Aposto, copiou dawikipédia... incrível, até o nome de umdos amigos dele,
Crisius (é escrito em latim) est´sa em inglês.....
silvio
----- Original Message -----
From: Francisco Antonio Doria
To: Logica-L
Sent: Wednesday, October 01, 2008 4:50 PM
Subject: [Logica-l] a morte de sócrates
Socrates lived during the time of the transition from the height of the
Athenian hegemony to its decline with the defeat by Sparta and its allies in
the Peloponnesian War. At a time when Athens sought to stabilize and recover
from its humiliating defeat, the Athenian public may have been entertaining
doubts about democracy as an efficient form of government. Socrates appears to
have been a critic of democracy, and some scholars interpret his trial as an
expression of political infighting.
Despite claiming death-defying loyalty to his city, Socrates' pursuit of
virtue and his strict adherence to truth clashed with the current course of
Athenian politics and society.[8] He praises Sparta, archrival to Athens,
directly and indirectly in various dialogues. But perhaps the most historically
accurate of Socrates' offenses to the city was his position as a social and
moral critic. Rather than upholding a status quo and accepting the development
of immorality within his region, Socrates worked to undermine the collective
notion of "might makes right" so common to Greece during this period. Plato
refers to Socrates as the "gadfly" of the state (as the gadfly stings the horse
into action, so Socrates stung Athens), insofar as he irritated the
establishment with considerations of justice and the pursuit of goodness. His
attempts to improve the Athenians' sense of justice may have been the source of
his execution.
According to Plato's Apology, Socrates' life as the "gadfly" of Athens began
when his friend Chaerephon asked the oracle at Delphi if anyone was wiser than
Socrates; the Oracle responded that none was wiser. Socrates believed that what
the Oracle had said was a paradox, because he believed he possessed no wisdom
whatsoever. He proceeded to test the riddle through approaching men who were
considered to be wise by the people of Athens, such as statesmen, poets, and
artisans, in order to refute the pronouncement of the Oracle. But questioning
them, Socrates came to the conclusion that, while each man thought he knew a
great deal and was very wise, they in fact knew very little and were not really
wise at all. Socrates realized that the Oracle was correct, in that while
so-called wise men thought themselves wise and yet were not, he himself knew he
was not wise at all which, paradoxically, made him the wiser one since he was
the only person aware of his own ignorance. Socrates' paradoxical wisdom made
the prominent Athenians he publicly questioned look foolish, turning them
against him and leading to accusations of wrongdoing. Socrates defended his
role as a gadfly until the end: at his trial, when Socrates was asked to
propose his own punishment, he suggests a wage paid by the government and free
dinners for the rest of his life instead, to finance the time he spends as
Athens' benefactor.[9] He was, nevertheless, found guilty of corrupting the
minds of the youth of Athens and sentenced to death by drinking a mixture
containing poison hemlock.
Bust of Socrates in the Vatican Museum.
According to Xenophon's story, Socrates purposefully gave a defiant defense
to the jury because "he believed he would be better off dead". Xenophon goes on
to describe a defense by Socrates that explains the rigors of old age, and how
Socrates would be glad to circumvent them by being sentenced to death. It is
also understood that Socrates also wished to die because he "actually believed
the right time had come for him to die".
Xenophon and Plato agree that Socrates had an opportunity to escape, as his
followers were able to bribe the prison guards. He chose to stay for several
reasons:
1.. He believed such a flight would indicate a fear of death, which he
believed no true philosopher has.
2.. If he fled Athens his teaching would fare no better in another country
as he would continue questioning all he met and undoubtedly incur their
displeasure.
3.. Having knowingly agreed to live under the city's laws, he implicitly
subjected himself to the possibility of being accused of crimes by its citizens
and judged guilty by its jury. To do otherwise would have caused him to break
his "social contract" with the state, and so harm the state, an act contrary to
Socratic principle.
The full reasoning behind his refusal to flee is the main subject of the
Crito.
Socrates' death is described at the end of Plato's Phaedo. Socrates turned
down the pleas of Crito to attempt an escape from prison. After drinking the
poison, he was instructed to walk around until his limbs felt heavy. After he
lay down, the man who administered the poison pinched his foot. Socrates could
no longer feel his legs. The numbness slowly crept up his body until it reached
his heart. Shortly before his death, Socrates speaks his last words to Crito:
"Crito, we owe a cock to Asclepius. Please, don't forget to pay the debt."
Asclepius was the Greek god for curing illness, and it is likely Socrates' last
words meant that death is the cure—and freedom, of the soul from the body. The
Roman philosopher Seneca attempted to emulate Socrates' death by hemlock when
forced to commit suicide by the Emperor Nero.
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