Dear MARMAM community,

My co-authors and I are pleased to share our recent publication "Short-finned 
pilot whales modulate surfacing and breathing patterns more strongly in 
response to dives than in anticipation" in the American Journal of 
Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology.

Blawas, A. M., Shearer, J. M., Fahlman, A., Read, A. J., & Nowacek, D. P. 
(2026). Short-finned pilot whales modulate surfacing and breathing patterns 
more strongly in response to dives than in anticipation. American Journal of 
Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 330(1), R23–R34. 
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00145.2025

Abstract: Diving marine mammals must allocate time between respiring at the 
surface and foraging underwater. Previous studies of optimal diving theory have 
attempted to predict such patterns, but the amount of time divers must spend at 
the surface before and after dives of varying durations remains difficult to 
assess. Here, we examined the surfacing and breathing patterns of short-finned 
pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) from biologger data to examine their 
use of anticipatory versus reactive strategies. We used linear mixed-effects 
models to examine the effect of dive characteristics on surface interval (SI) 
durations and breathing rate. Pilot whales increased SI duration before dives 
of increasing duration and after dives of increasing activity. Instantaneous 
breathing rates (fRs) of pilot whales demonstrated little anticipation but 
rather a strong reactive pattern seen by the modulation of fR in response to 
the previous rather than upcoming dive. During typical SIs, fR was predicted by 
time since previous dive, duration of the previous dive, time until upcoming 
dive, and activity of the previous dive. Short-finned pilot whales in our study 
area exhibit both benthic and pelagic foraging, which may compel anticipation 
when prey capture is predictable and reaction when prey capture is difficult to 
predict. The observed surfacing and breathing patterns therefore likely reflect 
a balance of the needs for blood gas homeostasis, aerobic metabolism, and the 
variability of foraging opportunities. An improved understanding of how animals 
make decisions about diving is critical for informing predictions of how they 
will contend with changing ocean landscapes.

Please feel free to reach out if you have any questions.

Best,
Ashley


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Ashley Blawas, Ph.D.

Postdoctoral Researcher | Goldbogen Lab

Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University

[email protected] | 919-880-4208 | she/her/hers
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