MOHAMMED ASHRAF
MOB: 9870161983 --- On Wed, 13/1/10, ashraf mohammed <[email protected]> wrote: From: ashraf mohammed <[email protected]> Subject: cli commands plz have a look To: [email protected], [email protected] Date: Wednesday, 13 January, 2010, 11:11 AM Description •apropos whatisShow commands pertinent to string. See also threadsafe •man -t man | ps2pdf - > man.pdfmake a pdf of a manual page which commandShow full path name of command time commandSee how long a command takes •time catStart stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. See also sw •nice infoRun a low priority command (The "info" reader in this case) •renice 19 -p $$Make shell (script) low priority. Use for non interactive tasks dir navigation •cd -Go to previous directory •cdGo to $HOME directory (cd dir && command)Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir •pushd .Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it file searching •alias l='ls -l --color=auto'quick dir listing •ls -lrtList files by date. See also newest and find_mm_yyyy •ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNSPrint in 9 columns to width of terminal find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr'Search 'expr' in this dir and below. See also findrepo find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'example'Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir and below find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'example'Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; doneProcess each item with multiple commands (in while loop) •find -type f ! -perm -444Find files not readable by all (useful for web site) •find -type d ! -perm -111Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site) •locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt'Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt •look referenceQuickly search (sorted) dictionary for prefix •grep --color reference /usr/share/dict/wordsHighlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary archives and compression gpg -c fileEncrypt file gpg file.gpgDecrypt file tar -c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2Make compressed archive of dir/ bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar -xExtract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files) tar -c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh u...@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg'Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine find dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar -c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2Make archive of subset of dir/ and below find dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parentsMake copy of subset of dir/ and below ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p )Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir ( cd /dir/to/copy && tar -c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p )Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/ ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C u...@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p' Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir dd bs=1M if=/dev/sda | gzip | ssh u...@remote 'dd of=sda.gz'Backup harddisk to remote machine rsync (Network efficient file copier: Use the --dry-run option for testing) rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file fileOnly get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofileLocally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html'Mirror web site (using compression and encryption) rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh . remote:/dir/Synchronize current directory with remote one ssh (Secure SHell) ssh $u...@$host commandRun command on $HOST as $USER (default command=shell) •ssh -f -Y $u...@$hostname xeyesRun GUI command on $HOSTNAME as $USER scp -p -r $u...@$host: file dir/Copy with permissions to $USER's home directory on $HOST ssh -g -L 8080:localhost:80 r...@$hostforward connections to $HOSTNAME:8080 out to $HOST:80 ssh -R 1434:imap:143 r...@$hostforward connections from $HOST:1434 in to imap:143 wget (multi purpose download tool) •(cd dir/ && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html)Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir wget -c http://www.example.com/large.fileContinue downloading a partially downloaded file wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/dir/Download a set of files to the current directory wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/FTP supports globbing directly •wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | headProcess output directly echo 'wget url' | at 01:00Download url at 1AM to current dir wget --limit-rate=20k urlDo a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case) wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.htmlCheck links in a file wget --mirror http://www.example.com/Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron) networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete) ethtool eth0Show status of ethernet interface eth0 ethtool --change eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex fullManually set ethernet interface speed iwconfig eth1Show status of wireless interface eth1 iwconfig eth1 rate 1Mb/s fixedManually set wireless interface speed • iwlist scanList wireless networks in range • ip link showList network interfaces ip link set dev eth0 name wanRename interface eth0 to wan ip link set dev eth0 upBring interface eth0 up (or down) •ip addr showList addresses for interfaces ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0Add (or del) ip and mask (255.255.255.0) •ip route showList routing table ip route add default via 1.2.3.254Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254 • tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1:0 netem delay 20msecAdd 20ms latency to loopback device (for testing) •tc qdisc del dev lo rootRemove latency added above •host pixelbeat.orgLookup DNS ip address for name or vice versa •hostname -iLookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`) •whois pixelbeat.orgLookup whois info for hostname or ip address •netstat -tuplList internet services on a system •netstat -tupList active connections to/from system windows networking (Note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support) •smbtreeFind windows machines. See also findsmb nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address smbclient -L windows_boxList shares on windows machine or samba server mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/shareMount a windows share echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows_boxSend popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2) text manipulation (Note sed uses stdin and stdout. Newer versions support inplace editing with the -i option) sed 's/string1/string2/g'Replace string1 with string2 sed 's/\(.*\)1/\12/g'Modify anystring1 to anystring2 sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d'Remove comments and blank lines sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta'Concatenate lines with trailing \ sed 's/[ \t]*$//'Remove trailing spaces from lines sed 's/\([`"$\]\)/\\\1/g'Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes •seq 10 | sed "s/^/ /; s/ *\(.\{7,\}\)/\1/"Right align numbers sed -n '1000{p; q }'Print 1000th line sed -n '10,20p; 20q 'Print lines 10 to 20 sed -n 's/.*<title>\(.*\)<\/title>.*/\1/ip; T;q 'Extract title from HTML web page sed -i 42d ~/.ssh/known_hostsDelete a particular line sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4nSort IPV4 ip addresses •echo 'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'Case conversion •tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandomFilter non printable characters •history | wc -lCount lines set operations (Note you can export LANG=C for speed. Also these assume no duplicate lines within a file) sort file1 file2 | uniq Union of unsorted files sort file1 file2 | uniq -d Intersection of unsorted files sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u Difference of unsorted files sort file1 file2 | uniq -u Symmetric Difference of unsorted files join -t'\0' -a1 -a2 file1 file2Union of sorted files join -t'\0' file1 file2Intersection of sorted files join -t'\0' -v2 file1 file2Difference of sorted files join -t'\0' -v1 -v2 file1 file2Symmetric Difference of sorted files math •echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -lQuick math (Calculate φ). See also bc •echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' | bcMore complex (int) e.g. This shows max FastE packet rate •echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' | pythonPython handles scientific notation •echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)' | gnuplot -persistPlot FastE packet rate vs packet size •echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 64206' | bcBase conversion (decimal to hexadecimal) •echo $((0x2dec))Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion)) •units -t '100m/9.58s' 'miles/hour'Unit conversion (metric to imperial) •units -t '500GB' 'GiB'Unit conversion ( SI to IEC prefixes) •units -t '1 googol'Definition lookup •seq 100 | (tr '\n' +; echo 0) | bcAdd a column of numbers. See also add and funcpy calendar •cal -3Display a calendar •cal 9 1752Display a calendar for a particular month year •date -d friWhat date is it this friday. See also day •[ $(date -d "tomorrow" +%d) = "01" ] || exitexit a script unless it's the last day of the month •date --date='25 Dec' +%AWhat day does xmas fall on, this year •date --date='@2147483647'Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to date •TZ='America/Los_Angeles' dateWhat time is it on west coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ) •date --date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri'What's the local time for 9AM next Friday on west coast US echo "mail -s 'get the train' [email protected] < /dev/null" | at 17:45Email reminder •echo "DISPLAY=$DISPLAY xmessage cooker" | at "NOW + 30 minutes"Popup reminder locales •printf "%'d\n" 1234Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale •BLOCK_SIZE=\'1 ls -lget ls to do thousands grouping appropriate to locale •echo "I live in `locale territory`"Extract info from locale database •LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefixLookup locale info for specific country. See also ccodes •locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | lessList fields available in locale database recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos) •recode -l | lessShow available conversions (aliases on each line) recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txtWindows "ansi" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion) recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txtWindows utf8 to local charset recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txtLatin9 (western europe) to utf8 recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64Base64 encode recode /qp.. < file.qp > file.txtQuoted printable decode recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.htmlText to HTML •recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euroLookup table of characters •echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dumpShow what a code represents in latin-9 charmap •echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/xShow latin-9 encoding •echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/xShow utf-8 encoding CDs gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gzSave copy of data cdrom mkisofs -V LABEL -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gzCreate cdrom image from contents of dir mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dirMount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only) cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fastClear a CDRW gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev) cdparanoia -BRip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio -pad *.wavMake audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao) oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg'Make ogg file from wav file disk space (See also FSlint) •ls -lSrShow files by size, biggest last •du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | headShow top disk users in current dir. See also dutop •df -hShow free space on mounted filesystems •df -iShow free inodes on mounted filesystems • fdisk -lShow disks partitions sizes and types (run as root) •rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1nList all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros •dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1nList all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros •dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.testCreate a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate •> filetruncate data of file or create an empty file monitoring/debugging •tail -f /var/log/messagesMonitor messages in a log file •strace -c ls >/dev/nullSummarise/profile system calls made by command •strace -f -e open ls >/dev/nullList system calls made by command •ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/nullList library calls made by command • lsof -p $$List paths that process id has open •lsof ~List processes that have specified path open •tcpdump not port 22Show network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me •ps -e -o pid,args --forestList processes in a hierarchy •ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d'List processes by % cpu usage •ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNSList processes by mem (KB) usage. See also ps_mem.py •ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,stateList all threads for a particular process •ps -p 1,2List info for particular process IDs •last rebootShow system reboot history •free -mShow amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB) •watch -n.1 'cat /proc/interrupts'Watch changeable data continuously system information (see also sysinfo) ('#' means root access is required) •uname -aShow kernel version and system architecture •head -n1 /etc/issueShow name and version of distribution •cat /proc/partitionsShow all partitions registered on the system •grep MemTotal /proc/meminfoShow RAM total seen by the system •grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfoShow CPU(s) info • lspci -tvShow PCI info • lsusb -tvShow USB info •mount | column -tList mounted filesystems on the system (and align output) •grep -F capacity: /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/infoShow state of cells in laptop battery #dmidecode -q | lessDisplay SMBIOS/DMI information #smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power_On_HoursHow long has this disk (system) been powered on in total #hdparm -i /dev/sdaShow info about disk sda #hdparm -tT /dev/sdaDo a read speed test on disk sda #badblocks -s /dev/sdaTest for unreadable blocks on disk sda interactive (see also linux keyboard shortcuts) •readlineLine editor used by bash, python, bc, gnuplot, ... •screenVirtual terminals with detach capability, ... •mcPowerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ... •gnuplotInteractive/scriptable graphing •linksWeb browser •xdg-open .open a file or url with the registered desktop application miscellaneous •alias hd='od -Ax -tx1z -v'Handy hexdump. (usage e.g.: • hd /proc/self/cmdline | less) •alias realpath='readlink -f'Canonicalize path. (usage e.g.: • realpath ~/../$USER) •set | grep $USERSearch current environment touch -c -t 0304050607 fileSet file timestamp (YYMMDDhhmm) •python -m SimpleHTTPServerServe current direct MOHAMMED ASHRAF MOB: 9870161983 The INTERNET now has a personality. YOURS! See your Yahoo! Homepage. The INTERNET now has a personality. YOURS! See your Yahoo! Homepage. http://in.yahoo.com/ [Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
