *prev_node = NULL;
+
+               // Build the stack from the bottom up to preserve order
+               while (src) {
+                       new_node = malloc(sizeof(struct erofsfsck_dirstack));
+                       if (!new_node) break;
+                       
+                       new_node->nid = src->nid;
+                       new_node->depth = src->depth;
+                       new_node->parent = prev_node;
+                       
+                       prev_node = new_node;
+                       src = src->parent;
+               }
+               task->dirstack = prev_node;
+       }
+       task->work.fn = erofsfsck_inode_worker;
+       erofs_queue_work(&erofsfsck_wq, &task->work);
+       return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+       /* Fallback: Execute synchronously if MT disabled or queue is full */
+       ret = erofsfsck_check_inode(ctx->dir->nid, ctx->de_nid, path, 
dctx->dirstack);
+       free(path);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int erofsfsck_extract_inode(struct erofs_inode *inode)
+static int erofsfsck_extract_inode(struct erofs_inode *inode, const char *path)
 {
        int ret;
        char *oldpath;
 
-       if (!fsckcfg.extract_path || erofs_is_packed_inode(inode)) {
+       if (!path || erofs_is_packed_inode(inode)) {
 verify:
                /* verify data chunk layout */
                return erofs_verify_inode_data(inode, -1);
@@ -938,9 +1010,9 @@ verify:
 
        oldpath = erofsfsck_hardlink_find(inode->nid);
        if (oldpath) {
-               if (link(oldpath, fsckcfg.extract_path) == -1) {
+               if (link(oldpath, path) == -1) {
                        erofs_err("failed to extract hard link: %s (%s)",
-                                 fsckcfg.extract_path, strerror(errno));
+                                 path, strerror(errno));
                        return -errno;
                }
                return 0;
@@ -948,19 +1020,19 @@ verify:
 
        switch (inode->i_mode & S_IFMT) {
        case S_IFDIR:
-               ret = erofs_extract_dir(inode);
+               ret = erofs_extract_dir(inode, path);
                break;
        case S_IFREG:
-               ret = erofs_extract_file(inode);
+               ret = erofs_extract_file(inode, path);
                break;
        case S_IFLNK:
-               ret = erofs_extract_symlink(inode);
+               ret = erofs_extract_symlink(inode, path);
                break;
        case S_IFCHR:
        case S_IFBLK:
        case S_IFIFO:
        case S_IFSOCK:
-               ret = erofs_extract_special(inode);
+               ret = erofs_extract_special(inode, path);
                break;
        default:
                /* TODO */
@@ -972,13 +1044,14 @@ verify:
        /* record nid and old path for hardlink */
        if (inode->i_nlink > 1 && !S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))
                ret = erofsfsck_hardlink_insert(inode->nid,
-                                               fsckcfg.extract_path);
+                                               path);
        return ret;
 }
 
-static int erofsfsck_check_inode(erofs_nid_t pnid, erofs_nid_t nid)
+static int erofsfsck_check_inode(erofs_nid_t pnid, erofs_nid_t nid, const char 
*path,
+                               struct erofsfsck_dirstack *dirstack)
 {
-       int ret, i;
+       int ret;
        struct erofs_inode inode = {.sbi = &g_sbi, .nid = nid};
 
        erofs_dbg("check inode: nid(%llu)", nid | 0ULL);
@@ -997,7 +1070,7 @@ static int erofsfsck_check_inode(erofs_nid_t pnid, 
erofs_nid_t nid)
                        goto out;
        }
 
-       ret = erofsfsck_extract_inode(&inode);
+       ret = erofsfsck_extract_inode(&inode, path);
        if (ret && ret != -ECANCELED)
                goto out;
 
@@ -1008,26 +1081,39 @@ static int erofsfsck_check_inode(erofs_nid_t pnid, 
erofs_nid_t nid)
        }
 
        if (S_ISDIR(inode.i_mode)) {
-               struct erofs_dir_context ctx = {
-                       .flags = EROFS_READDIR_VALID_PNID,
-                       .pnid = pnid,
-                       .dir = &inode,
-                       .cb = erofsfsck_dirent_iter,
+               struct erofsfsck_dirstack ds = {
+                       .nid = pnid,
+                       .parent = dirstack,
+                       .depth = dirstack ? dirstack->depth + 1 : 0
                };
 
-               /* XXX: support the deeper cases later */
-               if (fsckcfg.dirstack.top >= ARRAY_SIZE(fsckcfg.dirstack.dirs))
-                       return -ENAMETOOLONG;
-               for (i = 0; i < fsckcfg.dirstack.top; ++i)
-                       if (inode.nid == fsckcfg.dirstack.dirs[i])
-                               return -ELOOP;
-               fsckcfg.dirstack.dirs[fsckcfg.dirstack.top++] = pnid;
-               ret = erofs_iterate_dir(&ctx, true);
-               --fsckcfg.dirstack.top;
+               struct erofsfsck_dir_context ctx = {
+                       .ctx.flags = EROFS_READDIR_VALID_PNID,
+                       .ctx.pnid = pnid,
+                       .ctx.dir = &inode,
+                       .ctx.cb = erofsfsck_dirent_iter,
+                       .parent_path = path,
+                       .dirstack = &ds
+               };
+
+               struct erofsfsck_dirstack *check_ds = dirstack;
+               while (check_ds) {
+                       if (inode.nid == check_ds->nid) {
+                               ret = -ELOOP;
+                               goto out;
+                       }
+                       if (check_ds->depth >= PATH_MAX) {
+                               ret = -ENAMETOOLONG;
+                               goto out;
+                       }
+                       check_ds = check_ds->parent;
+               }
+
+               ret = erofs_iterate_dir(&ctx.ctx, true);
        }
 
        if (!ret && !erofs_is_packed_inode(&inode))
-               erofsfsck_set_attributes(&inode, fsckcfg.extract_path);
+               erofsfsck_set_attributes(&inode, (char *)path);
 
        if (ret == -ECANCELED)
                ret = 0;
@@ -1043,6 +1129,7 @@ int erofsfsck_fuzz_one(int argc, char *argv[])
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 #endif
 {
+
        int err;
 
        erofs_init_configure();
@@ -1120,7 +1207,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                                goto exit_hardlink;
                        }
 
-                       err = erofsfsck_check_inode(g_sbi.packed_nid, 
g_sbi.packed_nid);
+                       err = erofsfsck_check_inode(g_sbi.packed_nid, 
g_sbi.packed_nid,
+                                                       fsckcfg.extract_path, 
NULL);
                        if (err) {
                                erofs_err("failed to verify packed file");
                                goto exit_packedinode;
@@ -1128,6 +1216,17 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                }
        }
 
+#ifdef EROFS_MT_ENABLED
+       erofs_cond_init(&erofsfsck_mt_cond);
+       
+       int workers = erofs_get_available_processors();
+       if (workers < 1) 
+               workers = 1;
+
+       erofs_alloc_workqueue(&erofsfsck_wq, workers, 256, NULL, NULL);
+       erofs_alloc_workqueue(&z_erofs_mt_wq, workers, 256, NULL, NULL);
+#endif
+
        {
                erofs_nid_t pnid = fsckcfg.nid;
 
@@ -1135,17 +1234,19 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                        struct erofs_inode inode = { .sbi = &g_sbi, .nid = 
fsckcfg.nid };
 
                        if (!erofs_read_inode_from_disk(&inode) &&
-                           S_ISDIR(inode.i_mode)) {
-                               struct erofsfsck_get_parent_ctx ctx = {
+                               S_ISDIR(inode.i_mode)) {
+                               struct erofsfsck_dir_context ctx = {
                                        .ctx.dir = &inode,
                                        .ctx.cb = erofsfsck_get_parent_cb,
                                };
 
                                if (erofs_iterate_dir(&ctx.ctx, false) == 1)
-                                       pnid = ctx.pnid;
+                                       pnid = ctx.ctx.pnid;
                        }
                }
-               err = erofsfsck_check_inode(pnid, fsckcfg.nid);
+               
+               err = erofsfsck_check_inode(pnid, fsckcfg.nid, 
fsckcfg.extract_path, NULL);
+               erofsfsck_wait_pending_inodes();
        }
 
        if (fsckcfg.corrupted) {
@@ -1169,6 +1270,11 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                }
        }
 
+#ifdef EROFS_MT_ENABLED
+       erofs_destroy_workqueue(&erofsfsck_wq);
+    erofs_destroy_workqueue(&z_erofs_mt_wq);
+#endif
+
 exit_packedinode:
        erofs_packedfile_exit(&g_sbi);
 exit_hardlink:
diff --git a/include/erofs/cond.h b/include/erofs/cond.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90ec838
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/erofs/cond.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ OR Apache-2.0 */
+#ifndef __EROFS_COND_H
+#define __EROFS_COND_H
+
+#include "lock.h"
+
+#if defined(HAVE_PTHREAD_H) && defined(EROFS_MT_ENABLED)
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+typedef pthread_cond_t erofs_cond_t;
+
+static inline void erofs_cond_init(erofs_cond_t *cond)
+{
+       pthread_cond_init(cond, NULL);
+}
+#define erofs_cond_wait                pthread_cond_wait
+#define erofs_cond_signal      pthread_cond_signal
+#define erofs_cond_broadcast   pthread_cond_broadcast
+#define erofs_cond_destroy     pthread_cond_destroy
+
+#else
+typedef struct {} erofs_cond_t;
+
+static inline void erofs_cond_init(erofs_cond_t *cond) {}
+static inline int erofs_cond_wait(erofs_cond_t *cond, erofs_mutex_t *mutex) { 
return 0; }
+static inline int erofs_cond_signal(erofs_cond_t *cond) { return 0; }
+static inline int erofs_cond_broadcast(erofs_cond_t *cond) { return 0; }
+static inline int erofs_cond_destroy(erofs_cond_t *cond) { return 0; }
+#endif
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/erofs/internal.h b/include/erofs/internal.h
index 671880f..a3ddcfb 100644
--- a/include/erofs/internal.h
+++ b/include/erofs/internal.h
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ typedef unsigned short umode_t;
 #ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_H
 #include <pthread.h>
 #endif
+#include <erofs/lock.h>
+#include "erofs/cond.h"
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include "atomic.h"
@@ -62,6 +64,7 @@ struct erofs_buf {
 #define erofs_pos(sbi, nr)      ((erofs_off_t)(nr) << (sbi)->blkszbits)
 #define BLK_ROUND_UP(sbi, addr)        \
        (roundup(addr, erofs_blksiz(sbi)) >> (sbi)->blkszbits)
+#define Z_EROFS_PCLUSTER_MAX_BATCH_SIZE 32
 
 struct erofs_buffer_head;
 struct erofs_bufmgr;
@@ -442,6 +445,15 @@ struct z_erofs_paramset {
        char *extraopts;
 };
 
+struct z_erofs_decompress_task;
+
+struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx;
+
+struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *z_erofs_mt_read_ctx_alloc(int outfd, bool 
free_out);
+int z_erofs_mt_read_ctx_wait(struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *ctx);
+void z_erofs_mt_read_ctx_free(struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *ctx);
+void z_erofs_mt_read_enqueue(struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *ctx);
+
 int liberofs_global_init(void);
 void liberofs_global_exit(void);
 
@@ -478,7 +490,8 @@ int erofs_read_one_data(struct erofs_inode *inode, struct 
erofs_map_blocks *map,
                        char *buffer, u64 offset, size_t len);
 int z_erofs_read_one_data(struct erofs_inode *inode,
                        struct erofs_map_blocks *map, char *raw, char *buffer,
-                       erofs_off_t skip, erofs_off_t length, bool trimmed);
+                       erofs_off_t skip, erofs_off_t length, bool trimmed,
+                       erofs_off_t out_offset, struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx 
*ctx);
 void *erofs_read_metadata(struct erofs_sb_info *sbi, erofs_nid_t nid,
                          erofs_off_t *offset, int *lengthp);
 int z_erofs_parse_cfgs(struct erofs_sb_info *sbi, struct erofs_super_block 
*dsb);
diff --git a/include/erofs/lock.h b/include/erofs/lock.h
index c6e3093..2e79d52 100644
--- a/include/erofs/lock.h
+++ b/include/erofs/lock.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ static inline void erofs_mutex_init(erofs_mutex_t *lock)
 }
 #define erofs_mutex_lock       pthread_mutex_lock
 #define erofs_mutex_unlock     pthread_mutex_unlock
+#define erofs_mutex_destroy    pthread_mutex_destroy
 
 #define EROFS_DEFINE_MUTEX(lock)       \
        erofs_mutex_t lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
@@ -29,12 +30,14 @@ static inline void erofs_init_rwsem(erofs_rwsem_t *lock)
 #define erofs_down_write       pthread_rwlock_wrlock
 #define erofs_up_read          pthread_rwlock_unlock
 #define erofs_up_write         pthread_rwlock_unlock
+
 #else
 typedef struct {} erofs_mutex_t;
 
 static inline void erofs_mutex_init(erofs_mutex_t *lock) {}
 static inline void erofs_mutex_lock(erofs_mutex_t *lock) {}
 static inline void erofs_mutex_unlock(erofs_mutex_t *lock) {}
+static inline void erofs_mutex_destroy(erofs_mutex_t *lock) {}
 
 #define EROFS_DEFINE_MUTEX(lock)       \
        erofs_mutex_t lock = {}
diff --git a/lib/data.c b/lib/data.c
index 6fd1389..6208d37 100644
--- a/lib/data.c
+++ b/lib/data.c
@@ -9,6 +9,121 @@
 #include "erofs/trace.h"
 #include "erofs/decompress.h"
 #include "liberofs_fragments.h"
+#include "erofs/workqueue.h"
+#include "erofs/lock.h"
+
+struct erofs_workqueue z_erofs_mt_wq;
+
+struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx {
+       erofs_mutex_t lock;
+       erofs_cond_t cond;
+       int pending_tasks;
+       int final_err;
+       int outfd;
+       bool free_out;
+       struct z_erofs_decompress_task *current_task;
+};
+
+struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *z_erofs_mt_read_ctx_alloc(int outfd, bool free_out)
+{
+       struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *ctx = calloc(1, sizeof(*ctx));
+       if (!ctx)
+               return NULL;
+
+       erofs_mutex_init(&ctx->lock);
+       erofs_cond_init(&ctx->cond);
+       ctx->outfd = outfd;
+       ctx->free_out = free_out;
+       return ctx;
+}
+
+int z_erofs_mt_read_ctx_wait(struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       int err;
+       if (!ctx)
+               return 0;
+
+       erofs_mutex_lock(&ctx->lock);
+       while (ctx->pending_tasks > 0)
+               erofs_cond_wait(&ctx->cond, &ctx->lock);
+       err = ctx->final_err;
+       erofs_mutex_unlock(&ctx->lock);
+
+       return err;
+}
+
+void z_erofs_mt_read_ctx_free(struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       if (!ctx)
+               return;
+       
+       erofs_mutex_destroy(&ctx->lock);
+       erofs_cond_destroy(&ctx->cond);
+       free(ctx);
+}
+
+struct z_erofs_decompress_item {
+       struct z_erofs_decompress_req req;
+       char *raw_buf;
+       char *out_buf;
+       erofs_off_t out_offset;
+       unsigned int out_length;
+};
+
+struct z_erofs_decompress_task {
+       struct erofs_work work;
+       struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *ctx;
+       struct z_erofs_decompress_item items[Z_EROFS_PCLUSTER_MAX_BATCH_SIZE];
+       unsigned int nr_reqs;
+};
+
+static void z_erofs_decompress_worker(struct erofs_work *work, void *tlsp)
+{
+       struct z_erofs_decompress_task *task = (struct z_erofs_decompress_task 
*)work;
+       struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *ctx = task->ctx;
+       int i, ret = 0, first_err = 0;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < task->nr_reqs; ++i) {
+               struct z_erofs_decompress_item *item = &task->items[i];
+               ret = z_erofs_decompress(&item->req);
+
+               if (ret >= 0 && ctx && ctx->outfd >= 0) {
+                       if (pwrite(ctx->outfd, item->out_buf,
+                                  item->out_length, item->out_offset) < 0)
+                               ret = -errno;
+               }
+
+               if (ret < 0 && !first_err)
+                       first_err = ret;
+
+               free(item->raw_buf);
+               if (ctx && ctx->free_out)
+                       free(item->out_buf);
+       }
+
+       if (ctx) {
+               erofs_mutex_lock(&ctx->lock);
+               if (first_err < 0 && !ctx->final_err)
+                       ctx->final_err = first_err;
+               ctx->pending_tasks--;
+               if (!ctx->pending_tasks)
+                       erofs_cond_signal(&ctx->cond);
+               erofs_mutex_unlock(&ctx->lock);
+       }
+       free(task);
+}
+
+void z_erofs_mt_read_enqueue(struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       if (ctx && ctx->current_task) {
+#ifdef EROFS_MT_ENABLED
+               erofs_queue_work(&z_erofs_mt_wq, &ctx->current_task->work);
+#else
+               z_erofs_decompress_worker(&ctx->current_task->work, NULL);
+#endif
+               ctx->current_task = NULL;
+       }
+}
 
 void *erofs_bread(struct erofs_buf *buf, erofs_off_t offset, bool need_kmap)
 {
@@ -277,20 +392,28 @@ static int erofs_read_raw_data(struct erofs_inode *inode, 
char *buffer,
 
 int z_erofs_read_one_data(struct erofs_inode *inode,
                        struct erofs_map_blocks *map, char *raw, char *buffer,
-                       erofs_off_t skip, erofs_off_t length, bool trimmed)
+                       erofs_off_t skip, erofs_off_t length, bool trimmed,
+                       erofs_off_t out_offset, struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *ctx)
 {
        struct erofs_sb_info *sbi = inode->sbi;
        struct erofs_map_dev mdev;
-       int ret = 0;
+       struct z_erofs_decompress_task *task;
+       struct z_erofs_decompress_item *item;
+       int ret = 0, idx, batch_limit;
 
        if (map->m_flags & __EROFS_MAP_FRAGMENT) {
                if (__erofs_unlikely(inode->nid == sbi->packed_nid)) {
-                       erofs_err("fragment should not exist in the packed 
inode %llu",
-                                 sbi->packed_nid | 0ULL);
-                       return -EFSCORRUPTED;
+                       ret = -EFSCORRUPTED;
+                       goto err_out;
                }
-               return erofs_packedfile_read(sbi, buffer, length - skip,
-                                  inode->fragmentoff + skip);
+               ret = erofs_packedfile_read(sbi, buffer, length - skip,
+                                          inode->fragmentoff + skip);
+               
+               if (ret >= 0 && ctx && ctx->outfd >= 0) {
+                       if (pwrite(ctx->outfd, buffer, length - skip, 
out_offset) < 0)
+                               ret = -errno;
+               }
+               goto err_out;
        }
 
        /* no device id here, thus it will always succeed */
@@ -298,46 +421,77 @@ int z_erofs_read_one_data(struct erofs_inode *inode,
                .m_pa = map->m_pa,
        };
        ret = erofs_map_dev(sbi, &mdev);
-       if (ret) {
-               DBG_BUGON(1);
-               return ret;
-       }
+       if (ret)
+               goto err_out;
 
        ret = erofs_dev_read(sbi, mdev.m_deviceid, raw, mdev.m_pa, map->m_plen);
        if (ret < 0)
-               return ret;
+               goto err_out;
+        
+       task = ctx->current_task;
+       if (!task) {
+               task = calloc(1, sizeof(*task));
+               task->ctx = ctx;
+               task->work.fn = z_erofs_decompress_worker;
+               ctx->current_task = task;
+
+               erofs_mutex_lock(&ctx->lock);
+               ctx->pending_tasks++;
+               erofs_mutex_unlock(&ctx->lock);
+       }
 
-       ret = z_erofs_decompress(&(struct z_erofs_decompress_req) {
-                       .sbi = sbi,
-                       .in = raw,
-                       .out = buffer,
-                       .decodedskip = skip,
-                       .interlaced_offset =
-                               map->m_algorithmformat == 
Z_EROFS_COMPRESSION_INTERLACED ?
-                                       erofs_blkoff(sbi, map->m_la) : 0,
-                       .inputsize = map->m_plen,
-                       .decodedlength = length,
-                       .alg = map->m_algorithmformat,
-                       .partial_decoding = trimmed ? true :
-                               !(map->m_flags & EROFS_MAP_FULL_MAPPED) ||
-                                       (map->m_flags & EROFS_MAP_PARTIAL_REF),
-                        });
-       if (ret < 0)
-               return ret;
+       idx = task->nr_reqs++;
+       item = &task->items[idx];
+
+       item->req = (struct z_erofs_decompress_req) {
+               .sbi = sbi,
+               .in = raw,
+               .out = buffer,
+               .decodedskip = skip,
+               .interlaced_offset =
+                       map->m_algorithmformat == 
Z_EROFS_COMPRESSION_INTERLACED ?
+                               erofs_blkoff(sbi, map->m_la) : 0,
+               .inputsize = map->m_plen,
+               .decodedlength = length,
+               .alg = map->m_algorithmformat,
+               .partial_decoding = trimmed ? true :
+                       !(map->m_flags & EROFS_MAP_FULL_MAPPED) ||
+                               (map->m_flags & EROFS_MAP_PARTIAL_REF),
+       };
+       item->raw_buf = raw;
+       item->out_buf = buffer;
+       item->out_offset = out_offset;
+       item->out_length = length;
+
+       batch_limit = (map->m_algorithmformat == Z_EROFS_COMPRESSION_LZ4) ? 
+                                               Z_EROFS_PCLUSTER_MAX_BATCH_SIZE 
: 8;
+
+       if (task->nr_reqs >= batch_limit) {
+               z_erofs_mt_read_enqueue(ctx);
+       }
        return 0;
+
+err_out:
+       if (ctx && ctx->free_out)
+               free(buffer);
+       free(raw);
+       return ret;
 }
 
 static int z_erofs_read_data(struct erofs_inode *inode, char *buffer,
-                            erofs_off_t size, erofs_off_t offset)
+                                 erofs_off_t size, erofs_off_t offset)
 {
        erofs_off_t end, length, skip;
        struct erofs_map_blocks map = {
                .buf = __EROFS_BUF_INITIALIZER,
        };
        bool trimmed;
-       unsigned int bufsize = 0;
-       char *raw = NULL;
-       int ret = 0;
+       int ret = 0, wait_err;
+       struct z_erofs_mt_read_ctx *ctx;
+
+       ctx = z_erofs_mt_read_ctx_alloc(-1, false);
+       if (!ctx)
+               return -ENOMEM;
 
        end = offset + size;
        while (end > offset) {
@@ -355,7 +509,6 @@ static int z_erofs_read_data(struct erofs_inode *inode, 
char *buffer,
                        length = end - map.m_la;
                        trimmed = true;
                } else {
-                       DBG_BUGON(end != map.m_la + map.m_llen);
                        length = map.m_llen;
                        trimmed = false;
                }
@@ -374,25 +527,26 @@ static int z_erofs_read_data(struct erofs_inode *inode, 
char *buffer,
                        continue;
                }
 
-               if (map.m_plen > bufsize) {
-                       char *newraw;
-
-                       bufsize = map.m_plen;
-                       newraw = realloc(raw, bufsize);
-                       if (!newraw) {
-                               ret = -ENOMEM;
-                               break;
-                       }
-                       raw = newraw;
+               char *raw = malloc(map.m_plen);
+               if (!raw) {
+                       ret = -ENOMEM;
+                       break;
                }
 
                ret = z_erofs_read_one_data(inode, &map, raw,
-                               buffer + end - offset, skip, length, trimmed);
+                               buffer + end - offset, skip, length, trimmed, 
0, ctx);
                if (ret < 0)
                        break;
+
        }
-       if (raw)
-               free(raw);
+       z_erofs_mt_read_enqueue(ctx);
+
+       wait_err = z_erofs_mt_read_ctx_wait(ctx);
+       if (wait_err < 0 && !ret)
+               ret = wait_err;
+
+       z_erofs_mt_read_ctx_free(ctx);
+
        return ret < 0 ? ret : 0;
 }
 
-- 
2.52.0


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