Cuba Girds for Invasion as Trump Launches Raúl Castro Indictment Amid Punishing 
Blockade<https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=2510348&post_id=198565100&utm_source=post-email-title&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=true&r=47lvdr&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoyNTQ2NDI0NjMsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE5ODU2NTEwMCwiaWF0IjoxNzc5MjkxOTAwLCJleHAiOjE3ODE4ODM5MDAsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0yNTEwMzQ4Iiwic3ViIjoicG9zdC1yZWFjdGlvbiJ9.uBh8dS6JnP1FBfm_ny11Q7VOYF7sbQ1PrzVjBQru8vs>
Plus: The Trump administration tried to push boxes of Starlinks onto Cuba as 
part of its $100 million humanitarian aid offer.
José Luis Granados Ceja<https://substack.com/@granadosceja>, Ryan 
Grim<https://substack.com/@ryangrim>, and Murtaza 
Hussain<https://substack.com/@mazmhussain>
May 20
[https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ipzT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21d06eb3-f63a-4b21-968c-0ecd1ff3075f_400x400.jpeg]<https://substack.com/@granadosceja>
            
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 <https://substack.com/@ryangrim>                
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 <https://substack.com/@mazmhussain>

[https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PeVs!,w_36,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2FLucideHeart%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D36%26fill%3Dnone%26stroke%3D%2523808080%26strokeWidth%3D2]<https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=2510348&post_id=198565100&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoyNTQ2NDI0NjMsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE5ODU2NTEwMCwicmVhY3Rpb24iOiLinaQiLCJpYXQiOjE3NzkyOTE5MDAsImV4cCI6MTc4MTg4MzkwMCwiaXNzIjoicHViLTI1MTAzNDgiLCJzdWIiOiJyZWFjdGlvbiJ9.UkDyf8HrZt_ct5HUtMlU13tikhp_ep-2cpPQDjXYdGs&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=email-reaction&r=47lvdr>
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[https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ubXF!,w_36,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2Fnotes__NoteRestackIcon%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D36%26fill%3Dnone%26stroke%3D%2523808080%26strokeWidth%3D2%26strokeLinecap%3Dround%26strokeLinejoin%3Dround]<https://substack.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.sqk09UIC_izz8S7EnsQgcPcUsMUM4uBJmMaSyd6Y7AU?&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email>
<https://open.substack.com/pub/dropsitenews/p/raul-castro-indictment-cuba-starlink-trump-invasion?utm_source=email&redirect=app-store&utm_campaign=email-read-in-app>
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today.<https://substack.com/redirect/0a80e2ab-3746-4ba7-814a-1e8398631903?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>

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[https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Aymu!,w_1100,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d7b250c-2195-49ed-b251-574e10389fc0_3643x2655.jpeg]<https://substack.com/redirect/5362063a-e8b2-4f7e-a881-a628caddeaf7?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>
Cuba’s former President Raul Castro holds a Cuban national flag as he attends a 
May Day rally marking International Workers’ Day in Havana on May 1, 2026. 
Photo by YAMIL LAGE / AFP via Getty Images.

Over the weekend, the U.S. leaked “intelligence” to the news organization Axios 
claiming that Cuba had obtained some 300 Iranian drones and was making plans to 
attack the United States. Further down in the Axios article, the reporting 
clarified that the plans only existed in case of a United States attack. But 
the article served its purpose, and was 
shared<https://substack.com/redirect/35af220d-d1e4-42e2-8909-779b60863c38?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>
 by Cuban-American politicians in South Florida as a rationale to launch a war.

On Wednesday, the U.S. Department of Justice is expected to indict the 
94-year-old Raúl Castro, prompting fears of a Venezuela-like scenario via 
leadership decapitation. The U.S. is reportedly charging the former president 
in connection with the downing of two planes carrying “Brothers to the Rescue” 
anti-government activists in exile, killing four, back in 1996. The incident 
was the culmination of months of provocations, with regular incursions into 
Cuban airspace by Brothers to the Rescue planes.

There are many signs the situation Trump has imposed on Cuba are coming to a 
head. Earlier this month, the U.S. 
imposed<https://substack.com/redirect/f0e7633e-c36a-46fa-b91c-5fe0aeee0e6f?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>
 yet another set of sanctions on the country that UN experts warned risk 
triggering the “energy starvation” of the island nation. Protests have flared 
in recent days, 
<https://substack.com/redirect/903e958e-dd44-4112-8638-2bc30dc672aa?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>
 as frustration with the collapsing economic condition has been aimed at the 
government—the precise goal the U.S. has been pursuing with its policy of 
immiseration. And reports 
indicate<https://substack.com/redirect/a32b159f-13db-4042-aad4-0e40ac6389bb?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>
 that the number of U.S. military surveillance flights taking place near the 
island have skyrocketed in recent weeks, raising fears of an impending 
operation.

Drop Site is free to read. Make sure you don’t miss a post:

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paid<https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZHJvcHNpdGVuZXdzLmNvbS9zdWJzY3JpYmU_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.oBo06UuWeRck6iChShAWl4xJ4X9UfxqRYQG0MfHsTKM?&utm_medium=email&utm_source=subscribe-widget-preamble&utm_content=198565100>

The Cuban government has survived decades of enmity from the United States, 
both overt and covert. The Brothers to the Rescue planes, in fact, were 
contracted by José Basulto, a self-confessed CIA 
operative<https://substack.com/redirect/a2085636-0128-4c1f-8300-7c693507412e?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>
 who admitted to engaging in terrorist activities aimed at overthrowing the 
Cuban government. Cuba had regularly approached the U.S. via diplomatic 
channels to stop the flights but the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) took 
corrective action only after the downing of the two planes. According to 
declassified 
documents<https://substack.com/redirect/8445c0ec-4830-4867-8291-6df4b66a0f94?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>
 published by the National Security Archive, the White House was aware of the 
danger represented by these provocations, warning of a “worst case scenario” 
that eventually came to fruition.

Trump’s recent threats to “take” Cuba, however, coupled with the recent loss of 
energy supplies from Venezuela and the Castro indictment, may mark the most 
serious threat to the country’s independence since its 1959 revolution.

In an interview with Drop Site News in April, Gerardo Hernández Nordelo—who was 
himself imprisoned for 16 years in the U.S. for involvement in espionage work 
aimed at infiltrating radical Cuban exile groups, including those behind the 
“Brothers to the Rescue” operations—questioned the role played by hardline 
factions in Miami in developing U.S. policy towards Cuba, especially Secretary 
of State Marco Rubio. Hernández argued that they portrayed a biased and 
inaccurate picture of Cuban society and that their interests ultimately run 
contrary to those of the broader U.S. population.

“If the United States listens to that small group of advisors who spread 
misinformation about what is really happening in Cuba, they are destined to 
fail,” he said. “It would be a massacre that would not be good for any of the 
people.”

A conventional war with the U.S. military would inevitably be lopsided: Years 
of blockade and the loss of the Soviet Union as a defense partner at the end of 
the Cold War have severely degraded the official Cuban military. A recent 
analysis<https://substack.com/redirect/a109f01a-3b48-423a-bc1c-30fb5e5a8103?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>
 by the U.S. military publication SOFREP assessed that Cuba today maintains 
less than two dozen serviceable military aircraft—mostly holdovers from the 
Soviet-era—along with similarly small and outdated naval and anti-aircraft 
capabilities.

Groups such as the Center for Strategic and International Studies maintain that 
both Russia and China still maintain signals intelligence installations on 
Cuban soil that Washington has 
denounced<https://substack.com/redirect/86831dba-15ae-4f96-ae2d-5729283d02a6?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>
 for being used for spying on the U.S., but concrete military assistance to 
Havana from either country is believed to be limited.

Cuba does not publicize the size of its armed forces. But its standing army has 
been greatly reduced over the last decade as the country has endured forced 
austerity under sanctions. The Cuban military is estimated to have tens of 
thousands of active duty soldiers and reservists, but their state of readiness 
and access to equipment has been impacted by years of economic breakdown in the 
country that would impede their ability to directly face off against an 
invasion.

Cuba’s elite special forces units, known as the Avispas Negras, or “Black 
Wasps,” enjoy better training and weaponry and could pose a threat to an 
invading force. But their numbers are limited—nearly three dozen of the 
specially trained commandos were also 
killed<https://substack.com/redirect/66a4aa1b-29b1-41e5-93c5-f5f83798ad5c?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>
 in Venezuela during the U.S. operation to capture Nicolás Maduro.

Asymmetric Warfare

This asymmetry of power does not mean that Cuba is defenseless, however. Faced 
with the reality of a hostile, wealthy, and powerful adversary just 90 miles 
from its coastline, the Cuban government has embraced a doctrine of 
asymmetrical warfare—drawing on its own population as a form of strategic depth 
to resist an invasion.

“Foreign aggression, no matter where it comes from, would only unite the people 
of Cuba,” Gerardo Hernández Nordelo told Drop Site News. Hernández, who is now 
national coordinator of the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution. “Even 
those who do not yet agree with this government, those who complain about the 
scarcities, those who criticize, would unite to defend the sovereignty of their 
country.”

The Cuban defense strategy is based on a doctrine known as “People’s War,” with 
specific wartime roles assigned to every able-bodied adult citizen, and 
training provided to help wage a non-conventional popular war aimed at wearing 
out an adversary. The country has organized eleven “National Defense Day” 
exercises aimed at promoting this doctrine and preparing to mobilize Cuban 
society as a whole for a potential military conflict. Concern over a potential 
U.S. operation has grown so large that Cuba’s Civil Defense recently published 
the “Family guide for protection against military aggression” that includes 
first-aid tips to advice on how to avoid suspicious artifacts.

Despite sharp divisions in Cuban society, the government is still believed to 
enjoy the deep loyalty of the armed forces, while running a far more 
consolidated ruling system than existed in Venezuela. These factors could 
complicate any U.S. military operation—ranging from an attempted decapitation 
of the system to an outright invasion of the island—while risking triggering an 
insurgency by powerful elements of society that remain loyal to the Cuban state.

“I don’t think there’s any doubt that the Trump administration is at least 
reviewing military action in Cuba as an option,” said Daniel DePetris, a fellow 
at the Defense Priorities think tank, told Drop Site. “As the war in Iran has 
shown, boasting a military advantage doesn’t necessarily translate into 
strategic victory.”

Many pro-government Cubans have also expressed willingness to resist a military 
occupation of the country—potentially complicating plans by Trump to enact a 
regime change by force in Havana.

“Cuba poses no threat to either the government or the people of the United 
States [but] if there is one word that has been erased from the Cuban 
vocabulary, it is precisely the word ‘surrender,’ there will be no surrender 
here; no one is going to come here and plant an American boot on our soil and 
tell us what to do in our own country,” Lizara Corona, a member of one of 
Cuba’s volunteer civilian militias from the Diez de Octubre neighborhood, told 
Drop Site News in an interview in Havana in April.

Corona had just finished celebrating—alongside thousands of other militia 
members in Havana—the anniversary of the proclamation of the socialist 
character of the Cuban Revolution. The celebration took place at the very same 
site in the Vedado neighborhood of the city where Fidel Castro had made the 
proclamation 65 years earlier during a funeral service for victims of U.S. 
bombings of Cuban airfields—events that preceded the failed 1961 CIA-sponsored 
Bay of Pigs invasion of the country.

Speaking at the event, dressed in dark green fatigues, Cuban President Miguel 
Díaz-Canel drew parallels between the Cuban Revolution’s resistance to U.S. 
imperialism in 1961 and the island’s current standoff with Washington—while 
issuing a defiant message indicating that the government is at least preparing 
for the possibility of an armed confrontation. “The moment is extremely 
challenging and calls upon us once again, as on that April 16, 1961, to be 
ready to face serious threats, including military aggression,” Díaz-Canel told 
the crowd.

The Committees for the Defense of the Revolution are an institution that could 
theoretically play a key part in any organized resistance to a U.S. military 
operation, or in the aftermath of an attempted regime change or state collapse. 
The committees play a pivotal role in the political life of Cubans at the local 
level and are one of the key instruments created in the aftermath of the 
revolution to ensure its continuity in the face of both internal and external 
threats, while serving as a focal point for local organizing and mobilization.

During a visit to the Fanguito neighborhood in Havana organized by a local 
committee, Cubans who spoke with Drop Site News acknowledged the very serious 
challenges the country is facing but also complained intensely about the 
economic impact of the U.S. blockade on the country.

“They have us by the neck trying to strangle us, and on top of that they 
criticize us for not being able to breathe,” said Hernández.

Boxes of Starlinks

The six-decade-long blockade, escalated by Trump, has led to major impacts on 
daily life in a country once revered in much of the world for its public 
services. Havana is almost completely dark at night, with its aging electrical 
grid reliant on fossil fuels and the little gas there is reserved for essential 
services like hospitals. The Cuban government has reported that the medical 
system has been forced to postpone surgeries for over 100,000 patients, 
including 12,000 children.

A recent study by the Center for Economic and Policy Research 
found<https://substack.com/redirect/d2018cd8-2abd-45ac-8670-62ef740bfc41?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>
 that Cuba’s infant mortality rate—viewed as a barometer of the population’s 
overall health—had risen from 4 per 1,000 live births in 2018 to 9.9 in 2025—a 
148% increase. The authors’ concluded that U.S. sanctions are “very likely the 
primary cause of the current economic and humanitarian crisis in Cuba.”

The United States in recent days has repeatedly made a public offer of $100 
million of humanitarian assistance to the people of Cuba, as the island has 
fully exhausted its fuel reserves amid an oil blockade implemented by the same 
country offering the assistance.

“The decision rests with the Cuban regime to accept our offer of assistance or 
deny critical living-saving aid and ultimately be accountable to the Cuban 
people for standing in the way of critical assistance,” a statement from the 
State Department read on Thursday, reiterating a message offered publicly by 
Rubio.

Two sources with knowledge of the American offer, however, say that it amounts 
largely to—and is contingent upon—the shipment of millions of Starlink devices 
to the island. The statement on Thursday alluded to the offer, indicating that 
the U.S. aid included “support for free and fast satellite internet and $100 
million in direct humanitarian assistance.” The Spanish-language news agency 
EFE 
<https://substack.com/redirect/f843c31a-fc5b-4ae5-8bd2-94490890cdae?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>
 reported that U.S. officials initially pressed Cuba to begin accepting 
Starlink units in April; the new $100 million offer is a way to push the issue 
forward.

While U.S. officials maintain that the offer of Starlink equipment is aimed at 
breaking the state’s monopoly on internet service and expanding access, the 
same equipment formed part of the destabilization strategy ahead of the attack 
on Iran, with the U.S. smuggling thousands of units into the country according 
to the Wall Street 
Journal<https://substack.com/redirect/3567e150-1a31-4b9d-b695-7a16fed25eb8?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>.

Asked for comment regarding the Starlink offer, a State Department official did 
not discuss internet access but instead said aid was dependent on distribution 
through the Catholic Church: “We are encouraged to see that the regime appears 
willing to accept the latest of our offers of assistance, but the question is 
whether they will let it be distributed by the Church and respected independent 
organizations to people in need, or require aid to be channeled through corrupt 
state instrumentalities and seek to steal it, like they have everything else in 
Cuba for seven decades.”

Cuban officials have said that they have a cooperative relationship with the 
Catholic Church in Cuba and do not object to such an arrangement, which puts 
the onus on the offer back on the United States. “If there is truly a 
willingness on the part of the United States government to provide aid in the 
amounts it announces and in full conformity with the universally recognized 
practices for humanitarian assistance, it will encounter no obstacles or 
ingratitude from Cuba, however inconsistent and paradoxical the offer may seem 
to a people that the United States government itself punishes collectively in a 
systematic and ruthless manner,” Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel said on 
Twitter<https://substack.com/redirect/f714edee-e3be-4070-af03-dae4caa59ec9?j=eyJ1IjoiNDdsdmRyIn0.NtPuBjNSJQ2NtuTnkJHENXXdksf_fjB3ym9CAjWxDPY>.

“The priorities are more than evident: fuels, food, and medicines,” he said. 
“Our experience of working with the Catholic Church is rich and productive.”

In an interview with NBC News last week, Rubio claimed the offer included “food 
and medicine” but that Cuba wouldn’t take it, though Cuba has consistently said 
they are willing to accept a serious offer of aid. “The Cuban people should 
know there’s $100 million of food and medicine available for them right now, 
and the only reason it’s not reaching the Cuban people is because of the 
regime,” he said.

The Cuban government has worked together with the Catholic Church via the aid 
group Caritas to receive U.S. humanitarian assistance, with a shipment valued 
at $3 million in January and a second shipment valued at $7 million announced 
in February. This assistance, intended for those affected by Hurricane Melissa 
that struck Cuba in late October 2025, has not been completely delivered. Cuban 
Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Carlos Fernández de Cossío said only 2.5 
million worth of goods have actually been delivered. In the same interview with 
NBC, Rubio said the aid was “held up.”

Drop Site asked Caritas about progress on the distribution of the aid sent 
earlier this year and whether they had been approached by the U.S. with details 
of the $100 million package, but Caritas did not respond.

If the U.S. did deliver food and medicine, the Church would have enormous 
difficulty distributing it—not just due to a lack of organizational 
infrastructure, but the lack of gas makes shipping it around the island 
impossible.

“In the same manner that Cuba provides free healthcare for its people, but 
cannot conduct surgeries due to lack of electricity, we should expect that 
delivering aid to millions of people without fuel becomes extremely difficult,” 
said Reverend Claudia de la Cruz, executive director of The Interreligious 
Foundation for Community Organization (IFCO) / Pastors for Peace.

De la Cruz says her organization speaks from first-hand experience; IFCO / 
Pastors for Peace has over three decades of experience working in Cuba, having 
sent a contingent to Cuba twice in the last five months to deliver humanitarian 
aid.

The New York-based reverend and community leader took exception to the notion 
that an aid package of that size would ever be done without the support of the 
local government and called on the Catholic Church to “denounce” the U.S. 
blockade, which she called “the root cause of misery in Cuba.”

“The reality is that if the U.S. is sincere about helping the Cuban people, 
then collaboration with the government of the Cuban people is the only path 
forward,” de la Cruz told Drop Site News. “The refusal of the U.S. to do so is 
part of the larger plan of having the ‘offer of humanitarian aid’ be a failure 
or not materialize at all, to then justify further aggression.”

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