onceMisery opened a new issue, #16108:
URL: https://github.com/apache/dubbo/issues/16108

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   ### Search before asking
   
   - [x] I had searched in the 
[issues](https://github.com/apache/dubbo/issues?q=is%3Aissue) and found no 
similar issues.
   
   
   ### Apache Dubbo Component
   
   Java SDK (apache/dubbo)
   
   ### Dubbo Version
   
   Dubbo version 3.2.x ,  openJdk 17 ,  Ubuntu20.04
   
   ### Steps to reproduce this issue
   
   ### Environment
   
   - Dubbo version: 3.2.x (tested on 3.2.18 / 3.2.19)
   - Registry: Nacos
   - Spring Cloud and Dubbo services registered under the same Nacos namespace
   
   ### Configuration
   
   ```yaml
   dubbo:
     protocol:
       port: yourPort
       serialization: fastjson2
     consumer:
       protocol: dubbo
     protocols:
       dubbo:
         name: dubbo
         port: yourPort
         serialization: fastjson2
         timeout: 30000
   ```
   
   ### Steps
   
   1. Register a Spring Cloud service (non-Dubbo) to Nacos. 
   2. Register a Dubbo consumer application to the same Nacos namespace.
   3. The Dubbo consumer has `@DubboReference` on an interface (e.g., 
`TestApi`) that shares the same application name as the Spring Cloud service.
   4. Start the Dubbo consumer application.
   
   ### Error logs
   
   ```
   [DUBBO] Failed to refer invoker for interface: interface com.example.TestApi,
     url:(DefaultServiceInstance{serviceName='example-service', 
host='172.23.45.123', port=11105,
     enabled=true, healthy=true, 
metadata={preserved.register.source=SPRING_CLOUD}},
     service{name='com.example.TestApi', group='null', version='null', 
protocol='rest',
     port='TestApiServiceRestPort', params={},})
     service is: interface com.example.TenantDictApi, only support [jax-rs, 
spring-webmvc] annotation,
     dubbo version: 3.2.19, error code: 4-3.
   
   [DUBBO] Unsupported protocol., dubbo version: 3.2.19, error code: 4-1.
   java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot create invokers from url address 
list (total 1)
     at 
o.a.d.registry.client.ServiceDiscoveryRegistryDirectory.refreshInvoker(ServiceDiscoveryRegistryDirectory.java:376)
   ```
   
   ### What you expected to happen
   
   When a Dubbo consumer discovers Spring Cloud instances (which have no Dubbo 
metadata), it should gracefully skip those instances instead of throwing 
`IllegalStateException`. The consumer should wait for actual Dubbo provider 
instances to register.
   
   
   ### Anything else
   
   ### Root cause analysis
   
   The issue involves three components working together incorrectly:
   
   **1. `SpringCloudServiceInstanceNotificationCustomizer.customize()`** sets 
REST protocol metadata on Spring Cloud instances with a wildcard path `"*"`:
   
   ```java
   MetadataInfo.ServiceInfo serviceInfo = new MetadataInfo.ServiceInfo(
       "*", "*", "*", REST_PROTOCOL, instance.getPort(), "*", new HashMap<>());
   ```
   
   **2. `SpringCloudServiceInstanceNotificationCustomizer` inner 
`MetadataInfo.getMatchedServiceInfos()`** only filters out non-REST consumers 
when `consumerProtocol != null`. When `@DubboReference` does not explicitly 
specify `protocol`, the `consumerProtocolServiceKey.getProtocol()` is `null`, 
bypassing the filter:
   
   ```java
   // Original code: null protocol falls through to REST matching
   if (consumerProtocol != null && 
!REST_PROTOCOL.equalsIgnoreCase(consumerProtocol)) {
       return Collections.emptyList();
   }
   
   ### Do you have a (mini) reproduction demo?
   
   - [x] Yes, I have a minimal reproduction demo to help resolve this issue 
more effectively!
   
   ### Are you willing to submit a pull request to fix on your own?
   
   - [x] Yes I am willing to submit a pull request on my own!
   
   ### Code of Conduct
   
   - [x] I agree to follow this project's [Code of 
Conduct](https://www.apache.org/foundation/policies/conduct)
   


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