Is what you posted the entire LaTeX log file? Usually the first step is to find the first error message in the log file and try to track down the reason for it. Frequently (but not always) you can find a specific source; it's then a matter of whether that is user error in the document, a discrepancy between the LyX layout file and the document class file, an encoding error, or a gremlin infestation. When the origin of the error message is imprecise, a bisection search (cut out and restore parts of the document until you pin down a fairly small portion whose excision removes the error) frequently helps.
If the log file, as viewed from LyX, contains no error message, I'd try exporting the document to a .tex file (LaTeX (pdflatex) export format) and applying pdflatex to it manually, in hopes of seeing the error message. If the document compiles without error, then of course try to view the PDF file (which may yield an error message from the viewer, or perhaps the operating system). Paul
