Below, from the last time we argued this, is a direct quote from Marx explicitly evincing his conviction that dialectics apply in natual science, and spitting directly on those who deny that he had that conviction. CB Yes, Chris, the direct quotes from Marx supporting our (I assume I can say we agree on this) position are mounting up. It seems to be about 10 to 0 by my count. Here's another one. In the Chapter entitled "Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value" page 309 of International. "The possessor of money or commodities actually turns into a capitalist in such cases only where the maaximum sum advanced for production greatly exceeds the maximum of the middle ages. Here, as in natural science, is shown the correctness of the law discovered by Hegel (in his "Logic"), that merely quantitative differences beyond a certain point pass into qualitative changes." If that doesn't prove our case, I don't know what would. This is Marx (not Engels) using the general term "natural science" (in general) and saying one of the three laws that Andy likes to mock applies to "natural science". Then there's a footnote on chemistry. "The molecular theory of modern chemistry first scientifically worked out by Laurent and Gerhardt rests on no other law. " Charles Brown >>> Chris Burford <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> 01/11 5:03 PM >>> Another passage from the famous Volume 1, showing the continuity of Marx's reasoning between the natural sciences and the human sciences. This time the second footnote to Chapter II, imposing the criteria for judging a chemists analysis, on the unfortunate Proudhon who was discussing justice and commodites: (again I assume Marx in the 1860's saw chemists as at the leading edge of science) "Proudhon begins by taking his ideal of justice, of 'justice eternelle', from the juridical relations that correspond to the production of commodities: thereby, it may be noted he proves to the consolation of all good citizens, that the production of commodities is a form of production as everlasting as justice. Then he turns round and seeks to reform the actual production of commodities and the actual legal system corresponding thereto, in accordance with this ideal. What opinion should we have of a chemist, who instead of studying the actual laws of the molecular changes in the composition and decomposition of matter, and on that foundation solving definite problems, claimed to regulate the composition and decomposition of matter by means of the 'eternal ideas' of 'naturalite' and 'affinite'? " Here sound analysis in chemistry in used as a yardstick for exposing idealism in human science. I submit further that the style of scientific analysis in both is dialectical. Incredible! Chris Burford London --- from list [EMAIL PROTECTED] --- --- from list [EMAIL PROTECTED] ---