This is current/amd64 on an APU1C (dmesg below).
It runs off a microSD card (sd1 in a SD card adapter in the SD slot)
and has a 60GB mSATA (sd0 in the mSATA slot ) for backups of others.

Filesystem     Size    Used   Avail Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/sd1a      501M    106M    370M    23%    /
/dev/sd1d      989M    6.0K    940M     1%    /tmp
/dev/sd1e      249M    6.7M    229M     3%    /var
/dev/sd1f      989M    950K    939M     1%    /var/log
/dev/sd1g      1.5G    1.4M    1.4G     1%    /var/www
/dev/sd1h      1.9G    651M    1.2G    35%    /usr
/dev/sd1i      4.8G    193M    4.4G     5%    /usr/local
/dev/sd1l      4.8G   54.3M    4.5G     2%    /home
/dev/sd0a     55.8G    129M   52.9G     1%    /backup

The problem is the root filesystem is always unclean after a reboot.
That is, after a warm reboot with 'shutdown -r' or 'reboot':

WARNING: / was not properly unmounted
Automatic boot in progress: starting file system checks.
/dev/sd1a (47e56166cfb1e429.a): 1758 files, 54169 used, 202494 free (38 frags, 
25307 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
/dev/sd1a (47e56166cfb1e429.a): MARKING FILE SYSTEM CLEAN

This never happens with a cold reboot (shutdown -h or halt).
It also never happens with the mSATA disk.

The shutdown (cold or warm) does report 'syncing disks ... done'
and doesn't report any problems. How can I debug this?
Is it something specific about microSD cards?

In every case, the filesystem just got fsck'ed on boot
and runs fine; but it seems unreliable booting an unclean /

        Jan


OpenBSD 7.3-current (GENERIC.MP) #0: Sat Apr 29 23:58:22 CEST 2023
    h...@stary.stare.cz:/usr/src/sys/arch/amd64/compile/GENERIC.MP
real mem = 2098511872 (2001MB)
avail mem = 2015338496 (1921MB)
random: good seed from bootblocks
mpath0 at root
scsibus0 at mpath0: 256 targets
mainbus0 at root
bios0 at mainbus0: SMBIOS rev. 2.7 @ 0x7e16d820 (7 entries)
bios0: vendor coreboot version "4.0" date 09/08/2014
bios0: PC Engines APU
acpi0 at bios0: ACPI 4.0
acpi0: sleep states S0 S1 S3 S4 S5
acpi0: tables DSDT FACP SPCR HPET APIC HEST SSDT SSDT SSDT
acpi0: wakeup devices AGPB(S4) HDMI(S4) PBR4(S4) PBR5(S4) PBR6(S4) PBR7(S4) 
PE20(S4) PE21(S4) PE22(S4) PE23(S4) PIBR(S4) UOH1(S3) UOH2(S3) UOH3(S3) 
UOH4(S3) UOH5(S3) [...]
acpitimer0 at acpi0: 3579545 Hz, 32 bits
acpihpet0 at acpi0: 14318180 Hz
acpimadt0 at acpi0 addr 0xfee00000: PC-AT compat
cpu0 at mainbus0: apid 0 (boot processor)
cpu0: AMD G-T40E Processor, 1000.01 MHz, 14-02-00
cpu0: 
FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,CFLUSH,MMX,FXSR,SSE,SSE2,HTT,SSE3,MWAIT,SSSE3,CX16,POPCNT,NXE,MMXX,FFXSR,PAGE1GB,RDTSCP,LONG,LAHF,CMPLEG,SVM,EAPICSP,AMCR8,ABM,SSE4A,MASSE,3DNOWP,IBS,SKINIT,ITSC
cpu0: 32KB 64b/line 8-way D-cache, 32KB 64b/line 2-way I-cache
cpu0: 512KB 64b/line 16-way L2 cache
cpu0: smt 0, core 0, package 0
mtrr: Pentium Pro MTRR support, 8 var ranges, 88 fixed ranges
cpu0: apic clock running at 200MHz
cpu0: mwait min=64, max=64, IBE
cpu1 at mainbus0: apid 1 (application processor)
cpu1: AMD G-T40E Processor, 1000.02 MHz, 14-02-00
cpu1: 
FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,CFLUSH,MMX,FXSR,SSE,SSE2,HTT,SSE3,MWAIT,SSSE3,CX16,POPCNT,NXE,MMXX,FFXSR,PAGE1GB,RDTSCP,LONG,LAHF,CMPLEG,SVM,EAPICSP,AMCR8,ABM,SSE4A,MASSE,3DNOWP,IBS,SKINIT,ITSC
cpu1: 32KB 64b/line 8-way D-cache, 32KB 64b/line 2-way I-cache
cpu1: 512KB 64b/line 16-way L2 cache
cpu1: smt 0, core 1, package 0
ioapic0 at mainbus0: apid 2 pa 0xfec00000, version 21, 24 pins
acpiprt0 at acpi0: bus 0 (PCI0)
acpiprt1 at acpi0: bus -1 (AGPB)
acpiprt2 at acpi0: bus -1 (HDMI)
acpiprt3 at acpi0: bus 1 (PBR4)
acpiprt4 at acpi0: bus 2 (PBR5)
acpiprt5 at acpi0: bus 3 (PBR6)
acpiprt6 at acpi0: bus -1 (PBR7)
acpiprt7 at acpi0: bus 5 (PE20)
acpiprt8 at acpi0: bus -1 (PE21)
acpiprt9 at acpi0: bus -1 (PE22)
acpiprt10 at acpi0: bus -1 (PE23)
acpiprt11 at acpi0: bus 4 (PIBR)
acpipci0 at acpi0 PCI0: 0x00000000 0x00000011 0x00000001
acpicmos0 at acpi0
acpibtn0 at acpi0: PWRB
acpicpu0 at acpi0: C2(0@100 io@0x841), C1(@1 halt!), PSS
acpicpu1 at acpi0: C2(0@100 io@0x841), C1(@1 halt!), PSS
cpu0: 1000 MHz: speeds: 1000 800 MHz
pci0 at mainbus0 bus 0
pchb0 at pci0 dev 0 function 0 "AMD 14h Host" rev 0x00
ppb0 at pci0 dev 4 function 0 "AMD 14h PCIE" rev 0x00: msi
pci1 at ppb0 bus 1
re0 at pci1 dev 0 function 0 "Realtek 8168" rev 0x06: RTL8168E/8111E (0x2c00), 
msi, address 00:0d:b9:3d:bb:fc
rgephy0 at re0 phy 7: RTL8169S/8110S/8211 PHY, rev. 4
ppb1 at pci0 dev 5 function 0 "AMD 14h PCIE" rev 0x00: msi
pci2 at ppb1 bus 2
re1 at pci2 dev 0 function 0 "Realtek 8168" rev 0x06: RTL8168E/8111E (0x2c00), 
msi, address 00:0d:b9:3d:bb:fd
rgephy1 at re1 phy 7: RTL8169S/8110S/8211 PHY, rev. 4
ppb2 at pci0 dev 6 function 0 "AMD 14h PCIE" rev 0x00: msi
pci3 at ppb2 bus 3
re2 at pci3 dev 0 function 0 "Realtek 8168" rev 0x06: RTL8168E/8111E (0x2c00), 
msi, address 00:0d:b9:3d:bb:fe
rgephy2 at re2 phy 7: RTL8169S/8110S/8211 PHY, rev. 4
ahci0 at pci0 dev 17 function 0 "ATI SBx00 SATA" rev 0x40: apic 2 int 19, AHCI 
1.2
ahci0: port 0: 6.0Gb/s
scsibus1 at ahci0: 32 targets
sd0 at scsibus1 targ 0 lun 0: <ATA, KINGSTON SMS200S, 605A> naa.50026b725a08fef7
sd0: 57241MB, 512 bytes/sector, 117231408 sectors, thin
ohci0 at pci0 dev 18 function 0 "ATI SB700 USB" rev 0x00: apic 2 int 18, 
version 1.0, legacy support
ehci0 at pci0 dev 18 function 2 "ATI SB700 USB2" rev 0x00: apic 2 int 17
usb0 at ehci0: USB revision 2.0
uhub0 at usb0 configuration 1 interface 0 "ATI EHCI root hub" rev 2.00/1.00 
addr 1
ohci1 at pci0 dev 19 function 0 "ATI SB700 USB" rev 0x00: apic 2 int 18, 
version 1.0, legacy support
ehci1 at pci0 dev 19 function 2 "ATI SB700 USB2" rev 0x00: apic 2 int 17
usb1 at ehci1: USB revision 2.0
uhub1 at usb1 configuration 1 interface 0 "ATI EHCI root hub" rev 2.00/1.00 
addr 1
piixpm0 at pci0 dev 20 function 0 "ATI SBx00 SMBus" rev 0x42: SMI
iic0 at piixpm0
pcib0 at pci0 dev 20 function 3 "ATI SB700 ISA" rev 0x40
ppb3 at pci0 dev 20 function 4 "ATI SB600 PCI" rev 0x40
pci4 at ppb3 bus 4
ohci2 at pci0 dev 20 function 5 "ATI SB700 USB" rev 0x00: apic 2 int 18, 
version 1.0, legacy support
ppb4 at pci0 dev 21 function 0 "ATI SB800 PCIE" rev 0x00
pci5 at ppb4 bus 5
ohci3 at pci0 dev 22 function 0 "ATI SB700 USB" rev 0x00: apic 2 int 18, 
version 1.0, legacy support
ehci2 at pci0 dev 22 function 2 "ATI SB700 USB2" rev 0x00: apic 2 int 17
usb2 at ehci2: USB revision 2.0
uhub2 at usb2 configuration 1 interface 0 "ATI EHCI root hub" rev 2.00/1.00 
addr 1
pchb1 at pci0 dev 24 function 0 "AMD 14h Link Cfg" rev 0x43
pchb2 at pci0 dev 24 function 1 "AMD 14h Address Map" rev 0x00
pchb3 at pci0 dev 24 function 2 "AMD 14h DRAM Cfg" rev 0x00
km0 at pci0 dev 24 function 3 "AMD 14h Misc Cfg" rev 0x00
pchb4 at pci0 dev 24 function 4 "AMD 14h CPU Power" rev 0x00
pchb5 at pci0 dev 24 function 5 "AMD 14h Reserved" rev 0x00
pchb6 at pci0 dev 24 function 6 "AMD 14h NB Power" rev 0x00
pchb7 at pci0 dev 24 function 7 "AMD 14h Reserved" rev 0x00
usb3 at ohci0: USB revision 1.0
uhub3 at usb3 configuration 1 interface 0 "ATI OHCI root hub" rev 1.00/1.00 
addr 1
usb4 at ohci1: USB revision 1.0
uhub4 at usb4 configuration 1 interface 0 "ATI OHCI root hub" rev 1.00/1.00 
addr 1
isa0 at pcib0
isadma0 at isa0
com0 at isa0 port 0x3f8/8 irq 4: ns16550a, 16 byte fifo
com0: console
com1 at isa0 port 0x2f8/8 irq 3: ns16550a, 16 byte fifo
pcppi0 at isa0 port 0x61
spkr0 at pcppi0
lpt0 at isa0 port 0x378/4 irq 7
wbsio0 at isa0 port 0x2e/2: NCT5104D rev 0x52
usb5 at ohci2: USB revision 1.0
uhub5 at usb5 configuration 1 interface 0 "ATI OHCI root hub" rev 1.00/1.00 
addr 1
usb6 at ohci3: USB revision 1.0
uhub6 at usb6 configuration 1 interface 0 "ATI OHCI root hub" rev 1.00/1.00 
addr 1
vmm0 at mainbus0: SVM/RVI
umass0 at uhub2 port 1 configuration 1 interface 0 "Generic Flash Card 
Reader/Writer" rev 2.01/1.00 addr 2
umass0: using SCSI over Bulk-Only
scsibus2 at umass0: 2 targets, initiator 0
sd1 at scsibus2 targ 1 lun 0: <Multiple, Card Reader, 1.00> removable 
serial.058f6366058F63666485
sd1: 29508MB, 512 bytes/sector, 60432384 sectors
vscsi0 at root
scsibus3 at vscsi0: 256 targets
softraid0 at root
scsibus4 at softraid0: 256 targets
root on sd1a (47e56166cfb1e429.a) swap on sd1b dump on sd1b
WARNING: / was not properly unmounted

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