And now:Ish <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
Utah's People of Color: American
Indians
http://www.sltrib.com/12271998/utah/70121.htm
1300s -- Anasazi and Fremont cultures
disappear from the Southwest. -- Later tribes -- Ute, Shoshone,
Paiute, Goshute and Navajo -- are bands of hunters and
gatherers.
1600s -- Spaniards introduce horses, wool and silversmithing
to Utes and Navajos.
1776 -- Utes guide Spanish explorers Escalante and
Dominguez through parts of Utah.
1824 -- The Bureau of Indian Affairs is created in the U.S.
War Department to negotiate with tribes and eventually
administer the reservations. In 1849, it is transferred to the new
Interior Department.
1847 -- Brigham Young leads Mormons into the Salt Lake
Valley, encroaching on Indian territories.
1849 -- Paiutes in southern Utah welcome Mormon settlers.
1850-51 -- Mormons settle in Cedar City.
1852 -- Utah Territorial Legislature legalizes indentured
servitude of ``Indian prisoners, children or women,'' thus
shifting Mexico's slave trade to white settlers.
1853 -- Ute leader Wakara, known as ``Walker: Napoleon of
the Desert,'' leadsnearly 100 warriors against Mormons colonists
near Payson.
1854 -- The Mormon Church sets up southern Indian Mission
at Fort Harmony to evangelize the Paiutes. Utes and Paiutes
chase them off.
1857 -- A party of white settlers is massacred at Mountain
Meadows by Mormons and Paiutes.
1861 -- President Lincoln sets aside the Uinta Basin for
Indian use.
1862 -- Union troops under command of Gen. P.E. Conner
enter Utah and establish Fort Douglas near Salt Lake City and
launch campaigns against Utes, Shoshones and Bannocks.
-- In the Bear River campaign, Union troops kill 368 Indians
and capture160 women and children, destroying Indian power in
northern Utah.
1864 -- U.S. Army commissions Christopher ``Kit'' Carson to
round up the Navajos.
-- After Indian raids, Mormons ask far the removal of Utes to
Sanpete andUinta Valley.
1865 -- Ute Chief Black Hawk leads warriors against
Mormon colonists, who were trying to move them to the Uinta
Basin. Chief Tabby-to-kwanaah ends the Black Hawk War in
1869 by leading his people into the northern Uinta Basin.
-- Nearly half the Navajo tribe -- some 8,000 starving people
-- surrenderto Carson and submit to a 300-mile ``Long Walk'' to
Basque Redondo, N.M., where they languish four years in a
concentration camp.
1879 -- Mormons in St. George buy 10 acres south of the
city to provide small farms for Paiutes.
1884 -- U.S, President Chester Arthur extends the Navajo
reservation farther north into Utah.
1886 -- U.S. government decides to build Fort Duchesne to
``discipline and control'' Indians.
1887 -- The Uintah-Ouray Indian Reservation is established
in northeastern Utah.
1890 -- U.S. census includes the first count of the country's
Indian population -- 248,253.
1905 -- Uintah-Ouray reservation is opened to white
homesteaders, a policy designed to ``liberate'' Indians from their
land.
-- President Theodore Roosevelt withdraws 1.1 million acres
from the Utesto create the Uinta National Forest Reserve; he
adds nearly 7,000 acres to Navajo reservation near Aneth.
1909 -- Strawberry Valley Reclamation Project in Wasatch
County takes 56,000 acres from the Utes by ``right of eminent
domain.''
1912 -- The Goshute reservation in Skull Valley is established
after failed attempts to push the Goshutes onto Ute and Navajo
reservations.
1924 -- The large number of Indians who fought in World
War I prompts Congress to enact the Citizenship Act,
``naturalizing'' American Indians.
1929 -- Congress establishes Kanosh Indian Reservation in
Millard County.
1930 -- A Senate committee finds evidence the Bureau of
Indian Affairs sanctioned the kidnapping of Indian children in its
zeal to educate Navajos.
1930s -- The federal government says Navajos are guilty of
``overgrazing'' their sheep and orders half the flocks slaughtered.
1934 -- Congress passes the Indian Reorganization Act
encouraging tribes to form governments.
1941 -- Navajo Marines called ``code-talkers'' confound
Japanese soldiers by using their language as a military code
during World War II.
1943 -- Mormons open the Navajo-Zuni Mission, the first
mission designated for Indians.
-- Utes win $32 million judgment for land repayment. Money
is awarded in1951.
1950 -- Intermountain Intertribal School opens in Brigham
City. Thousands of American Indians from as far away as
Florida live and study there before it closes in 1984.
1952 -- Sen. Arthur Watkins, R-Utah, leads ``termination''
movement in Congress to break up reservations, abolish tribal
governments and end federal treaty obligations.
-- LDS Church inaugurates Indian Placement Program, which
boards American Indian students, ages 8 to 18, in Mormon
foster homes off the reservation for nine months.
1969 -- American Indian demonstrators gain national attention
by seizing Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay.
1972 -- Indians from more than 200 U.S. tribes occupy the
BIA headquarters in Washington, D.C., renaming it ``The
Native American Embassy.''
1973 -- Utah Paiutes receive a $491,999 grant to develop
jobs.
1975 -- George P. Lee is the first American Indian general
authority inthe LDS Church. The Navajo is excommunicated for
apostasy in 1989.
-- The Goshute tribe wins a $7.1 million settlement from the
federal government in a 100-year-old land dispute.
1977 -- Danny ``Little Red'' Lopez wins a nationally televised
title fight at the Salt Palace.
1983 -- The Reagan administration cuts federal assistance to
American Indians by more than a third - from $3.5 billion to $2
billion.
1986 -- Judge William A. Thorne, a Pomo Indian and an
appeals-court judge for tribes in Idaho, Arizona and Nevada, is
appointed to 3rd Circuit Court, West Valley City.
1988 -- Navajo tribal leader Peter MacDonald is placed on
leave by the Tribal Council after allegations of corruption
surface in a Senate investigation.
1989 -- A riot breaks out at a Navajo tribal office in Window
Rock, Ariz., when MacDonald supporters try to restore him to
power. Two protesters are killed.
-- A federal judge rules American Indians may use sweat
lodges at the UtahState Prison.
1991 -- State auditors discover millions from the Navajo
Trust Fund were squandered; several former Navajo officials
are indicted.
1994 -- U.S. Supreme Court upholds Congress'
turn-of-the-century intent to reduce the size of the Uintah-Ouray
reservation by 2.9 million acres when it was opened to white
settlers.
-- Goshutes in Tooele County join a Tennessee company to
recycle urban wastes and raise money to buy back tribal lands.
Sources: The Peoples of Utah, edited by Helen Z.
Papanikolas; The Navajo Nation, Peter Iverson; A History of
the Northern Ute People, by Fred A. Conetah; the LDS Church,
The Salt Lake Tribune files; and interviews.
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