You need to set your backend to a non-GUI one (such as Agg) if you want to run without a display. This FAQ answer may be helpful:

http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/faq/howto_faq.html#matplotlib-in-a-web-application-server

Mike

On 07/08/2010 08:26 AM, Neal Becker wrote:
A python module  of mine could draw a plot, and so imports from matplotlib.
Actually, plotting is part of the module test that is in
  if __name__==__main__

But this kills my job trying to run non-interactively.
This is IMO rather nasty behavior.  matplotlib should not try to open the
display just because you import it.

     from matplotlib.pyplot import *
   File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py", line 78,
in<module>
     new_figure_manager, draw_if_interactive, show = pylab_setup()
   File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/__init__.py",
line 25, in pylab_setup
     globals(),locals(),[backend_name])
   File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-
packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_gtkagg.py", line 10, in<module>
     from matplotlib.backends.backend_gtk import gtk, FigureManagerGTK,
FigureCanvasGTK,\
   File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-
packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_gtk.py", line 8, in<module>
     import gtk; gdk = gtk.gdk
   File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0/gtk/__init__.py", line
64, in<module>
     _init()
   File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/gtk-2.0/gtk/__init__.py", line
52, in _init
     _gtk.init_check()
RuntimeError: could not open display



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--
Michael Droettboom
Science Software Branch
Space Telescope Science Institute
Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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