And now:Ish <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes: Date: Tue, 13 Jul 1999 13:11:04 -0700 Message-Id: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> From: arthur <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> To: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> >OVERVIEW > >The large-scale movement of non-Indians onto Indian reservations began >with the U.S. government's 19th century General Allotment Act (1887). The >U.S. government intended to destroy tribal governments and break up Indian >reservations under, what was then considered, the progressive Manifest >Destiny Doctrine - the historical inevitability of Anglo-Saxon domination >of North America from sea to sea. By moving non-Indians onto Indian >reservations as the new reservation land-owners and locating individual >Indians on parcels of reservation land or off the reservation completely, >the United States government hoped to eliminate Indian nations once and for >all. Under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the U.S. Congress only >partially repudiated the Allotment law for its destructive impact on tribal >peoples. > >In the late 1960's, it had become clear that the U.S. government's 19th >century policy succeeded in creating a "checker-board land ownership" >pattern on every "allotted reservation." Not only did the land ownership >pattern put non-Indian and Indian landowners living next to each other, but >it also complicated an increasingly difficult jurisdictional mess for >tribal, federal, and state governments. Though Indian nations originally >reserved full jurisdictional authority to their own governments inside >reservation boundaries, the United States government began to undermine >that jurisdiction by imposing federal or state laws on reservations where >non-Indians owned property. This complicated and confused civil and >criminal law and justice responsibilities on Indian reservations. > >By the 1980's more than 500,000 non-indians claimed land on Indian >reservations. More than half of many tribes' populations were forced to >live outside reservations. They no longer had the ability to fully enjoy >the benefits of territories reserved to them as distinct peoples under >treaties and agreements with the United States of America. Non-Indian >landowners competed with tribal peoples for limited resources and land >inside reservation boundaries. > >The majority of the displaced Indians now live in areas and communities >near their reservation, while still many thousands of Indians were forced >under a 1950's U.S. policy of relocation to move to major cities like Los >Angeles, Denver, Seattle, Chicago, New York, and Baltimore. > >The non-Indian land owners included people seeking inexpensive summer >retreats, retirement homes, and commercial businesses. At first they >received help and encouragement from the United States government. Now they >are also receiving help, encouragement and money from right-wing elements >too. Influence ranging from Sun Myun Moon's Unification Church to followers >of neo-Nazi groups and white supremacists dovetailed with a movement that >began as a legitimate political dispute. > >Under the guise of "mainstream non-profit research and education >organizations" and the deceptively attractive "equal rights for everyone" >slogan, the Anti-Indian Movement emerged in the last third of this century. >With its right-wing extremist technical help, the Movement seeks and >receives support and money from unsuspecting "reservation Non- Indians" and >off-reservation non-Indians. > >With their own agenda, the Anti-Indian Movement's reactionaries and >extremists employ tactics and slogans calculated to exploit Indian and non- >Indian fears of each other. Using the non-Indians' fear of Indians to build >a power base in mainstream politics, right-wing extremists took advantage >of fear and bigotry. > >While many transplanted non-Indians now live as residents on Indian >reservations, large numbers are absentee landowners - they don't live on >the reservation. Despite their absentee landowner status, the "reservation >non-Indian" in the late 1960's became a new and powerful challenge to the >peace and stability of Indian nations. Indian people had often heard the >refrain "Why don't you go back to your reservation?" when Indian and non- >Indian conflicts arose outside the reservation. It was a wrenching >experience to have conflicts inside the reservation and hear that "Indians >should become a part of greater society and have equal rights with >everyone." > >Larger numbers of non-Indian landowners rejected tribal governmental >authority inside the reservation, and they called upon the state to >exercise its powers there. Non-Indian rejection of "alien tribal >governments" built pressures leading to legal confrontations between tribal >and state governments over a widening range of jurisdictional subjects. >Increasing numbers of "reservation non-Indians" supplied state governments >with the wedge needed to expand state powers into Indian reservations - >DEFACTO ANNEXATION OF TRIBAL LANDS. Tribes and states intensified their >mutual antagonism and suspicion. > >Since the General Allotment act in 1887, limitations on reservation >resources forced more and more Indians to fish and hunt for their food in >ceded areas near reservations. Indians asserted that treaties with the >United States guaranteed continuing tribal access to some off- reservation >resources. Not until tribes and states began to battle over control of >natural resources outside reservation boundaries did there arise an >organized Anti-Indian Movement in the 20th century. "Reservation non- >Indians" became the core organizers of what became a highly structured >Anti-Indian Movement. By 1991, the activists responsible for starting the >Movement in 1976 headed four key organizations in the states of Washington, >Montana, and Wisconsin. > >End Page 2 > >Larry Kibby, Elko Indian Colony >Home Page - http://www.angelfire.com/nv/navalues/index.html >List Page - http://www.angelfire.com/nv/navaules/NAvoices.html > > > Reprinted under the Fair Use http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.html doctrine of international copyright law. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Tsonkwadiyonrat (We are ONE Spirit) Unenh onhwa' Awayaton http://www.tdi.net/ishgooda/ UPDATES: CAMP JUSTICE http://shell.webbernet.net/~ishgooda/oglala/ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
