Thanks for the hints, I defined a rule called "balken" which is going to be 
used by "rbalken" for the odd pages (and eventually "lbalken" for the even 
pages):

\newcommand{\balken}{\rule[0mm]{6mm}{165mm}}
\newcommand\rbalken{
\begin{picture}(0,0)
\put(10,-160){\balken}
\end{picture}

and then
\pagestyle {fancy}
\fancyhead[RO]{\slshape \leftmark \rbalken}

it works perfect, but there is one big problem:
the vertical distance between the horizontal line of the header and the text 
of the header (the \leftmark) is now bigger: it used to be 1 mm and is now 
5mm, so the text is placed too heigh...
Where is the reason for this??
thanks
Robert

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