First of all: The issue is resolved.

The EVB-LAN7430 seems to work just fine and it was me who performed a bad wireshark dump. The EVB-LAN7430 is the grandmaster (GM) and I also dumped the packages with this device. Since timestamping for one-step-sync happens in hardware, it is most probable that wireshark dumps only the non-timestamped packages.
When I dump the packages with another device, everything looks fine!

Furthermore, I haven't configured ptp4l optimally to be a GM (Thanks to Dennis Hagarty for pointing that out!) Therefore, I configured ptp4l similarly to the "GPS NTP+PTP Network Time Server (TM2000A)" with the following /etc/ptp4l.conf:

[global]
verbose 1
time_stamping hardware
slaveOnly 0
priority1 128
priority2 128
logging_level 6
boundary_clock_jbod 0
twoStepFlag 0
logSyncInterval -7
logMinDelayReqInterval -7
clockClass 6
offsetScaledLogVariance 0xFFFF

# Within 1 us
clockAccuracy 0x23

[enp9s0]
delay_mechanism E2E
network_transport UDPv4


Greetings,
Timo

On 30.06.20 04:37, Timo Korthals wrote:
I've attached the wireshark dump to this message.
On Tuesday, June 30, 2020 04:32 CEST, "Timo Korthals" <tkorth...@cit-ec.uni-bielefeld.de> wrote:
Dear linuxptp users,

I'd like to set up the EVB-LAN7430 [1] as a PTP grandmaster, which serves the 
system's time to some embedded devices with one-step-sync.
I've noticed that the time in the embedded devices will be set accordingly, but 
with a random offset of 0.5 to 30 seconds (therefore, no UTC or TAI issue).
I assume, that the issue lies in the empty "Sync Message" which is send by the 
EVB-LAN7430, according to [2].
Please find a wireshark dump between one embedded device and the EVB-LAN7430 
attached.

Have I miss-configured something, or is the EVB-LAN7430 still not capable of 
one-step-sync?
By the way: The manufacturer of the embedded devices promised, that one-step-sync works 
with a dedicated grandmaster (that sends non-emtpy "Sync Messages").

Here is my minimal system setup:
- ptp4l 2.0-00155-g61c6a70 build from a recent commit [3]
- Ubunt 18.04 with Kernel 5.6.15-050615-generic
- First, running `sudo ./phc2sys -c enp9s0 -s CLOCK_REALTIME -w -m -O 0`
- Secondly, running `sudo ./ptp4l -m -l7 -4 -H -i enp9s0 -E -f /etc/ptp4l.conf`
- with /etc/ptp4l.conf
-- [global]
-- priority1         127
-- twoStepFlag       0

Kind regards,
Timo

[1] https://www.microchip.com/DevelopmentTools/ProductDetails/PartNO/EVB-LAN7430
[2] https://tekron.com/news/release/1-step-vs-2-step-ptp/
[3] 
https://github.com/richardcochran/linuxptp/commit/61c6a708980217119e829e4b41ea2504e673e4fb

--
Timo Korthals, M.Sc.
Universität Bielefeld
AG Kognitronik & Sensorik
Exzellenzcluster Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC)
Inspiration 1 (Zehlendorfer Damm 199)
33619 Bielefeld - Germany

Phone   : +49 521 106-67367
eMail   : tkorth...@cit-ec.uni-bielefeld.de
Internet: http://www.ks.cit-ec.uni-bielefeld.de/

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--
Timo Korthals, M.Sc.
Universität Bielefeld
AG Kognitronik & Sensorik
Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC)
Inspiration 1 (Zehlendorfer Damm 201)
33619 Bielefeld - Germany

Website  : https://sites.google.com/view/timokorthals

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