******************** POSTING RULES & NOTES ******************** #1 YOU MUST clip all extraneous text when replying to a message. #2 This mail-list, like most, is publicly & permanently archived. #3 Subscribe and post under an alias if #2 is a concern. *****************************************************************
Here's the pdf version: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0094582X13480932 Note, however, that the article is dated 2013. There is much more to the story now, especially with the Ortega government's austerity measures, the result in part of sharp cutbacks in oil supplies under Venezuela's PetroCaribe program. Richard -----Original Message----- From: Marxism [mailto:marxism-boun...@lists.csbs.utah.edu] On Behalf Of Louis Proyect via Marxism Sent: Tuesday, May 01, 2018 3:32 PM To: rfid...@ncf.ca Subject: [Marxism] Nicaragua ******************** POSTING RULES & NOTES ******************** #1 YOU MUST clip all extraneous text when replying to a message. #2 This mail-list, like most, is publicly & permanently archived. #3 Subscribe and post under an alias if #2 is a concern. ***************************************************************** Among the many programs that have been developed and implemented by the [FSLN] government are Plan Techo, geared toward the distribution of zinc roofs in poor communities; Puestos de ENABAS, which offers basic foodstuffs at subsidized prices; Bono Productivo Alimentario, which distributes farm animals, seeds, and technical instruction to women in the rural sector; Usura Cero, which makes microcredit loans for small-business development; and Operacion Milagro, which provides free eye surgery for cataract patients. These initiatives have taken place against the background of two major reforms: free health care and free education. In 2009 the government declared the country free of illiteracy, having reached over 95 percent literacy in studies that followed the national literacy crusade (Radio La Primerisima, 2009). These programs appear to be reducing poverty levels. Three studies concur in showing a significant reduction in the numbers of the poor. The government's National Institute of Information for Development, in its 2009 Measurement of Living Standards, found a 5.8 percent reduction from 2005, placing the percentage of poor at 42.5 percent. A study conducted by the Nicaraguan nongovernmental organization Fundacion Internacional para el Desafio Economico Global and financed by the Swiss Cooperation Agency and the Netherlands with technical assistance from the World Bank showed that poverty in Nicaragua went from 48.3 percent in 2005 to 44.7 percent in 2009, reflecting a decrease in both the urban and the rural sector (FIDEG, 2010; Pantoja, 2010). A second study (FIDEG, 2012) showed that the trend continued in 2011, when the proportion was 44.1 percent, with most of the reduction concentrated in the rural sector. "The Twenty-first-Century Left in El Salvador and Nicaragua: Understanding Apparent Contradictions and Criticisms", Latin American Perspectives, May 2013 by Héctor Perla Jr. and Héctor Cruz-Feliciano _________________________________________________________ Full posting guidelines at: http://www.marxmail.org/sub.htm Set your options at: http://lists.csbs.utah.edu/options/marxism/rfidler%40ncf.ca _________________________________________________________ Full posting guidelines at: http://www.marxmail.org/sub.htm Set your options at: http://lists.csbs.utah.edu/options/marxism/archive%40mail-archive.com
