Democracy in the Muslim world has only too often raised sky-high hopes and then deceived. Despite loud calls for Westernization from as early as the mid-19th century, their thought was in spirit and form deeply rooted in the Shia norm of standing up to absolutist despotism. Batebi, although not being initially a movement leader, was spotlighted following publication of a dramatic picture on the cover of the Economist magazine. The protesters chanted "death to the dictator," disrupting the president's speech, and scuffles broke out between his supporters and opponents. "The International Context of Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World. New York: Schocken Books. "Saudi Shiites, Long Kept Down, Look to Iraq and Assert Rights. " Journal of Democracy 7 (3). "The Tragedy of Fatima al-Zahra in the Debate of Two Shiite Theologians in Lebanon. Natives whose appearances do not reveal them as being poor queue in front of charity eateries where they can get a free food meal in Sana'a. " San Francisco: Global Exchange. Security is a prerequisite for economic growth. Ahmadinejad has clearly stated his opposition to the presence of what he calls "secular and liberal professors" in universities, and has asked students to protest against any such scholar. Whether Sistani can likewise institutionalize a non-interference norm in Iraq through personal reticence remains to be seen. Throughout the Qajar period the ideal remained far from fulfillment and there was therefore a certain tension inherent in relations between the ulama and the monarchy. " ISIM Review 17 (Spring). Shia faith, policed by the ever-strong ulama, presents a structural barrier for inter-class coalitions that could swing the momentum in favor of democratization as predicted by Marxist theories. Iran is a party to both the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). The theory of government developed by medieval Sunni jurists was to uphold any government as long as it maintained stability and order and protected the Muslim (Sunni) community. Apart from the students, some university professors and scholars have also reportedly been prosecuted, imprisoned or forced to retire. When this turned out not to be the case, they returned to their policy of fighting secularization and government encroachment on their prerogatives. American troops can suppress violence in the areas where they are present, but as soon as they move on, violence spikes anew. (Part II) - Worldpress. For democracy to become the "only game in town," Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan theorize that there has to be behavioral, attitudinal, and constitutional consolidation of democratic values. " World Politics 53 (3). " American Sociological Review 59. If Shia and Sunni communities have systematically different cultures, they should a posteriori be different in their political infrastructures. Extreme poverty is aggravated by a relatively weak social security system and the existence of a large underground economy that does not offer social protection to its employees. His clerical brigade will not participate in the government as his friends and colleagues do in Iran. In hindsight, Khomeini accomplished an institutionalization of clerical rule that survives to this day in Iran.
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