How objects move when they are in some sort of fluid medium (such as an atmosphere) depends on the forces acting on them. A falling body in the atmosphere has two forces acting upon it, one directed downwards (the force created by gravity, and equal to the mass of the object times the local acceleration of gravity), and one directed upwards (the force created by air drag). How the body behaves depends on the drag force, which is proportional to the product of the coefficient of drag, the square of the body's aerodynamic cross section, the density of the air, and the square of the velocity. The cross section and the coefficient of drag are related to the size and shape of the body. Mass is not part of determining the force of drag, and therefore density isn't, either. However, if there are unbalanced forces (because the body hasn't reached its terminal velocity) there will be an acceleration that is dependent on mass (A = F / m , per Newton's Second Law).

The situation with a meteor is different, since we can essentially ignore the force of gravity. The meteor has only a single significant force acting on it, drag. Its behavior can theoretically be understood by considering its mass and the force of drag (since this involves mass, size, and shape, density is a factor). In practice, we seldom have an accurate value for the cross section or drag coefficient, so there's necessarily some guessing involved.

When a meteor produces meteorites, the surviving fragments rapidly lose their forward momentum. Meteorites always fall vertically (with respect to the local wind). The spatial spread of meteorites by mass occurs while the body fragments are still in hypersonic or supersonic flight, before they've lost their forward momentum and entered the long, vertical dark flight. More massive fragments continue farther because the mass increases as the square of the cross section, but the deceleration is inversely proportional to the mass. What that means is that the effect of mass (in A = F / m) dominates the effect of the cross section in the formula for F. A much more massive body may only have a slightly larger aerodynamic cross section.

Once the bodies are simply falling, they end up at individual terminal velocities depending on their sizes, shapes, and masses. For several minutes they are acted upon by the wind, which can significantly distort the shape of the strewn field with respect to the original path of the meteor, since the smaller, less massive bodies are moved more than the larger, more massive ones. Indeed, with a stiff tailwind, a strewn field can be completely reversed, with the heavy components farther back along the meteor path than the light ones- not because they started that way, but because they were blown that way.

Chris

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Chris L Peterson
Cloudbait Observatory
http://www.cloudbait.com

On 3/6/2013 2:37 PM, Peter Richards wrote:
        To preface this, I'll let you know: I have dealt with some
persons who such questions have been, rather, "over the head of," (pun
not intended)... one of whom seemed to settle on the theory that I
must be hurting my brain with too much thinking, and another who was
satisfied with a conclusion to a variation of the forthcoming problem
based on the idea that sand blows to the northeast U.S. from the
"midwest" region, while larger stones do not (not that these persons
are professional physicists, thankfully). Maybe this would be better
directed at a physicist, but since I am dealing with something which
pertains to meteorites, and certain specific falls, I will submit this
for consideration by the members of this list:
       On earth, acceleration of a suspended, then falling, or dropped,
object, such as from a standstill, is determined by the mass of the
object in a positive respect and the factor of air resistance in a
negative respect; hence, a denser material of the same shape and
orientation falls faster. This is because, here on earth, we have both
an atmosphere, and a specific directional pull of gravity. I've read
that, on the moon, where resistance of the atmosphere is negligible,
if not absolutely nil, two objects of unlike densities will be pulled
downwards at an equal rate (they say, even an elephant and feather
will be pulled downward at the same rate, only being resisted by
gravitational pull from other objects in the universe, I figure). If
those observations are correct (and I'm not entirely sure they,
although, it seems as if they very well may be, to me), then we've
identified two situations, 1. one in which mass and density with
relation to shape/and orientation does matter, but sum shape/volume
(short for what determines air resistance) does not, for if an object
is twice the size of the other, although not twice as dense, but an
equal density, and shape, and orientation, it will fall at the same
rate, because the ratio between its own mass and air-displacing
profile is equal (I am not saying this law is universal, at all
scales, but for practical purposes maybe it is?), and 2. another, in
which, shape and orientation don't matter, and nor does the mass, or
the density .
      So, finally, my question is this: Do we have a third situation in
which mass and density has a negligible effect, but air resistance due
to shape and orientation does (That is to say, compensating for
gravitational pull correlating to mass, or in a vector in which this
is negated, the objects would encounter particles travelling at
them.)? Again, it's somewhat difficult to imagine, but if there were
such a scenario, would a large heavy object, NOT be held more still
than a proportionally lighter and smaller object, but RATHER less so?
Hence, for a fourth time, would higher inertia be totally detached
from correlating to higher mass, thus correlating only with lower air
resistance, ie better aerodynamics?
      One might think that a bolide does not fit these criteria (or
support this thesis), since the larger, generally less aerodynamic
pieces tend to travel farthest, but is this not a result of these
particles having been subject to less air resistance, in sum, than the
smaller particles, which had broken from the outer surfaces of these
very objects, due to the very momentum the "main masses" carried, in
effect, absorbing the shock for them, somewhat (meaning they it is not
for lack of momentum, due to lower mass, that they end up travelling
less far)?

(a question of) Peter Richards

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