Oy vey, Rube Goldberg would be proud.....

The zener diode should be around 12V; it needs to less than the 
maximum-allowed Vgs for the MOSFET so that the MOSFET is protected. If the 
zener diode is less than 12V, it will consume a few mA when the solenoid is 
energized, but that's harmless.

Now, as for why the solenoid fried, I have one theory. If you've ever 
played around with relays and connected the coil in series with the 
normally-closed contacts, what happens ? You have a buzzer. The clock is 
similar in behavior; if the contacts close, the solenoid starts to activate 
and that causes the contacts to open slightly, there might not have been 
enough time to 'cock' the mechanism. So, the solenoid would turn on again, 
perhaps briefly, but still not enough to cock the mechanism. It's possible 
this could go on long enough that the solenoid is energized almost 
continuously.

You could use a 555 timer configured as a one-shot multivibrator so keep 
the solenoid energized for a long enough time to guarantee it gets cocked, 
and also guarantee the coil is not energized for too much time.

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