Dear All My apologies and the link to the paper below was to another article and for anyone interested in the review, it can be found here:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.598633/full Again, sincere apologies for the hassle. Best Andreas > On 6 Feb 2021, at 19:31, Andreas Fahlman <afahl...@whoi.edu> wrote: > > Dear MarMamers > My coauthors and I would like to share our new open access review on “How Do > Marine Mammals Manage and Usually Avoid Gas Emboli Formation and Gas Embolic > Pathology? Critical Clues From Studies of Wild Dolphins” > (https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2021.598633), which is a > part of a collection of papers that celebrates "The Dolphins of Sarasota Bay: > Lessons from 50 years of Research and Conservation" > (https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/12832). > > In this review, we have tried to summarize decompression theory based on > studies on humans and land mammals that have allowed us to understand the > physiological processes that may result in Gas Embolic Pathology (GEP) in > marine mammals (and sea turtles). We then review the studies over the last 15 > years that have investigated the the potential mechanism that result in GEP > in during unusual events such as sonar exposure, and how this research has > resulted in the Selective gas Exchange which explains how marine mammals can > selective exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide without exchange of nitrogen and > thereby maximize aerobic dive duration and also minimize the risk of the > bends (see below for short video explaining this hypothesis). > > If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to get in contact: > afahl...@whoi.edu > > Title: How Do Marine Mammals Manage and Usually Avoid Gas Emboli Formation > and Gas Embolic Pathology? Critical Clues From Studies of Wild Dolphins > > Authors: Fahlman,A., Moore, M.J., Wells, R.S. > > DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2021.598633 > > URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2021.598633 > > Abstract: Decompression theory has been mainly based on studies on > terrestrial mammals, and may not translate well to marine mammals. However, > evidence that marine mammals experience gas bubbles during diving is growing, > causing concern that these bubbles may cause gas emboli pathology (GEP) under > unusual circumstances. Marine mammal management, and usual avoidance, of gas > emboli and GEP, or the bends, became a topic of intense scientific interest > after sonar-exposed, mass-stranded deep-diving whales were observed with gas > bubbles. Theoretical models, based on our current understanding of diving > physiology in cetaceans, predict that the tissue and blood N2 levels in the > bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) are at levels that would result in > severe DCS symptoms in similar sized terrestrial mammals. However, the > dolphins appear to have physiological or behavioral mechanisms to avoid > excessive blood N2 levels, or may be more resistant to circulating bubbles > through immunological/biochemical adaptations. Studies on behavior, anatomy > and physiology of marine mammals have enhanced our understanding of the > mechanisms that are thought to prevent excessive uptake of N2. This has led > to generation of a new hypothesis, the selective gas exchange hypothesis, as > to how stress-induced behavioral change may cause failure of the normal > physiology, which results in excessive uptake of N2, and in extreme cases may > cause formation of symptomatic gas emboli. Studies on cardiorespiratory > function have been integral to the development of this hypothesis, with work > initially being conducted on excised tissues and cadavers, followed by > studies on anesthetized animals or trained animals under human care, > participating voluntarily. These studies then enabled research on > free-ranging common bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay, FL, and off Bermuda, > and have included work on the metabolic and cardiorespiratory physiology of > both shallow- and deep-diving dolphins and have been integral to better > understand how cetaceans can dive to extreme depths, for long durations. > Explanation of the Selective Gas Exchange hypothesis: > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfBOpUuJv1c > > >
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