Linux-Misc Digest #215, Volume #25 Sun, 23 Jul 00 04:13:02 EDT
Contents:
Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers (Part 5 of 6)
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Crossposted-To: news.answers,comp.answers
Subject: Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers (Part 5 of 6)
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Date: 23 Jul 2000 03:33:03 -0400
* The configuration of pppd, the program that maintains the actual
connection, is usually contained in two or three separate files.
The first is usually /etc/ppp/options, which contains options
that all of your system's PPP connections will use. (Yes, you can
have more than one; as many as your computer has serial ports,
generally.)
Here is a sample /etc/ppp/options file:
# /etc/ppp/options
asyncmap 0
auth
crtscts
lock
noipx
# ---<End of File>---
The options may be given on one line or each on a separate line.
Many options files are much longer, and come with a description
of each option. Here, the options mean, in order, don't remap any
characters between the PPP client and server; always use
password, PAP, or CHAP authentication when making a connection;
use the modem's hardware handshake lines for flow control; lock
the serial port when in use so no other programs can access it;
and do not use the IPX network protocol.
* For connection set-up on each individual serial port or PPP host,
there will either be an /etc/ppp/options.ttyS1, for example,
options file for /etc/ttyS1, or a file for your ISP in the /etc/
ppp/peers directory. The default is often called /etc/ppp/peers/
provider. Here is a sample of the default provider file:
noauth
connect "/usr/sbin/chat -v -f /etc/chatscripts/provider"
defaultroute
/dev/ttyS1
38400
persist
There might be an explanation of these and other options in the /
etc/ppp/peers/provider file itself. You can also refer to the
pppd manual page for details. Briefly, they mean: do not use PAP
authentication for this connection; use the chat program and the
/etc/chatscripts/provider script, which is described above, to
dial the phone and log in; set the network default route to the
PPP connection (so when your network software needs to resolve an
network address that is not on your local machine(s), it will use
the PPP connection to the Internet); use /dev/ttyS1 as the serial
port for the connection; set the modem speed to 38400; and keep
the pppd daemon running even if the connection fails.
* That is all of the configuration you need. To actually start and
stop PPP, there are often /usr/bin/pon and /usr/bin/poff scripts
(in Debian), or something similar, and they are usually very
simple, and only contain the command:
/usr/sbin/pppd call ${1:-provider}
This will start pppd and use the call option to call the server
that you type on the command line, or the provider given in the /
etc/ppp/peers/provider file if you do not specify a remote
server. After making the call and logging in (about 30 seconds),
you should be able to use the /sbin/ifconfig program to determine
that the connection really did establish a PPP interface (the
first will be ppp0, the second will be ppp1, etc., depending on
how many simultaneous PPP connections you have. If something goes
wrong, you can look at the /var/log/ppp.log file to determine
what happened. You can also view the log as the connection is
being made, by "tailing" it in another window; that is, viewing
it as pppd logs the connection's status information. To do this,
use the command (again, as root):
tail -f /var/log/ppp.log
On some systems the PPP output is directed to /var/log/messages,
in which case your system may not have a dedicated PPP log file.
You should be also able to ping one of your ISP's domain names (e.g.,
mail.isp.com) and receive a response.
These are the most basic steps for configuring a PPP connection. You
will also need to take into account what other network connections
may be present (for example, if there's an Ethernet connection that
has already been assigned the default route), as well as various
security measures at your ISP's end. If you're having trouble making
the dial-up connection, usually the best way to determine what may be
going wrong is to use Seyon, minicomm, kermit, or some other program
to dial and log in manually to the ISP, and determine just exactly
what you have to do to log in, then duplicate that in the PPP
scripts.
Most Linux documentation also has additional instructions for
configuring PPP connections. Refer to ("Where Can I Get Linux
Material by FTP?") ("Where Can I Get the HOWTO's and Other
Documentation?")
=====================================================================
8.10. What Version of Linux and What Machine Name Am I Using?
Type:
uname -a
=====================================================================
8.11. What is a "core" File?
A core file is created when a program does something, "wrong," due to
a bug, or which violates the operating system or hardware protection
mechanisms. The operating system kills the programs and creates a
core file that programmers can use to figure out what went wrong. It
contains a detailed description of the state that the program was in
when it died.
If would like to determine what program a core file came from, use
the file command, like this:
file core
That will tell you the name of the program that produced the core
dump. You may want to write the maintainer(s) of the program, telling
them that their program dumped core.
[Eric Hanchrow]
=====================================================================
8.12. How Can I Enable or Disable Core Dumps?
By using the ulimit command in bash, the limit command in tcsh, or
the rlimit command in ksh. See the appropriate manual page for
details.
This setting affects all programs run from the shell (directly or
indirectly), not the whole system.
If you wish to enable or disable core dumping for all processes by
default, you can change the default setting in linux/sched.h--see the
definition of INIT_TASK, and look also in linux/resource.h.
PAM support optimizes the system's environment, including the amount
of memory a user is allowed. In some distributions this parameter is
configurable in the /etc/security/limits.conf file. For more
information, refer to the Linux Administrator's Security Guide. ("
Where Can I Get the HOWTO's and Other Documentation?")
=====================================================================
8.13. How Do I Upgrade/Recompile My Kernel?
See the Kernel HOWTO or the README files which come with the kernel
release on ftp.cs.helsinki.fi/pub/Software/Linux/Kernel/ and mirrors.
(See "Where Can I Get Linux Material by FTP?") You may already have a
version of the kernel source code installed on your system, but if it
is part of a standard distribution it is likely to be somewhat out of
date (this is not a problem if you only want a custom configured
kernel, but it probably is if you need to upgrade.)
With newer kernels you can (and should) make all of the following
targets. Don't forget that you can specify multiple targets with one
command.
make clean dep install modules modules_install
Also remember to update the module dependencies.
depmod -a
This command can be run automatically at boot time. On Debian/GNU
Linux systems, the command is part of the /etc/init.d/modutils
script, and can be linked appropriately in the /etc/rcx.d/
directories. For more information on depmod, see the manual page.
Make sure you are using the most recent version of the modutils
utilities, as well as all other supporting packages. Refer to the
file Documentation/Changes in the kernel source tree for specifics,
and be sure to consult the README file in the modutils package.
Remember that to make the new kernel boot you must run lilo after
copying the kernel into your root partition--the Makefile in some
kernels have a special zlilo target for this; try:
make zlilo
On current systems, however, you can simply copy the zImage or
bzImage file (in arch/i386/boot/ to the /boot/ directory on the root
file system, or to a floppy using the dd command. Refer also to the
question, How do I get LILO to boot the kernel image?
Kernel version numbers with an odd minor version (ie, 1.1.x, 1.3.x)
are the testing releases; stable production kernels have even minor
versions (1.0.x, 1.2.x). If you want to try the testing kernels you
should probably subscribe to the linux-kernel mailing list. ("What
Mailing Lists Are There?")
The Web site http://www.kernelnotes.org/ has lots of information and
links to other sites that provide information about Linux kernel
updates.
Also refer to the questions, "I Upgraded the Kernel and Now My PCMCIA
Card Doesn't Work." and "How Do I Get LILO to Boot the Kernel Image?"
=====================================================================
8.14. Can I Have More than 3 Serial Ports by Sharing Interrupts?
Yes, but you won't be able to use simultaneously two ordinary ports
which share an interrupt (without some trickery). This is a
limitation of the ISA Bus architecture. See the Serial HOWTO for
information about possible solutions and workarounds for this
problem.
=====================================================================
8.15. How Do I Update (For Example) the System's Perl Documentation?
Because program source and documentation files accumulate on machines
that have been in operation for a long time (like McGee's closet),
it's a good idea to get acquainted with the "*nix way of doing
things" (TM) to make sure that you know what's on your system. In
short, let the computer do it for you in the background.
The following bash shell script uses the programs find, egrep, and
sed to search directory hierarchies for the text string =head1, which
signals the start of a Perl POD (Plain Old Documentation) module. It
then constructs and executes a shell script to generate the formatted
documentation from those files.
The programs that do the actual formatting are pod2man and pod2text.
They are Perl scripts that call Perl library modules. The programs
pod2latex and pod2html can also be added to the script, if they're
present on the system. Place the shell script below in a file called
makepods, and then make the file executable with the shell command:
chmod +x makepods
Then you should be able to execute it in the current directory with
the command:
./makepods
snip here
...................................................................
#!/bin/sh
rm -f /tmp/find.tmp
#
# makepods (C) 1999 by Robert Kiesling
# This program is free software; it is distributed under the
# terms of the GNU General Public License, available at
# http://www.gnu.org/. This software comes with no warranty,
# and the author disclaims any responsibility for its (mis)use
# on your system.
#
# WARNING:
# This program can overwrite Perl library files if you are not
# careful! You have been warned!
#
# End of legal.
# Now back to the program:
#
# List of the top-level directories that you want to search,
# separated by spaces:
#
directories='/usr /var'
#
# Extension that the formatted output files should have.
ext="txt"
#
# Program that does the actual formatting. Possible values are
# "pod2man" and "pod2text." Your system may have others...
#
converter="pod2text"
#
# Generate a list of files in the 'directories' hierarchy(s)
# that contain the POD format string '=head1'.
#
for i in $directories ; do
find $i -type f -exec grep -l '=head1' {} \; >/tmp/find.tmp
done
#
# Remove from the list the files we're not interested in;
# e.g., man pages, html pages, vim and Emacs scripts....
#
egrep -v -E '*\.([1-9]|html|vim|el?)' /tmp/find.tmp >/tmp/eg1.tmp
#
# Generate a shell script from the commands, so that stdout is in
# the current directory. In this example, pod2man and pod2text are
# the commands used to format each input file from the list generated
# above, and the output files are given the extension defined by the
# variable "ext."
#
if [ $converter = "pod2man" ] ; then
sed -e "s/^/$converter --section=$ext /g" \
-e "s^\(/.*\)^\1 >\1^g" \
-e "s^>/.*/\([^\.]*\).*$^>\1.$ext^g" </tmp/eg1.tmp >/tmp/sed1.tmp
fi
if [ $converter = "pod2text" ] ; then
sed -e "s/^/$converter /g" \
-e "s^\(/.*\)^\1 >\1^g" \
-e "s^>/.*/\([^\.]*\).*$^>\1.$ext^g" </tmp/eg1.tmp >/tmp/sed1.tmp
fi
# Run the script that we've constructed.
sh /tmp/sed1.tmp
#
# Now we're done. Clean up after ourselves.
#
rm /tmp/find.tmp /tmp/eg1.tmp /tmp/sed1.tmp
# End of makepods script
....................................................................
Because the shell script searches entire directory hierarchies, it
may take a while to run.
If you're the system administrator, the shell script can be made part
of a cron job to be run weekly, monthly, or at some other interval,
and inform you by E-mail of any errors that occurred. If the makepods
script is in /usr/local/sbin/, for example, and you want the
formatted documentation to be saved in a subdirectory of /usr/local/
doc/, then the following shell script can be called by cron if you
save it (on this system) in /etc/cron.d/Weekly/:
#!/bin/sh
cd /usr/local/doc/perl/formatted-pods
/usr/local/sbin/makepods 2>/tmp/mpds.err
mail -s 'Error output of makepod ' root </tmp/mpds.err
rm -f /tmp/mpds.err
Remember to run chmod +x to make this shell script executable as
well. This is an example only; it is not the only way that cron jobs
can be configured. Please consult your local documentation, YMMV
(your mileage may vary), the author assumes no responsibility for its
use, misuse, or abuse, etc.
=====================================================================
8.16. How Do I Configure Emacs to Start with My Default Settings?
Create a file in your home directory named .emacs with the Emacs Lisp
commands that you want to run every time Emacs starts up. You won't
see the file in the directory listing. (The leading '.' tells ls not
to display it, unless you use the -a command line switch with ls.)
Any kind of Emacs Lisp statement will work in the .emacs file,
including entire defuns. Emacs uses lisp variables and statements
extensively, and many of the editing functions are written in Emacs
Lisp. For example, to enable word wrapping whenever you edit a file
that ends with .txt, add the following statement. This is from the
Emacs Texinfo help document ( F1-i, then m Emacs Return):
(add-hook text-mode-hook
'(lambda () (auto-fill-mode 1)))
This adds a statement that calls a hook function whenever a text
editing mode is entered for that buffer. The value of text-mode-hook,
which is a variable, to auto-fill-mode, which is a function.
If you want to turn off the menu bar at the top of each Emacs frame,
add this statement:
(menu-bar-mode -1)
And if you want to include an Emacs Lisp program that someone has
written, like msb.el (an enhanced, pop-up buffer menu), make sure the
lisp file is in a directory where Emacs can find it (usually it will
be named Site-lisp), and add these statements in the .emacs file:
(require 'msb)
(msb-mode 1)
Most tasks have several possible solutions in Emacs Lisp. Any task
that can be programmed in Emacs Lisp is valid in the .emacs file. For
more information, consult the Texinfo documentation. There is also a
FAQ list for Emacs (refer to What other FAQ's are there for Linux? ).
=====================================================================
8.17. How Do I Make a Rescue Floppy?
Make a file system on it with bin, etc, lib and dev
directories--everything you need. Install a kernel on it and arrange
to have LILO boot it from the floppy (see the LILO documentation, in
lilo.u.*.ps).
If you build the kernel (or tell LILO to tell the kernel) to have a
RAM disk the same size as the floppy the RAM disk will be loaded at
boot time and mounted as root in place of the floppy.
See the Bootdisk HOWTO.
=====================================================================
8.18. How Do I Remap My Keyboard to UK, French, Etc.?
For recent kernels, get /pub/Linux/system/Keyboards/kbd-0.90.tar.gz
from ftp://metalab.unc.edu/. Make sure you get the appropriate
version; you have to use the right keyboard mapping package for your
kernel version. For older kernels you have to edit the top-level
kernel Makefile, in /usr/src/linux/. You may find more helpful
information in The Linux Keyboard and Console HOWTO, by Andries
Brouwer, at ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/.
=====================================================================
8.19. How Do I Get NUM LOCK to Default to On?
Use the setleds program, for example (in /etc/rc.local or one of the
/etc/rc.d/* files):
for t in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
do
setleds +num < /dev/tty$t > /dev/null
done
setleds is part of the kbd package ("How do I remap my keyboard to
UK, French, etc.? "). Alternatively, patch your kernel. You need to
arrange for KBD_DEFLEDS to be defined to (1 << VC_NUMLOCK) when
compiling drivers/char/keyboard.c.
=====================================================================
8.20. How Do I Set (Or Reset) My Initial Terminal Colors?
The following shell script should work for VGA consoles:
for n in 1 2 4 5 6 7 8; do
setterm -fore yellow -bold on -back blue -store > /dev/tty$n
done
Substitute your favorite colors, and use /dev/ttyS$n for serial
terminals.
To make sure they are reset when people log out (if they've been
changed):
Replace the references to getty (or mingetty or uugetty or whatever)
in /etc/inittab with references to /sbin/mygetty.
#!/bin/sh
setterm -fore yellow -bold on -back blue -store > $1
exec /sbin/mingetty $@
[Jim Dennis]
=====================================================================
8.21. How Can I Have More Than 128Mb of Swap?
Use several swap partitions or swap files--Linux supports up to 16
swap areas, each of up to 128Mb.
Very old kernels only supported swap partition sizes up to 16Mb.
Linux on machines with 8KB paging, like Alpha and Sparc64, support a
swap partition up to 512MB. The 128MB limitation comes from PAGE_SIZE
*BITSPERBYTE on machines with 4KB paging, but is 512KB on machines
with 8KB paging. The limit is due to the use of a single page
allocation map.
The file mm/swapfile.c has all of the gory details.
[Peter Moulder, Gordon Weast]
=====================================================================
9. Miscellaneous Information and Questions Answered
9.1. How Do I Program XYZ Under Linux?
Read the manuals, or a good book on Unix and the manual pages (type
man man). There is a lot of GNU Info documentation, which is often
more useful as a tutorial. Run Emacs and type F1-i, or type info info
if you don't have or don't like Emacs. Note that the Emacs libc node
may not exactly describe the latest Linux libc, or GNU glibc2. But
the GNU project and LDP are always looking for volunteers to upgrade
their library documentation.
Anyway, between the existing Texinfo documentation, and the manual
pages in sections 2 and 3, should provide enough information to get
started.
As with all free software, the best tutorial is the source code
itself.
The latest release of the Linux manual pages, a collection of useful
GNU Info documentation, and various other information related to
programming Linux, can be found on metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/
man-pages/.
=====================================================================
9.2. What's All This about ELF? glibc?
See the ELF HOWTO by Daniel Barlow--note, this is not the file
move-to-elf, which is a blow-by-blow account of how to upgrade to ELF
manually.
Linux has two different formats for executables, object files, and
object code libraries, known as, "ELF." (The old format is called
"a.out.") They have advantages, including better support for shared
libraries and dynamic linking.
Both a.out and ELF binaries can coexist on a system. However, they
use different shared C libraries, both of which have to be installed.
If you want to find out whether your system can run ELF binaries,
look in /lib for a file named, "libc.so.5." If it's there, you
probably have ELF libraries. If you want to know whether your
installation actually is ELF you can pick a representative program,
like ls, and run file on it:
-chiark:~> file /bin/ls
/bin/ls: Linux/i386 impure executable (OMAGIC) - stripped
valour:~> file /bin/ls
/bin/ls: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1, stripped
There is a patch to get 1.2.x to compile using the ELF compilers, and
produce ELF core dumps, at ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/packages/GCC/.
You do not need the patch merely to run ELF binaries. 1.3.x and later
do not need the patch at all.
The GNU glibc2 libraries are essentially more recent versions of ELF
libraries that follow most of the same processes for dynamic linking
and loading. Upgrade information is contained in ("How Do I Upgrade
the Libraries without Trashing My System?")
=====================================================================
9.3. How Do I Determine What Packages Are Installed on My System?
For distributions that use RPM format packages, use the command:
# rpm -qa
You need to be logged in as root. You can save the output to a text
file for future reference, a command like:
# rpm -qa >installed-packages
For Debian systems, the equivalent command is:
# dpkg -l
=====================================================================
9.4. What Is a .gz file? And a .tgz? And .bz2? And... ?
.gz (and .z) files are compressed using GNU gzip. You need to use
gunzip (which is a symlink to the gzip command that comes with most
Linux installations) to unpack the file.
.taz, .tar.Z, and .tz are tar files (made with tar) and compressed
using compress. The standard *nix compress is proprietary software,
but free equivalents like ncompress exist.
.tgz (or .tpz) is a tar file compressed with gzip.
.bz2 is a file compressed by the more recently introduced (and
efficient) bzip2.
.lsm is a Linux Software Map entry, in the form of a short text file.
Details about the LSM project and the LSM itself are available in the
subdirectory on ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/.
.deb is a Debian Binary Package--the binary package format used by
the Debian GNU/Linux distribution. It is manipulated using dpkg and
dpkg-deb (available on Debian systems and from ftp://ftp.debian.org//
).
.rpm is a Red Hat RPM package, which is used in the Red Hat and
similar distributions.
The file command can often tell you what a file is.
If you find that gzip complains when you try to uncompress a file,
you probably downloaded it in ASCII mode by mistake. You must
download most things in binary mode--remember to type "binary" as a
command in FTP before using, "get," to download the file.
=====================================================================
9.5. What Does VFS Stand For?
Virtual File System. It's the abstraction layer between the user and
real file systems like ext2, Minix and MS-DOS. Among other things,
its job is to flush the read buffer when it detects a disk change on
the floppy disk drive.
VFS: Disk change detected on device 2/0
=====================================================================
9.6. What is a BogoMip?
"BogoMips" is a combination of Bogus and Mips. MIPS stands for
(depending on who you ask) Millions of Instructions per Second, or
Meaningless Indication of Processor Speed.
The number printed at boot time is the result of a kernel timing
calibration, used for very short delay loops by some device drivers.
According to the BogoMips mini-HOWTO, the rating for your machine
will be:
Table 1. Common BogoMips Ratings
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|System |BogoMips |Comparison |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Intel 8088 |clock * 0.004 |0.02 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Intel/AMD 386SX |clock * 0.14 |0.8 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Intel/AMD 386DX |clock * 0.18 |1 (definition) |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Motorola 68030 |clock * 0.25 |1.4 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Cyrix/IBM 486 |clock * 0.34 |1.8 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Intel Pentium |clock * 0.40 |2.2 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Intel 486 |clock * 0.50 |2.8 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|AMD 5x86 |clock * 0.50 |2.8 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Mips R4000/R4400 |clock * 0.50 |2.8 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Nexgen Nx586 |clock * 0.75 |4.2 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|PowerPC 601 |clock * 0.84 |4.7 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Alpha 21064/21064A |clock * 0.99 |5.5 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Alpha 21066/21066A |clock * 0.99 |5.5 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Alpha 21164/21164A |clock * 0.99 |5.5 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Intel Pentium Pro |clock * 0.99 |5.5 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Cyrix 5x86/6x86 |clock * 1.00 |5.6 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Intel Pentium II/III |clock * 1.00 |5.6 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Intel Celeron |clock * 1.00 |5.6 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Mips R4600 |clock * 1.00 |5.6 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Alpha 21264 |clock * 1.99 |11.1 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|AMD K5/K6/K6-2/K6-III|clock * 2.00 |11.1 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|UltraSparc II |clock * 2.00 |11.1 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Pentium MMX |clock * 2.00 |11.1 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|PowerPC 604/604e/750 |clock * 2.00 |11.1 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Motorola 68060 |clock * 2.01 |11.2 |
+---------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
|Motorola 68040 |Not enough data (yet). |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------+
|AMD Athlon |Not enough data (yet). |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------+
|IBM S390 |Not enough data (yet). |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------+
If the number is wildly lower, you may have the Turbo button or CPU
speed set incorrectly, or have some kind of caching problem (as
described in ("When I Add More Memory, the System Slows to a Crawl.")
For values people have seen with other, rarer, chips, or to calculate
your own BogoMips rating, please refer to the BogoMips Mini-HOWTO, on
ftp://metalab.unc.edu/. ("Where Can I Get the HOWTO's and Other
Documentation?")
[Wim van Dorst]
=====================================================================
9.7. What Online/Free Periodicals Exist for Linux?
There are a number of recent additions to the list of periodicals
devoted to Linux and free software:
* geek news. http://geeknews.cjb.net/. Headlines for articles about
Linux, like the comp.os.linux.announce and Techweb postings, and
general interest, like Associated Press stories.
* Linux Gazette. http://www.linuxgazette.com/. This is the
longest-running of the on-line periodicals, and the only one that
publishes source code.
* Linux Today. http://www.linuxtoday.com. News and opinion related
to the Linux community, updated daily.
* Linux Weekly News. http://www.lwn.net. News about the Linux
community, updated weekly.
* Slashdot. http://www.slashdot.org. News about the free software
community and culture.
* Freshmeat. http://www.freshmeat.net/. Notices of new and updated
software for Linux and other free OS's.
Please send additions to this list to the FAQ maintainer.
[Jim Dennis, Robert Kiesling]
=====================================================================
9.8. How Many People Use Linux?
Linux is freely available, and no one is required to register with
any central authority, so it is difficult to know. Several businesses
survive solely on selling and supporting Linux. Linux news groups are
some of the most heavily read on Usenet. Accurate numbers are hard to
come by, but the number is almost certainly in the millions.
However, people can register as Linux users at the Linux Counter
project, which has been in existence since 1993. In August, 1998, the
project counted more than 70,000 users.
Visit the Web site at http://counter.li.org/ and fill in the
registration form. If you don't want to use the Web, send E-mail to
mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] with the subject line, "I use Linux at
home," or "I use Linux at work."
The current count is posted monthly to comp.os.linux.misc, and is
always available from the Web site.
[Harald Tveit Alvestrand]
=====================================================================
9.9. How Many People Use Linux? (Redux.)
In 1999, International Data Corporation released its first commercial
forecast of Linux sales. The report quantifies Linux vendor sales in
1996, 1997, and 1998, and forecasts through the year 2003.
To obtain the report, contact IDC at mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]. Their
Web site is http://www.itresearch.com/.
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9.10. How Should I Pronounce Linux?
This is a matter of religious debate, of course!
If you want to hear Linus himself say how he pronounces it, download
english.au or swedish.au from ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/
SillySounds/. If you have a sound card or the PC-speaker audio driver
you can hear them by typing
cat english.au >/dev/audio
The difference isn't in the pronunciation of Linux but in the
language Linus uses to say, "hello."
For the benefit of those who don't have the equipment or inclination:
Linus pronounces Linux approximately as Leenus, where the "ee" is
--
<a href="coffee://localhost/cream/">stop</a> http://www.mainmatter.com/
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End of Linux-Misc Digest
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