Hey community, I can't seem to figure out why the program has difficulty uploading these cards that I have attached.
I have determined that it's from the answer column on the right, but have been unsuccessful in pinpointing the exact input that the program cannot recognize. Help? Thanks! -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "mnemosyne-proj-users" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/mnemosyne-proj-users/11b5364c-b4c8-4b9a-a6f5-644679ceba1c%40googlegroups.com. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
"in neonate, which is larger, cervix or uterine fundus?" cervix "prepubertal female, how does the shape of the uterus change? Cervix & uterus are the same size?" tube like. Cervix & uterus same size "in puberty, how does the shape of the uterus change? " fundus larger than cervix. Looks like an adult - pear like. Endometrium now visible turner syndrome is what chromosome abnormality? Have what with the aorta? With the kidneys? What does the uterus look like? Ovaries look like? Aortic coarctations. Xo. Horsehoe kidneys. Prepuberty uterus. Streaky ovaries what doe the mullerian ducts form into (3)? "uterus, fallopian tubes, upper 2/3 of vagina" what do the wolfian ducts form into (3)? "vas deferens, seminal vesicles, epididymis" what does the urogenital sinus form into (2)? "prostate, lower 1/3 of vagina" what are the 3 features of mayer rokitansky kuster hauser syndrome? vaginal atresia. Absent or rudimetary uterus (unicornuate or bicornuate. Normal ovaries what key association in the abdomen besides genitals with mayer rokitansky syndrome? "kidney problems (agenesis, ectopia)" unicornuate uterus has what 4 subtypes?. What causes pain in unicornuate uterus? 40% of girls with unicornuate have what problems with the kidneys? "WITH OR WITHOUT rudimentary horn, with or without - endometrial tissue . Endometrial tissue in non communicating places. Endometrial tissue in rudimentary horn increases risk of miscarriage & uterine rupture. Usually ipsilateral renal agenesis" what does cornus mean in french? uterus what does collis mean in french? cervical what is uterine didelphysis? 2 completely separate tracts what is bicornus uterus look like? Bicornuate has an increased riks of fetal loss more or less than septate? Do you resect the septum in biconruate? heart shaped. Deep myometrial cleft at fundus. Less than septate. No rsxn - poor outcomes T shaped uterus related to what? What else is DES related to? DES - synehtetic estrogne given to prevent miscarrage in the 1940s . Vaginal clear cell carcinoma 2 subtypes of septate uterus? Do you resect septum? Do you have infertility issues? Is the fundal contour normal or abnormal? What is the height of the fundal contour above the tubal ostia? fibrous vs muscular septum. Resection can help. Problems with inferity 2/2 to implantation on septum (has low blood supply). Fundal contour is normal. Fundus is >5mm above tubal ostia arcuate uterus is what? Is it a normal variant?a/w infertility or obstretic problems? mild smooth concavity of uterine fundus. Normal variant. Not a/w infertility or obstetric complications HSG's performed on what days? Contraindications? Can you tell difference b/w bicornuate or septate uterus on HSG? "7-10 days. Contraindications - infection (PID), active bleeding, pregnancy, contrast alergy. cannot tell difference" what is salpingitis isthmica nodosa? Usually involves what segment of the tube? Strongly a/w what issues of pregnancy? scarring of fallopian tubes. Proximal 2/3 of tube. Strongly a/w infertility & ectopic pregnancy causes of uterine AVM? "previous dilation & curettage, therapeutic aboriton, c sxn, multiple pregnancies" intrauterine adhesions (ashermans) on HSG look like what? non filling of the uterus OR multiple irregular linear filling defects w/ inability to appropriately distend endometrium MRI apperance of ashermans? lots of T2 dark bands endometritis occurs how many days after delivery? If have gas in endometrial cavity is this concerning for pyometrium? "2 to 5 days. Air is not specific after delivery, but may suggest it " 3 locations of fibroids? "submucosal (least common), itnramural (MC), subserosal" US appearance of fibroids? "hypoechoic, often peripheral blood flow, shadowing - venetian blind pattern" CT characteristics of fibroids? popcorn peripheral calcs MRI appearance of fibroids? "T1 dark to intermediate, T2 dark, variable enhancement. May be T2 bright which responds better to IR" 4 types of degeneration of the fibroid? How do you tell it's degeneration on MRI? "hyaline, red carneous, myxoid, cystic. doesn't enhance " MC subtype of degeneration of a fibroid? What happens in this type of degeneration? hyaline. Fibroid outgrows blood supply. which subtype of degeneration of fibroids occurs during pregnancy? Caused by what? Imaging finding on T1? red (carneous). Venous thrombosis. Peripheral rim of T1 high signal what imaging features suggest myxoid degeneration? "T1 dark, T2 bright, with minimal gradual enhancement" adenomyosis most common in what pts? "multiparous women of reproductive age, especially if had a hx of uterine procedures " adenomyosis favors what parts of the uterus? Does it spare the cervix? Classically causes what to the size of the uterus without changing the contour? posterior wall. Spares cervix. Enlarges uterus w/o changing overall contour MRI classic feature of adenomyosis? What do you see on T2? thickening of jxnal zone of the uterus to more than 12 mm (normal is <5mm). Small high T2 signal regions correspond to regions of cystic change ultrasound features of adenomyosis? "hyperechoic adenomyosis, with hypoechoic muscular hypertrophy, or just enlargement of posterior wall " what size endometrial thickness is the cutoff for concern in postmenopausal woman? greater than 5 mm vaginal bleeding ddx usually? endometrial atrophy or cancer what colon cancer subtype associated with endometrial cancer? hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer what tumors can thicken the endometrium? granulosa cell tumors of ovary - estrogen secreting tamoxifen increases risk of what cancer? Causes what to the subendometrium & causes what to grow? endometrial cancer subendometrial cysts and development of endometrial polyps tamoxifen endometrium can be as large as what size? up to 8 mm what's difference b/w stage 2A & stage 2B? "spread beyond cervix, but no parametrial invasion. 2b is parametrial involvement but doesn't extend to pelvic side wall " difference in treatment of stage 2A vs 2B? chemo/radiation in 2B what's the parametrium? Why is the parametrium so important in changing management of cervical CA? "fibrous band that separates supravaginal cervix from bladder. Uterine artery runs in parametrium, hence need for chemo once invaded " leiomyoma of vagina most commonly in what wall? anterior MC CA of vagina? a/w what infxn just like cervix? squamous cell. HPV what's the vaginal CA a/w DES exposure & T shaped uterus? clear cell adenocarcinoma MC tumor of vagina in children? Age distribution? Usually comes off what wall of the cervix? "vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma. Bimodal age distribution (2-6, 14-18). Anterior wall of the cervix. " you know it's a genital met if you see the lesion in what part of the vagina? anterior wall upper 1/3 you know it's a met from genital tract if you see a mass in what part of the vagina? a met to the posterior lower 1/3 wall of the vagina is 90% what are nabothian cysts? result of inflammation causing epithlium plugging of mucous glands cause of Gartner duct cysts? Located along what wall of the vagina? Can cause mass effect on what causing sx? incomplete regression of wolffian ducts. Anterior lateral wall of upper vagina. Mass effect on urethra what are bartholin cysts? Obstruction of what? Found below what level? obstruction of bartholin glands (mucin secreting glands from urogenital sinus). Below pubic symphysis what are skene gland cysts? Arise from what glands? Can cause recurrent what? cysts in perirethral glands. Recurrent UTIs & urethral obstruction what's the cumulus oophorus? collection of cells in mature dominant follicle that protrudes into follicular cavity - signals immiment ovulation theca lutein cysts are related to overtstimulation from what hormone? What appearance of the ovary? What 3 things can give theca lutein cysts? "too much beta-HCG. Multilocular cystic spoke wheel. Multifetal pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease (moles), ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome " what 3 findings in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome? (seen in fertility therapy) "ascites, pleural effusions, theca lutein cysts " ideal time of doing PET if pt has a menstrual cycle & why? ovaries can be hOT on PET. That's why do in 1st week of menstrual cycle what is size rule for postmenopausal ovarian cyst follow up? "> 1cm - yearly follow up, <5 cm (still likely benign 3-6 mo follow up, >7cm (get either MRI or surgeon) " what are some ways to distinguish ectopic from a corpus luteum? (both have a ring of fire) RI <0.4 or >0.7. RI 0.4-0.7 in corpus luteum. Ectopic has thick echogenic rim. Corpus luteum has thin ehcogenic rim. Ectopic will move separate from the ovary clinical triad of endometrioma? "infertility, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia" ultrasound appearance of endometrioma? Has increased or decrased through transmission? rounded mass w/ homogenous low level internal echoes & increased through transmission most common location for solid endometriosis? uterosacral ligaments do endometrioms become CA? what type of malignant CA? how do you tell it is CA (age? Risk factors? Size?) 1% of time they can. Endometrioid or clear cell CA. if > 9 cm concerned for CA. majority of women w/ carcinoma are in older than 45 yrs old. Risk factors include older than 45 or bigger than 6-9 cm "what is a decidualized endometrioma? If there's a solid nodule in an endometrioma in a NON pregnant woman, what is it?" solid nodule w/ blood flow in endometrioma of pregnant girl. ALWAYS presumed maligancy how to differentiate hemorrhagic cyst vs endometrioma? hemorrhagic cyst should go away in 1-2 menstrual cycles (so repeat in 6-12 wks) "if you see something that looks like a hemorrhagic cyst, but in post menopausal woman, what do you think?" post menopausal women can ovulate - therefore still follow up in 6-12 weeks. But if late post menopausal it's CA till proven otherwise MC ovarian neoplasm in pts younger than 20? Typical ultrasound apperance? MRI appearance (fat?) dermoid. Cystic mass w/ hyperechoic solid mural nodule - though tip of iceberg sign - much can be attenuated from dermoid contents. Bright on T1 (from fat - so look for fat suppression) do dermoids become CA? what type of CA? 2 indicators make it more suspicious for CA? "1% can. Squamous cell CA. indicators are size > 19 cm, age > 50 " PCOS has how many or more simple cysts in the ovary? Ovaries are typically small or large? "10 or > peripheral small cysts. Ovaries typically enlarged > 10cc, although 1/3 of pts have normal size ovaries" what size of septations is too large? >3 mm MC type of ovarian malignancy? What % of this type is benign? Benign versions favor what age group? serous tumors. 60% benign. Favor women of childbearing age. Malignant ones tend to occur in wolder women serous tumors are typically uni or multilocular? Papillary projections common? "unilocular, large, few septations . Papillary projections common " mucinous ovarian cystadenocarcinoma is often a large uni or multiloculated mass? Septa are thin or thick? Papillary projections more or less common than serous tumors? Risk factor? large multilocated mass. Septa are thin. Papillary projections less common than serous. Smoking 2nd MC ovarian CA? endometroid ovarian CA endometriod ovarian CA bilateral what % of time? 1/4 of women will have what concomitant CA? what condition can turn into endometriod CA? 15%. Endometrial CA. endometriomas what's Meigs syndrome? "triad of ascites, pleural effusion, benign ovarian tumor (most commonly fibroma) " ovarian fibroma is malignant or benign? Seen in what demographic? Age group? benign. Middle aged women. what is ovarian fibromatosis? What age group? a/w what of the omentum & peritoneum? What's the buzzword on MR I T2? Tx? tumor like enlargement 2/2 to ovarian fibrosis. Girls 25 yo. Omental fibrosis & sclerosing peritonitis. Black garland sign. Surgical removal of ovaries brenner tumor is an epithelial tumor of the ovary in women of what age? 50-70s ovarian fibromas often have calcification? Brenner tumors often have calcifications? brenner tumors often have calcification "stuma ovarii is actually a subtype of what tumor? On MRI, what is the imaging clue of struma ovarii? What type of tissue is it? Clinically presenting how?" "very LOW T2 signal in the cystic areas, it's actually thick colloid. Thyroid tissue. Hyperthyroid " what are 3 signs described in hydrosalpinx? What does each look like? cogwheel appearance. String sign (incomplete septate). Waist sign (tubular mass w/ indentations of its opposing walls paraovarian cyst is a congenital remannt of what duct? Do or don't distort the adjacent ovary? Separate or part of ovary? woffian duct. DonÕt distort adjacent ovary. Separate ovarian vein thrombophlebitis is MC in what subset of women? 80% of time on right or left? Worst consequence of this? post partum women. More common on right. Ovarian vein thrombophlebitis what are the 2 types of hydatidiform moles? More common subtype? Karyotype is ____ of a complete? Karyotype of partial? complete vs partial. Complete more common. Diploid. Triploid how does a complete mole occur? fertilization of egg that has lost its chromosomes complete mole US appearance in 1st trimester? 2nd trimester? "echogenic, solid, highly vascular mass (snowstorm). Vesicles make up mole, enlarge into individaul cysts (2-30mm) & produce bunch of grapes appearance " pathogenesis of partial mole? US appearance of partial mole? Karyotype? fertilization of ovum by 2 sperm (69XXY). Placenta enlarged & has areas of multiple diffuse anechoic lesions. Triploidy what cysts are seen in molar pregnanacies? These cysts are most commonly seen in what trimester? Uni or bilateral? theca lutein cysts. 2nd trimester. Bilateral invasive moles do what to myometrium? "invade into myometrium, cause focal myometrial masses, dilated vessels, areas of hemorrhage / necrosis " classic hx of choriocarcinoma is beta hcg rising how many weeks after evacuation of molar pregnancy? 8-10 wks tx of choriocarcinoma? methotrexate fracture of the penis is defined as fracture/break of what 2 structures of the penis? corpus cavernosum & surrounding sheath - tunica albuginea what stage of prostate cancer is indicated by extension through capsule or bulging the capsule layer? extension through capsule mullerian duct cyst vs prostatic utricle cyst? Bot hare midline posterior to bladder but how are they different? Cause? mullierna duct cyst = anatomic variant of caudal ends of mullierna ducts (male equivalent of vagina/cervix). Prostatic utricle = focal dilation of prostatic urethra "prostatic utricle cyst is a/w what of the penis? What syndromes? What of the anus? Kidneys? If it gets large, what are you afraid of?" "hypospadias. Down's, prune belly syndrome, unilateral renal agenesis, imperforate anus. Large can get infected " mullerian duct cyst can contain what types of CA? "endometrial, clear cell, squamous " seminal vesicle cysts are a/w what 4 things? 2 kidney issues? Male genital tract? Ureter insertion? "renal agenesis, polycystic kidney disease, vas deferens agenssis, ectopic ureter insenrtion " classic hx of seminal vesicle cyst? What clinical hx? prior prostate surgery. Obstruction from prostatic hypertrophy or chronic infection/scarring
