> I didn't do any research about how sparse files are allocated, but I can tell

Using lseek(2) with an offset past the end of the file and then
writing something.
To try it without writing C (or perl etc.) code, you can do something like
dd if=/dev/zero of=f bs=1024k seek=100000 count=1
du -h f
ls -lh f
As you can see, you have a file that seems like being ~100GB, but
actually consumes ~1MB.

Not all filesystems support this - if you do the same e.g. on fat,
zeros will be written to the file.
-- 
Didi

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