Bartov says the early Zionist movement had liberatory intentions, aiming to 
emancipate the persecuted Jewish minority in Europe and modeling itself after 
other contemporary ethnonationalist movements. He then argues that while Israel 
had the opportunity to “become a normal state” and “issue a constitution that 
would provide equality to all its citizens, would define its borders and create 
a legal framework” that could also acknowledge and redress the Nakba, it chose 
another path. Instead of remedying its foundational violence, he says, the 
modern Israeli state has become increasingly “militaristic, centralized, 
expansionist, racist and, as we’ve seen since October 2023, genocidal.” Though 
Bartov does not identify as an anti-Zionist, he says Israel “must discard 
Zionism, it must put it on the garbage heap of history, and it must redefine 
itself, going all the way back to 1948.”

Levy, on the other hand, says Zionism has never been reformable, because the 
movement, from its very beginning, “started wrong, without the belief or the 
conviction that we can live together.” He contests Bartov’s assertion that 
early Zionist intentions became warped over the 20th century, and says instead 
that the violent dispossession of Palestinians is embedded into the premise of 
the movement. “This very same attitude, this very same policy never stopped 
ever since ’48,” Levy contends. 

  
 Zionism Didn't Go Wrong, It Was Always Built This Way - Opinion

“Israel: What Went Wrong?”: Holocaust Scholar Omer Bartov & Haaretz’s Gideon 
Levy Debate Zionism | Democracy Now!

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“Israel: What Went Wrong?”: Omer Bartov & Gideon Levy Debate Zionism

We speak to two prominent Israeli thinkers, historian Omer Bartov and 
journalist Gideon Levy, about the founding...
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