hand is visible at right, Washington, D.C., 1872
In the spring of 1870 Congress was in the process of debating the Indian
Appropriations Bill. While the bill’s main purpose was to renew or
enhance funding for Native peoples and communities, it contained a rider
that finally formally ended what is known as the treaty period of
federal Indian policy: no longer would Indian tribes be treated as
independent nations. Rather, Native people would be treated as
individuals, and they would henceforth be considered “wards” of the
state. Native Americans weren’t considered, and certainly were not
treated as, citizens (of the United States or any other nation).
Instead, the rhetorical categories of the “Great White Father” and his
pitiful “Red Children” were codified into law. But this had been merely
one of many possible futures, as Pekka Hämäläinen—a Finnish scholar of
American Indian history—makes clear in/Lakota America/, his profound
history of the Lakota people.
https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2020/12/03/lakota-power-brokers/
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