http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-freemarker/blob/a5d9575f/src/main/java/org/apache/freemarker/core/util/_SortedArraySet.java
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diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/freemarker/core/util/_SortedArraySet.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/freemarker/core/util/_SortedArraySet.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef18c21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/freemarker/core/util/_SortedArraySet.java
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.freemarker.core.util;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+
+/** Don't use this; used internally by FreeMarker, might changes without 
notice. */
+public class _SortedArraySet<E> extends _UnmodifiableSet<E> {
+
+    private final E[] array;
+
+    public _SortedArraySet(E[] array) {
+        this.array = array;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int size() {
+        return array.length;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean contains(Object o) {
+        return Arrays.binarySearch(array, o) >= 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
+        return new _ArrayIterator(array);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean add(E o) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean remove(Object o) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void clear() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+    
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator-freemarker/blob/a5d9575f/src/main/java/org/apache/freemarker/core/util/_StringUtil.java
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diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/freemarker/core/util/_StringUtil.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/freemarker/core/util/_StringUtil.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a63f299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/freemarker/core/util/_StringUtil.java
@@ -0,0 +1,2198 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.freemarker.core.util;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import org.apache.freemarker.core.Configuration;
+import org.apache.freemarker.core.Version;
+import org.apache.freemarker.core.ast.BugException;
+import org.apache.freemarker.core.ast.Environment;
+import org.apache.freemarker.core.ast.ParseException;
+import org.apache.freemarker.core.model.impl.dom._ExtDomApi;
+
+/** Don't use this; used internally by FreeMarker, might changes without 
notice. */
+public class _StringUtil {
+    
+    private static final char[] ESCAPES = createEscapes();
+    
+    private static final char[] LT = new char[] { '&', 'l', 't', ';' };
+    private static final char[] GT = new char[] { '&', 'g', 't', ';' };
+    private static final char[] AMP = new char[] { '&', 'a', 'm', 'p', ';' };
+    private static final char[] QUOT = new char[] { '&', 'q', 'u', 'o', 't', 
';' };
+    private static final char[] HTML_APOS = new char[] { '&', '#', '3', '9', 
';' };
+    private static final char[] XML_APOS = new char[] { '&', 'a', 'p', 'o', 
's', ';' };
+
+    /**
+     *  XML Encoding.
+     *  Replaces all '&gt;' '&lt;' '&amp;', "'" and '"' with entity reference
+     */
+    public static String XMLEnc(String s) {
+        return XMLOrHTMLEnc(s, true, true, XML_APOS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Like {@link #XMLEnc(String)}, but writes the result into a {@link 
Writer}.
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.24
+     */
+    public static void XMLEnc(String s, Writer out) throws IOException {
+        XMLOrHTMLEnc(s, XML_APOS, out);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     *  XHTML Encoding.
+     *  Replaces all '&gt;' '&lt;' '&amp;', "'" and '"' with entity reference
+     *  suitable for XHTML decoding in common user agents (including legacy
+     *  user agents, which do not decode "&amp;apos;" to "'", so "&amp;#39;" 
is used
+     *  instead [see http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#C_16])
+     */
+    public static String XHTMLEnc(String s) {
+        return XMLOrHTMLEnc(s, true, true, HTML_APOS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Like {@link #XHTMLEnc(String)}, but writes the result into a {@link 
Writer}.
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.24
+     */
+    public static void XHTMLEnc(String s, Writer out) throws IOException {
+        XMLOrHTMLEnc(s, HTML_APOS, out);
+    }
+    
+    private static String XMLOrHTMLEnc(String s, boolean escGT, boolean 
escQuot, char[] apos) {
+        final int ln = s.length();
+        
+        // First we find out if we need to escape, and if so, what the length 
of the output will be:
+        int firstEscIdx = -1;
+        int lastEscIdx = 0;
+        int plusOutLn = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < ln; i++) {
+            escape: do {
+                final char c = s.charAt(i);
+                switch (c) {
+                case '<':
+                    plusOutLn += LT.length - 1;
+                    break;
+                case '>':
+                    if (!(escGT || maybeCDataEndGT(s, i))) {
+                        break escape;
+                    }
+                    plusOutLn += GT.length - 1;
+                    break;
+                case '&':
+                    plusOutLn += AMP.length - 1;
+                    break;
+                case '"':
+                    if (!escQuot) {
+                        break escape;
+                    }
+                    plusOutLn += QUOT.length - 1;
+                    break;
+                case '\'': // apos
+                    if (apos == null) {
+                        break escape;
+                    }
+                    plusOutLn += apos.length - 1;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break escape;
+                }
+                
+                if (firstEscIdx == -1) {
+                    firstEscIdx = i;
+                }
+                lastEscIdx = i;
+            } while (false);
+        }
+        
+        if (firstEscIdx == -1) {
+            return s; // Nothing to escape
+        } else {
+            final char[] esced = new char[ln + plusOutLn];
+            if (firstEscIdx != 0) {
+                s.getChars(0, firstEscIdx, esced, 0);
+            }
+            int dst = firstEscIdx;
+            scan: for (int i = firstEscIdx; i <= lastEscIdx; i++) {
+                final char c = s.charAt(i);
+                switch (c) {
+                case '<':
+                    dst = shortArrayCopy(LT, esced, dst);
+                    continue scan;
+                case '>':
+                    if (!(escGT || maybeCDataEndGT(s, i))) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    dst = shortArrayCopy(GT, esced, dst);
+                    continue scan;
+                case '&':
+                    dst = shortArrayCopy(AMP, esced, dst);
+                    continue scan;
+                case '"':
+                    if (!escQuot) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    dst = shortArrayCopy(QUOT, esced, dst);
+                    continue scan;
+                case '\'': // apos
+                    if (apos == null) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    dst = shortArrayCopy(apos, esced, dst);
+                    continue scan;
+                }
+                esced[dst++] = c;
+            }
+            if (lastEscIdx != ln - 1) {
+                s.getChars(lastEscIdx + 1, ln, esced, dst);
+            }
+            
+            return String.valueOf(esced);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static boolean maybeCDataEndGT(String s, int i) {
+        if (i == 0) return true;
+        if (s.charAt(i - 1) != ']') return false;
+        if (i == 1 || s.charAt(i - 2) == ']') return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static void XMLOrHTMLEnc(String s, char[] apos, Writer out) throws 
IOException {
+        int writtenEnd = 0;  // exclusive end
+        int ln = s.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ln; i++) {
+            char c = s.charAt(i);
+            if (c == '<' || c == '>' || c == '&' || c == '"' || c == '\'') {
+                int flushLn = i - writtenEnd;
+                if (flushLn != 0) {
+                    out.write(s, writtenEnd, flushLn);
+                }
+                writtenEnd = i + 1;
+                
+                switch (c) {
+                case '<': out.write(LT); break;
+                case '>': out.write(GT); break;
+                case '&': out.write(AMP); break;
+                case '"': out.write(QUOT); break;
+                default: out.write(apos); break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (writtenEnd < ln) {
+            out.write(s, writtenEnd, ln - writtenEnd);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * For efficiently copying very short char arrays.
+     */
+    private static int shortArrayCopy(char[] src, char[] dst, int dstOffset) {
+        int ln = src.length;
+        for (int i = 0; i < ln; i++) {
+            dst[dstOffset++] = src[i];
+        }
+        return dstOffset;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     *  XML encoding without replacing apostrophes.
+     *  @see #XMLEnc(String)
+     */
+    public static String XMLEncNA(String s) {
+        return XMLOrHTMLEnc(s, true, true, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  XML encoding for attribute values quoted with <tt>"</tt> (not with 
<tt>'</tt>!).
+     *  Also can be used for HTML attributes that are quoted with <tt>"</tt>.
+     *  @see #XMLEnc(String)
+     */
+    public static String XMLEncQAttr(String s) {
+        return XMLOrHTMLEnc(s, false, true, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  XML encoding without replacing apostrophes and quotation marks and
+     *  greater-thans (except in {@code ]]>}).
+     *  @see #XMLEnc(String)
+     */
+    public static String XMLEncNQG(String s) {
+        return XMLOrHTMLEnc(s, false, false, null);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     *  Rich Text Format encoding (does not replace line breaks).
+     *  Escapes all '\' '{' '}'.
+     */
+    public static String RTFEnc(String s) {
+        int ln = s.length();
+        
+        // First we find out if we need to escape, and if so, what the length 
of the output will be:
+        int firstEscIdx = -1;
+        int lastEscIdx = 0;
+        int plusOutLn = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < ln; i++) {
+            char c = s.charAt(i);
+            if (c == '{' || c == '}' || c == '\\') {
+                if (firstEscIdx == -1) {
+                    firstEscIdx = i;
+                }
+                lastEscIdx = i;
+                plusOutLn++;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if (firstEscIdx == -1) {
+            return s; // Nothing to escape
+        } else {
+            char[] esced = new char[ln + plusOutLn];
+            if (firstEscIdx != 0) {
+                s.getChars(0, firstEscIdx, esced, 0);
+            }
+            int dst = firstEscIdx;
+            for (int i = firstEscIdx; i <= lastEscIdx; i++) {
+                char c = s.charAt(i);
+                if (c == '{' || c == '}' || c == '\\') {
+                    esced[dst++] = '\\';
+                }
+                esced[dst++] = c;
+            }
+            if (lastEscIdx != ln - 1) {
+                s.getChars(lastEscIdx + 1, ln, esced, dst);
+            }
+            
+            return String.valueOf(esced);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Like {@link #RTFEnc(String)}, but writes the result into a {@link 
Writer}.
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.24
+     */
+    public static void RTFEnc(String s, Writer out) throws IOException {
+        int writtenEnd = 0;  // exclusive end
+        int ln = s.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ln; i++) {
+            char c = s.charAt(i);
+            if (c == '{' || c == '}' || c == '\\') {
+                int flushLn = i - writtenEnd;
+                if (flushLn != 0) {
+                    out.write(s, writtenEnd, flushLn);
+                }
+                out.write('\\');
+                writtenEnd = i; // Not i + 1, so c will be written out later
+            }
+        }
+        if (writtenEnd < ln) {
+            out.write(s, writtenEnd, ln - writtenEnd);
+        }
+    }
+    
+
+    /**
+     * URL encoding (like%20this) for query parameter values, path 
<em>segments</em>, fragments; this encodes all
+     * characters that are reserved anywhere.
+     */
+    public static String URLEnc(String s, String charset) throws 
UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        return URLEnc(s, charset, false);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Like {@link #URLEnc(String, String)} but doesn't escape the slash 
character ({@code /}).
+     * This can be used to encode a path only if you know that no folder or 
file name will contain {@code /}
+     * character (not in the path, but in the name itself), which usually 
stands, as the commonly used OS-es don't
+     * allow that.
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.21
+     */
+    public static String URLPathEnc(String s, String charset) throws 
UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        return URLEnc(s, charset, true);
+    }
+    
+    private static String URLEnc(String s, String charset, boolean keepSlash)
+            throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        int ln = s.length();
+        int i;
+        for (i = 0; i < ln; i++) {
+            char c = s.charAt(i);
+            if (!safeInURL(c, keepSlash)) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (i == ln) {
+            // Nothing to escape
+            return s;
+        }
+
+        StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder(ln + ln / 3 + 2);
+        b.append(s.substring(0, i));
+
+        int encStart = i;
+        for (i++; i < ln; i++) {
+            char c = s.charAt(i);
+            if (safeInURL(c, keepSlash)) {
+                if (encStart != -1) {
+                    byte[] o = s.substring(encStart, i).getBytes(charset);
+                    for (int j = 0; j < o.length; j++) {
+                        b.append('%');
+                        byte bc = o[j];
+                        int c1 = bc & 0x0F;
+                        int c2 = (bc >> 4) & 0x0F;
+                        b.append((char) (c2 < 10 ? c2 + '0' : c2 - 10 + 'A'));
+                        b.append((char) (c1 < 10 ? c1 + '0' : c1 - 10 + 'A'));
+                    }
+                    encStart = -1;
+                }
+                b.append(c);
+            } else {
+                if (encStart == -1) {
+                    encStart = i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (encStart != -1) {
+            byte[] o = s.substring(encStart, i).getBytes(charset);
+            for (int j = 0; j < o.length; j++) {
+                b.append('%');
+                byte bc = o[j];
+                int c1 = bc & 0x0F;
+                int c2 = (bc >> 4) & 0x0F;
+                b.append((char) (c2 < 10 ? c2 + '0' : c2 - 10 + 'A'));
+                b.append((char) (c1 < 10 ? c1 + '0' : c1 - 10 + 'A'));
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return b.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean safeInURL(char c, boolean keepSlash) {
+        return c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' || c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'
+                || c >= '0' && c <= '9'
+                || c == '_' || c == '-' || c == '.' || c == '!' || c == '~'
+                || c >= '\'' && c <= '*'
+                || keepSlash && c == '/';
+    }
+    
+    private static char[] createEscapes() {
+        char[] escapes = new char['\\' + 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i) {
+            escapes[i] = 1;
+        }
+        escapes['\\'] = '\\';
+        escapes['\''] = '\'';
+        escapes['"'] = '"';
+        escapes['<'] = 'l';
+        escapes['>'] = 'g';
+        escapes['&'] = 'a';
+        escapes['\b'] = 'b';
+        escapes['\t'] = 't';
+        escapes['\n'] = 'n';
+        escapes['\f'] = 'f';
+        escapes['\r'] = 'r';
+        return escapes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escapes a string according the FTL string literal escaping rules, 
assuming the literal is quoted with
+     * {@code quotation}; it doesn't add the quotation marks itself.
+     * 
+     * @param quotation
+     *            Either {@code '"'} or {@code '\''}. It's assumed that the 
string literal whose part we calculate is
+     *            enclosed within this kind of quotation mark. Thus, the other 
kind of quotation character will not be
+     *            escaped in the result.
+     *
+     * @since 2.3.22
+     */
+    public static String FTLStringLiteralEnc(String s, char quotation) {
+        return FTLStringLiteralEnc(s, quotation, false);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Escapes a string according the FTL string literal escaping rules; it 
doesn't add the quotation marks. As this
+     * method doesn't know if the string literal is quoted with reuglar 
quotation marks or apostrophe quute, it will
+     * escape both.
+     * 
+     * @see #FTLStringLiteralEnc(String, char)
+     */
+    public static String FTLStringLiteralEnc(String s) {
+        return FTLStringLiteralEnc(s, (char) 0, false);
+    }
+
+    private static String FTLStringLiteralEnc(String s, char quotation, 
boolean addQuotation) {
+        final int ln = s.length();
+        
+        final char otherQuotation;
+        if (quotation == 0) {
+            otherQuotation = 0;
+        } else if (quotation == '"') {
+            otherQuotation = '\'';
+        } else if (quotation == '\'') {
+            otherQuotation = '"';
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported quotation 
character: " + quotation);
+        }
+        
+        final int escLn = ESCAPES.length;
+        StringBuilder buf = null;
+        for (int i = 0; i < ln; i++) {
+            char c = s.charAt(i);
+            char escape =
+                    c < escLn ? ESCAPES[c] :
+                    c == '{' && i > 0 && isInterpolationStart(s.charAt(i - 1)) 
? '{' :
+                    0;
+            if (escape == 0 || escape == otherQuotation) {
+                if (buf != null) {
+                    buf.append(c);
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (buf == null) {
+                    buf = new StringBuilder(s.length() + 4 + (addQuotation ? 2 
: 0));
+                    if (addQuotation) {
+                        buf.append(quotation);
+                    }
+                    buf.append(s.substring(0, i));
+                }
+                if (escape == 1) {
+                    // hex encoding for characters below 0x20
+                    // that have no other escape representation
+                    buf.append("\\x00");
+                    int c2 = (c >> 4) & 0x0F;
+                    c = (char) (c & 0x0F);
+                    buf.append((char) (c2 < 10 ? c2 + '0' : c2 - 10 + 'A'));
+                    buf.append((char) (c < 10 ? c + '0' : c - 10 + 'A'));
+                } else {
+                    buf.append('\\');
+                    buf.append(escape);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if (buf == null) {
+            return addQuotation ? quotation + s + quotation : s;
+        } else {
+            if (addQuotation) {
+                buf.append(quotation);
+            }
+            return buf.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isInterpolationStart(char c) {
+        return c == '$' || c == '#';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * FTL string literal decoding.
+     *
+     * \\, \", \', \n, \t, \r, \b and \f will be replaced according to
+     * Java rules. In additional, it knows \g, \l, \a and \{ which are
+     * replaced with &lt;, &gt;, &amp; and { respectively.
+     * \x works as hexadecimal character code escape. The character
+     * codes are interpreted according to UCS basic plane (Unicode).
+     * "f\x006Fo", "f\x06Fo" and "f\x6Fo" will be "foo".
+     * "f\x006F123" will be "foo123" as the maximum number of digits is 4.
+     *
+     * All other \X (where X is any character not mentioned above or 
End-of-string)
+     * will cause a ParseException.
+     *
+     * @param s String literal <em>without</em> the surrounding quotation marks
+     * @return String with all escape sequences resolved
+     * @throws ParseException if there string contains illegal escapes
+     */
+    public static String FTLStringLiteralDec(String s) throws ParseException {
+
+        int idx = s.indexOf('\\');
+        if (idx == -1) {
+            return s;
+        }
+
+        int lidx = s.length() - 1;
+        int bidx = 0;
+        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(lidx);
+        do {
+            buf.append(s.substring(bidx, idx));
+            if (idx >= lidx) {
+                throw new ParseException("The last character of string literal 
is backslash", 0,0);
+            }
+            char c = s.charAt(idx + 1);
+            switch (c) {
+                case '"':
+                    buf.append('"');
+                    bidx = idx + 2;
+                    break;
+                case '\'':
+                    buf.append('\'');
+                    bidx = idx + 2;
+                    break;
+                case '\\':
+                    buf.append('\\');
+                    bidx = idx + 2;
+                    break;
+                case 'n':
+                    buf.append('\n');
+                    bidx = idx + 2;
+                    break;
+                case 'r':
+                    buf.append('\r');
+                    bidx = idx + 2;
+                    break;
+                case 't':
+                    buf.append('\t');
+                    bidx = idx + 2;
+                    break;
+                case 'f':
+                    buf.append('\f');
+                    bidx = idx + 2;
+                    break;
+                case 'b':
+                    buf.append('\b');
+                    bidx = idx + 2;
+                    break;
+                case 'g':
+                    buf.append('>');
+                    bidx = idx + 2;
+                    break;
+                case 'l':
+                    buf.append('<');
+                    bidx = idx + 2;
+                    break;
+                case 'a':
+                    buf.append('&');
+                    bidx = idx + 2;
+                    break;
+                case '{':
+                    buf.append('{');
+                    bidx = idx + 2;
+                    break;
+                case 'x': {
+                    idx += 2;
+                    int x = idx;
+                    int y = 0;
+                    int z = lidx > idx + 3 ? idx + 3 : lidx;
+                    while (idx <= z) {
+                        char b = s.charAt(idx);
+                        if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') {
+                            y <<= 4;
+                            y += b - '0';
+                        } else if (b >= 'a' && b <= 'f') {
+                            y <<= 4;
+                            y += b - 'a' + 10;
+                        } else if (b >= 'A' && b <= 'F') {
+                            y <<= 4;
+                            y += b - 'A' + 10;
+                        } else {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        idx++;
+                    }
+                    if (x < idx) {
+                        buf.append((char) y);
+                    } else {
+                        throw new ParseException("Invalid \\x escape in a 
string literal",0,0);
+                    }
+                    bidx = idx;
+                    break;
+                }
+                default:
+                    throw new ParseException("Invalid escape sequence (\\" + c 
+ ") in a string literal",0,0);
+            }
+            idx = s.indexOf('\\', bidx);
+        } while (idx != -1);
+        buf.append(s.substring(bidx));
+
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    public static Locale deduceLocale(String input) {
+       if (input == null) return null;
+       Locale locale = Locale.getDefault();
+       if (input.length() > 0 && input.charAt(0) == '"') input = 
input.substring(1, input.length() - 1);
+       StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(input, ",_ ");
+       String lang = "", country = "";
+       if (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
+          lang = st.nextToken();
+       }
+       if (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
+          country = st.nextToken();
+       }
+       if (!st.hasMoreTokens()) {
+          locale = new Locale(lang, country);
+       } else {
+          locale = new Locale(lang, country, st.nextToken());
+       }
+       return locale;
+    }
+
+    public static String capitalize(String s) {
+        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(s, " \t\r\n", true);
+        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(s.length());
+        while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
+            String tok = st.nextToken();
+            buf.append(tok.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase());
+            buf.append(tok.substring(1).toLowerCase());
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    public static boolean getYesNo(String s) {
+        if (s.startsWith("\"")) {
+            s = s.substring(1, s.length() - 1);
+
+        }
+        if (s.equalsIgnoreCase("n")
+                || s.equalsIgnoreCase("no")
+                || s.equalsIgnoreCase("f")
+                || s.equalsIgnoreCase("false")) {
+            return false;
+        } else if (s.equalsIgnoreCase("y")
+                || s.equalsIgnoreCase("yes")
+                || s.equalsIgnoreCase("t")
+                || s.equalsIgnoreCase("true")) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal boolean value: " + s);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Splits a string at the specified character.
+     */
+    public static String[] split(String s, char c) {
+        int i, b, e;
+        int cnt;
+        String res[];
+        int ln = s.length();
+
+        i = 0;
+        cnt = 1;
+        while ((i = s.indexOf(c, i)) != -1) {
+            cnt++;
+            i++;
+        }
+        res = new String[cnt];
+
+        i = 0;
+        b = 0;
+        while (b <= ln) {
+            e = s.indexOf(c, b);
+            if (e == -1) e = ln;
+            res[i++] = s.substring(b, e);
+            b = e + 1;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Splits a string at the specified string.
+     */
+    public static String[] split(String s, String sep, boolean 
caseInsensitive) {
+        String splitString = caseInsensitive ? sep.toLowerCase() : sep;
+        String input = caseInsensitive ? s.toLowerCase() : s;
+        int i, b, e;
+        int cnt;
+        String res[];
+        int ln = s.length();
+        int sln = sep.length();
+
+        if (sln == 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "The separator string has 0 length");
+
+        i = 0;
+        cnt = 1;
+        while ((i = input.indexOf(splitString, i)) != -1) {
+            cnt++;
+            i += sln;
+        }
+        res = new String[cnt];
+
+        i = 0;
+        b = 0;
+        while (b <= ln) {
+            e = input.indexOf(splitString, b);
+            if (e == -1) e = ln;
+            res[i++] = s.substring(b, e);
+            b = e + sln;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Same as {@link #replace(String, String, String, boolean, boolean)} with 
two {@code false} parameters. 
+     * @since 2.3.20
+     */
+    public static String replace(String text, String oldSub, String newSub) {
+        return replace(text, oldSub, newSub, false, false);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Replaces all occurrences of a sub-string in a string.
+     * @param text The string where it will replace <code>oldsub</code> with
+     *     <code>newsub</code>.
+     * @return String The string after the replacements.
+     */
+    public static String replace(String text, 
+                                  String oldsub, 
+                                  String newsub, 
+                                  boolean caseInsensitive,
+                                  boolean firstOnly) {
+        StringBuilder buf;
+        int tln;
+        int oln = oldsub.length();
+        
+        if (oln == 0) {
+            int nln = newsub.length();
+            if (nln == 0) {
+                return text;
+            } else {
+                if (firstOnly) {
+                    return newsub + text;
+                } else {
+                    tln = text.length();
+                    buf = new StringBuilder(tln + (tln + 1) * nln);
+                    buf.append(newsub);
+                    for (int i = 0; i < tln; i++) {
+                        buf.append(text.charAt(i));
+                        buf.append(newsub);
+                    }
+                    return buf.toString();
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            oldsub = caseInsensitive ? oldsub.toLowerCase() : oldsub;
+            String input = caseInsensitive ? text.toLowerCase() : text;
+            int e = input.indexOf(oldsub);
+            if (e == -1) {
+                return text;
+            }
+            int b = 0;
+            tln = text.length();
+            buf = new StringBuilder(
+                    tln + Math.max(newsub.length() - oln, 0) * 3);
+            do {
+                buf.append(text.substring(b, e));
+                buf.append(newsub);
+                b = e + oln;
+                e = input.indexOf(oldsub, b);
+            } while (e != -1 && !firstOnly);
+            buf.append(text.substring(b));
+            return buf.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes a line-break from the end of the string (if there's any).
+     */
+    public static String chomp(String s) {
+        if (s.endsWith("\r\n")) return s.substring(0, s.length() - 2);
+        if (s.endsWith("\r") || s.endsWith("\n"))
+                return s.substring(0, s.length() - 1);
+        return s;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a 0-length string to null, leaves the string as is otherwise.
+     * @param s maybe {@code null}.
+     */
+    public static String emptyToNull(String s) {
+       if (s == null) return null;
+       return s.length() == 0 ? null : s;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Converts the parameter with <code>toString</code> (if it's not 
<code>null</code>) and passes it to
+     * {@link #jQuote(String)}.
+     */
+    public static String jQuote(Object obj) {
+        return jQuote(obj != null ? obj.toString() : null);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Quotes string as Java Language string literal.
+     * Returns string <code>"null"</code> if <code>s</code>
+     * is <code>null</code>.
+     */
+    public static String jQuote(String s) {
+        if (s == null) {
+            return "null";
+        }
+        int ln = s.length();
+        StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder(ln + 4);
+        b.append('"');
+        for (int i = 0; i < ln; i++) {
+            char c = s.charAt(i);
+            if (c == '"') {
+                b.append("\\\"");
+            } else if (c == '\\') {
+                b.append("\\\\");
+            } else if (c < 0x20) {
+                if (c == '\n') {
+                    b.append("\\n");
+                } else if (c == '\r') {
+                    b.append("\\r");
+                } else if (c == '\f') {
+                    b.append("\\f");
+                } else if (c == '\b') {
+                    b.append("\\b");
+                } else if (c == '\t') {
+                    b.append("\\t");
+                } else {
+                    b.append("\\u00");
+                    int x = c / 0x10;
+                    b.append(toHexDigit(x));
+                    x = c & 0xF;
+                    b.append(toHexDigit(x));
+                }
+            } else {
+                b.append(c);
+            }
+        } // for each characters
+        b.append('"');
+        return b.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the parameter with <code>toString</code> (if not
+     * <code>null</code>)and passes it to {@link #jQuoteNoXSS(String)}. 
+     */
+    public static String jQuoteNoXSS(Object obj) {
+        return jQuoteNoXSS(obj != null ? obj.toString() : null);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Same as {@link #jQuoteNoXSS(String)} but also escapes 
<code>'&lt;'</code>
+     * as <code>\</code><code>u003C</code>. This is used for log messages to 
prevent XSS
+     * on poorly written Web-based log viewers. 
+     */
+    public static String jQuoteNoXSS(String s) {
+        if (s == null) {
+            return "null";
+        }
+        int ln = s.length();
+        StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder(ln + 4);
+        b.append('"');
+        for (int i = 0; i < ln; i++) {
+            char c = s.charAt(i);
+            if (c == '"') {
+                b.append("\\\"");
+            } else if (c == '\\') {
+                b.append("\\\\");
+            } else if (c == '<') {
+                b.append("\\u003C");
+            } else if (c < 0x20) {
+                if (c == '\n') {
+                    b.append("\\n");
+                } else if (c == '\r') {
+                    b.append("\\r");
+                } else if (c == '\f') {
+                    b.append("\\f");
+                } else if (c == '\b') {
+                    b.append("\\b");
+                } else if (c == '\t') {
+                    b.append("\\t");
+                } else {
+                    b.append("\\u00");
+                    int x = c / 0x10;
+                    b.append(toHexDigit(x));
+                    x = c & 0xF;
+                    b.append(toHexDigit(x));
+                }
+            } else {
+                b.append(c);
+            }
+        } // for each characters
+        b.append('"');
+        return b.toString();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Creates a <em>quoted</em> FTL string literal from a string, using 
escaping where necessary. The result either
+     * uses regular quotation marks (UCS 0x22) or apostrophe-quotes (UCS 
0x27), depending on the string content.
+     * (Currently, apostrophe-quotes will be chosen exactly when the string 
contains regular quotation character and
+     * doesn't contain apostrophe-quote character.)
+     *
+     * @param s
+     *            The value that should be converted to an FTL string literal 
whose evaluated value equals to {@code s}
+     *
+     * @since 2.3.22
+     */
+    public static String ftlQuote(String s) {
+        char quotation;
+        if (s.indexOf('"') != -1 && s.indexOf('\'') == -1) {
+            quotation = '\'';
+        } else {
+            quotation = '\"';
+        }
+        return FTLStringLiteralEnc(s, quotation, true);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tells if a character can occur on the beginning of an FTL identifier 
expression (without escaping). 
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.22
+     */
+    public static boolean isFTLIdentifierStart(final char c) {
+        // This code was generated on JDK 1.8.0_20 Win64 with 
src/main/misc/identifierChars/IdentifierCharGenerator.java
+        if (c < 0xAA) { // This branch was edited for speed.
+            if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' || c >= '@' && c <= 'Z') {
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                return c == '$' || c == '_'; 
+            }
+        } else { // c >= 0xAA
+            if (c < 0xA7F8) {
+                if (c < 0x2D6F) {
+                    if (c < 0x2128) {
+                        if (c < 0x2090) {
+                            if (c < 0xD8) {
+                                if (c < 0xBA) {
+                                    return c == 0xAA || c == 0xB5;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xBA
+                                    return c == 0xBA || c >= 0xC0 && c <= 0xD6;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0xD8
+                                if (c < 0x2071) {
+                                    return c >= 0xD8 && c <= 0xF6 || c >= 0xF8 
&& c <= 0x1FFF;
+                                } else { // c >= 0x2071
+                                    return c == 0x2071 || c == 0x207F;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else { // c >= 0x2090
+                            if (c < 0x2115) {
+                                if (c < 0x2107) {
+                                    return c >= 0x2090 && c <= 0x209C || c == 
0x2102;
+                                } else { // c >= 0x2107
+                                    return c == 0x2107 || c >= 0x210A && c <= 
0x2113;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0x2115
+                                if (c < 0x2124) {
+                                    return c == 0x2115 || c >= 0x2119 && c <= 
0x211D;
+                                } else { // c >= 0x2124
+                                    return c == 0x2124 || c == 0x2126;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else { // c >= 0x2128
+                        if (c < 0x2C30) {
+                            if (c < 0x2145) {
+                                if (c < 0x212F) {
+                                    return c == 0x2128 || c >= 0x212A && c <= 
0x212D;
+                                } else { // c >= 0x212F
+                                    return c >= 0x212F && c <= 0x2139 || c >= 
0x213C && c <= 0x213F;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0x2145
+                                if (c < 0x2183) {
+                                    return c >= 0x2145 && c <= 0x2149 || c == 
0x214E;
+                                } else { // c >= 0x2183
+                                    return c >= 0x2183 && c <= 0x2184 || c >= 
0x2C00 && c <= 0x2C2E;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else { // c >= 0x2C30
+                            if (c < 0x2D00) {
+                                if (c < 0x2CEB) {
+                                    return c >= 0x2C30 && c <= 0x2C5E || c >= 
0x2C60 && c <= 0x2CE4;
+                                } else { // c >= 0x2CEB
+                                    return c >= 0x2CEB && c <= 0x2CEE || c >= 
0x2CF2 && c <= 0x2CF3;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0x2D00
+                                if (c < 0x2D2D) {
+                                    return c >= 0x2D00 && c <= 0x2D25 || c == 
0x2D27;
+                                } else { // c >= 0x2D2D
+                                    return c == 0x2D2D || c >= 0x2D30 && c <= 
0x2D67;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else { // c >= 0x2D6F
+                    if (c < 0x31F0) {
+                        if (c < 0x2DD0) {
+                            if (c < 0x2DB0) {
+                                if (c < 0x2DA0) {
+                                    return c == 0x2D6F || c >= 0x2D80 && c <= 
0x2D96;
+                                } else { // c >= 0x2DA0
+                                    return c >= 0x2DA0 && c <= 0x2DA6 || c >= 
0x2DA8 && c <= 0x2DAE;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0x2DB0
+                                if (c < 0x2DC0) {
+                                    return c >= 0x2DB0 && c <= 0x2DB6 || c >= 
0x2DB8 && c <= 0x2DBE;
+                                } else { // c >= 0x2DC0
+                                    return c >= 0x2DC0 && c <= 0x2DC6 || c >= 
0x2DC8 && c <= 0x2DCE;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else { // c >= 0x2DD0
+                            if (c < 0x3031) {
+                                if (c < 0x2E2F) {
+                                    return c >= 0x2DD0 && c <= 0x2DD6 || c >= 
0x2DD8 && c <= 0x2DDE;
+                                } else { // c >= 0x2E2F
+                                    return c == 0x2E2F || c >= 0x3005 && c <= 
0x3006;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0x3031
+                                if (c < 0x3040) {
+                                    return c >= 0x3031 && c <= 0x3035 || c >= 
0x303B && c <= 0x303C;
+                                } else { // c >= 0x3040
+                                    return c >= 0x3040 && c <= 0x318F || c >= 
0x31A0 && c <= 0x31BA;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else { // c >= 0x31F0
+                        if (c < 0xA67F) {
+                            if (c < 0xA4D0) {
+                                if (c < 0x3400) {
+                                    return c >= 0x31F0 && c <= 0x31FF || c >= 
0x3300 && c <= 0x337F;
+                                } else { // c >= 0x3400
+                                    return c >= 0x3400 && c <= 0x4DB5 || c >= 
0x4E00 && c <= 0xA48C;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0xA4D0
+                                if (c < 0xA610) {
+                                    return c >= 0xA4D0 && c <= 0xA4FD || c >= 
0xA500 && c <= 0xA60C;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xA610
+                                    return c >= 0xA610 && c <= 0xA62B || c >= 
0xA640 && c <= 0xA66E;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else { // c >= 0xA67F
+                            if (c < 0xA78B) {
+                                if (c < 0xA717) {
+                                    return c >= 0xA67F && c <= 0xA697 || c >= 
0xA6A0 && c <= 0xA6E5;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xA717
+                                    return c >= 0xA717 && c <= 0xA71F || c >= 
0xA722 && c <= 0xA788;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0xA78B
+                                if (c < 0xA7A0) {
+                                    return c >= 0xA78B && c <= 0xA78E || c >= 
0xA790 && c <= 0xA793;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xA7A0
+                                    return c >= 0xA7A0 && c <= 0xA7AA;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else { // c >= 0xA7F8
+                if (c < 0xAB20) {
+                    if (c < 0xAA44) {
+                        if (c < 0xA8FB) {
+                            if (c < 0xA840) {
+                                if (c < 0xA807) {
+                                    return c >= 0xA7F8 && c <= 0xA801 || c >= 
0xA803 && c <= 0xA805;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xA807
+                                    return c >= 0xA807 && c <= 0xA80A || c >= 
0xA80C && c <= 0xA822;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0xA840
+                                if (c < 0xA8D0) {
+                                    return c >= 0xA840 && c <= 0xA873 || c >= 
0xA882 && c <= 0xA8B3;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xA8D0
+                                    return c >= 0xA8D0 && c <= 0xA8D9 || c >= 
0xA8F2 && c <= 0xA8F7;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else { // c >= 0xA8FB
+                            if (c < 0xA984) {
+                                if (c < 0xA930) {
+                                    return c == 0xA8FB || c >= 0xA900 && c <= 
0xA925;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xA930
+                                    return c >= 0xA930 && c <= 0xA946 || c >= 
0xA960 && c <= 0xA97C;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0xA984
+                                if (c < 0xAA00) {
+                                    return c >= 0xA984 && c <= 0xA9B2 || c >= 
0xA9CF && c <= 0xA9D9;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xAA00
+                                    return c >= 0xAA00 && c <= 0xAA28 || c >= 
0xAA40 && c <= 0xAA42;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else { // c >= 0xAA44
+                        if (c < 0xAAC0) {
+                            if (c < 0xAA80) {
+                                if (c < 0xAA60) {
+                                    return c >= 0xAA44 && c <= 0xAA4B || c >= 
0xAA50 && c <= 0xAA59;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xAA60
+                                    return c >= 0xAA60 && c <= 0xAA76 || c == 
0xAA7A;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0xAA80
+                                if (c < 0xAAB5) {
+                                    return c >= 0xAA80 && c <= 0xAAAF || c == 
0xAAB1;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xAAB5
+                                    return c >= 0xAAB5 && c <= 0xAAB6 || c >= 
0xAAB9 && c <= 0xAABD;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else { // c >= 0xAAC0
+                            if (c < 0xAAF2) {
+                                if (c < 0xAADB) {
+                                    return c == 0xAAC0 || c == 0xAAC2;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xAADB
+                                    return c >= 0xAADB && c <= 0xAADD || c >= 
0xAAE0 && c <= 0xAAEA;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0xAAF2
+                                if (c < 0xAB09) {
+                                    return c >= 0xAAF2 && c <= 0xAAF4 || c >= 
0xAB01 && c <= 0xAB06;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xAB09
+                                    return c >= 0xAB09 && c <= 0xAB0E || c >= 
0xAB11 && c <= 0xAB16;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else { // c >= 0xAB20
+                    if (c < 0xFB46) {
+                        if (c < 0xFB13) {
+                            if (c < 0xAC00) {
+                                if (c < 0xABC0) {
+                                    return c >= 0xAB20 && c <= 0xAB26 || c >= 
0xAB28 && c <= 0xAB2E;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xABC0
+                                    return c >= 0xABC0 && c <= 0xABE2 || c >= 
0xABF0 && c <= 0xABF9;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0xAC00
+                                if (c < 0xD7CB) {
+                                    return c >= 0xAC00 && c <= 0xD7A3 || c >= 
0xD7B0 && c <= 0xD7C6;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xD7CB
+                                    return c >= 0xD7CB && c <= 0xD7FB || c >= 
0xF900 && c <= 0xFB06;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else { // c >= 0xFB13
+                            if (c < 0xFB38) {
+                                if (c < 0xFB1F) {
+                                    return c >= 0xFB13 && c <= 0xFB17 || c == 
0xFB1D;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xFB1F
+                                    return c >= 0xFB1F && c <= 0xFB28 || c >= 
0xFB2A && c <= 0xFB36;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0xFB38
+                                if (c < 0xFB40) {
+                                    return c >= 0xFB38 && c <= 0xFB3C || c == 
0xFB3E;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xFB40
+                                    return c >= 0xFB40 && c <= 0xFB41 || c >= 
0xFB43 && c <= 0xFB44;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else { // c >= 0xFB46
+                        if (c < 0xFF21) {
+                            if (c < 0xFDF0) {
+                                if (c < 0xFD50) {
+                                    return c >= 0xFB46 && c <= 0xFBB1 || c >= 
0xFBD3 && c <= 0xFD3D;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xFD50
+                                    return c >= 0xFD50 && c <= 0xFD8F || c >= 
0xFD92 && c <= 0xFDC7;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0xFDF0
+                                if (c < 0xFE76) {
+                                    return c >= 0xFDF0 && c <= 0xFDFB || c >= 
0xFE70 && c <= 0xFE74;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xFE76
+                                    return c >= 0xFE76 && c <= 0xFEFC || c >= 
0xFF10 && c <= 0xFF19;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else { // c >= 0xFF21
+                            if (c < 0xFFCA) {
+                                if (c < 0xFF66) {
+                                    return c >= 0xFF21 && c <= 0xFF3A || c >= 
0xFF41 && c <= 0xFF5A;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xFF66
+                                    return c >= 0xFF66 && c <= 0xFFBE || c >= 
0xFFC2 && c <= 0xFFC7;
+                                }
+                            } else { // c >= 0xFFCA
+                                if (c < 0xFFDA) {
+                                    return c >= 0xFFCA && c <= 0xFFCF || c >= 
0xFFD2 && c <= 0xFFD7;
+                                } else { // c >= 0xFFDA
+                                    return c >= 0xFFDA && c <= 0xFFDC;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tells if a character can occur in an FTL identifier expression (without 
escaping) as other than the first
+     * character. 
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.22
+     */
+    public static boolean isFTLIdentifierPart(final char c) {
+        return isFTLIdentifierStart(c) || (c >= '0' && c <= '9');  
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Escapes the <code>String</code> with the escaping rules of Java language
+     * string literals, so it's safe to insert the value into a string literal.
+     * The resulting string will not be quoted.
+     * 
+     * <p>All characters under UCS code point 0x20 will be escaped.
+     * Where they have no dedicated escape sequence in Java, they will
+     * be replaced with hexadecimal escape (<tt>\</tt><tt>u<i>XXXX</i></tt>). 
+     * 
+     * @see #jQuote(String)
+     */ 
+    public static String javaStringEnc(String s) {
+        int ln = s.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ln; i++) {
+            char c = s.charAt(i);
+            if (c == '"' || c == '\\' || c < 0x20) {
+                StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder(ln + 4);
+                b.append(s.substring(0, i));
+                while (true) {
+                    if (c == '"') {
+                        b.append("\\\"");
+                    } else if (c == '\\') {
+                        b.append("\\\\");
+                    } else if (c < 0x20) {
+                        if (c == '\n') {
+                            b.append("\\n");
+                        } else if (c == '\r') {
+                            b.append("\\r");
+                        } else if (c == '\f') {
+                            b.append("\\f");
+                        } else if (c == '\b') {
+                            b.append("\\b");
+                        } else if (c == '\t') {
+                            b.append("\\t");
+                        } else {
+                            b.append("\\u00");
+                            int x = c / 0x10;
+                            b.append((char)
+                                    (x < 0xA ? x + '0' : x - 0xA + 'a'));
+                            x = c & 0xF;
+                            b.append((char)
+                                    (x < 0xA ? x + '0' : x - 0xA + 'a'));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        b.append(c);
+                    }
+                    i++;
+                    if (i >= ln) {
+                        return b.toString();
+                    }
+                    c = s.charAt(i);
+                }
+            } // if has to be escaped
+        } // for each characters
+        return s;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Escapes a {@link String} to be safely insertable into a JavaScript 
string literal; for more see
+     * {@link #jsStringEnc(String, boolean) jsStringEnc(s, false)}.
+     */
+    public static String javaScriptStringEnc(String s) {
+        return jsStringEnc(s, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Escapes a {@link String} to be safely insertable into a JSON string 
literal; for more see
+     * {@link #jsStringEnc(String, boolean) jsStringEnc(s, true)}.
+     */
+    public static String jsonStringEnc(String s) {
+        return jsStringEnc(s, true);
+    }
+
+    private static final int NO_ESC = 0;
+    private static final int ESC_HEXA = 1;
+    private static final int ESC_BACKSLASH = 3;
+    
+    /**
+     * Escapes a {@link String} to be safely insertable into a JavaScript or a 
JSON string literal.
+     * The resulting string will <em>not</em> be quoted; the caller must 
ensure that they are there in the final
+     * output. Note that for JSON, the quotation marks must be {@code "}, not 
{@code '}, because JSON doesn't escape
+     * {@code '}.
+     * 
+     * <p>The escaping rules guarantee that if the inside of the 
JavaScript/JSON string literal is from one or more
+     * touching pieces that were escaped with this, no character sequence can 
occur that closes the
+     * JavaScript/JSON string literal, or has a meaning in HTML/XML that 
causes the HTML script section to be closed.
+     * (If, however, the escaped section is preceded by or followed by strings 
from other sources, this can't be
+     * guaranteed in some rare cases. Like <tt>x = "&lt;/${a?js_string}"</tt> 
might closes the "script"
+     * element if {@code a} is {@code "script>"}.)
+     * 
+     * The escaped characters are:
+     * 
+     * <table style="width: auto; border-collapse: collapse" border="1" 
summary="Characters escaped by jsStringEnc">
+     * <tr>
+     *   <th>Input
+     *   <th>Output
+     * <tr>
+     *   <td><tt>"</tt>
+     *   <td><tt>\"</tt>
+     * <tr>
+     *   <td><tt>'</tt> if not in JSON-mode
+     *   <td><tt>\'</tt>
+     * <tr>
+     *   <td><tt>\</tt>
+     *   <td><tt>\\</tt>
+     * <tr>
+     *   <td><tt>/</tt> if the method can't know that it won't be directly 
after <tt>&lt;</tt>
+     *   <td><tt>\/</tt>
+     * <tr>
+     *   <td><tt>&gt;</tt> if the method can't know that it won't be directly 
after <tt>]]</tt> or <tt>--</tt>
+     *   <td>JavaScript: <tt>\&gt;</tt>; JSON: <tt>\</tt><tt>u003E</tt>
+     * <tr>
+     *   <td><tt>&lt;</tt> if the method can't know that it won't be directly 
followed by <tt>!</tt> or <tt>?</tt> 
+     *   <td><tt><tt>\</tt>u003C</tt>
+     * <tr>
+     *   <td>
+     *     u0000-u001f (UNICODE control characters - disallowed by JSON)<br>
+     *     u007f-u009f (UNICODE control characters - disallowed by JSON)
+     *   <td><tt>\n</tt>, <tt>\r</tt> and such, or if there's no such 
dedicated escape:
+     *       JavaScript: <tt>\x<i>XX</i></tt>, JSON: 
<tt>\<tt>u</tt><i>XXXX</i></tt>
+     * <tr>
+     *   <td>
+     *     u2028 (Line separator - source code line-break in ECMAScript)<br>
+     *     u2029 (Paragraph separator - source code line-break in 
ECMAScript)<br>
+     *   <td><tt>\<tt>u</tt><i>XXXX</i></tt>
+     * </table>
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.20
+     */
+    public static String jsStringEnc(String s, boolean json) {
+        _NullArgumentException.check("s", s);
+        
+        int ln = s.length();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        for (int i = 0; i < ln; i++) {
+            final char c = s.charAt(i);
+            final int escapeType;  // 
+            if (!(c > '>' && c < 0x7F && c != '\\') && c != ' ' && !(c >= 0xA0 
&& c < 0x2028)) {  // skip common chars
+                if (c <= 0x1F) {  // control chars range 1
+                    if (c == '\n') {
+                        escapeType = 'n';
+                    } else if (c == '\r') {
+                        escapeType = 'r';
+                    } else if (c == '\f') {
+                        escapeType = 'f';
+                    } else if (c == '\b') {
+                        escapeType = 'b';
+                    } else if (c == '\t') {
+                        escapeType = 't';
+                    } else {
+                        escapeType = ESC_HEXA;
+                    }
+                } else if (c == '"') {
+                    escapeType = ESC_BACKSLASH;
+                } else if (c == '\'') {
+                    escapeType = json ? NO_ESC : ESC_BACKSLASH; 
+                } else if (c == '\\') {
+                    escapeType = ESC_BACKSLASH; 
+                } else if (c == '/' && (i == 0 || s.charAt(i - 1) == '<')) {  
// against closing elements
+                    escapeType = ESC_BACKSLASH; 
+                } else if (c == '>') {  // against "]]> and "-->"
+                    final boolean dangerous;
+                    if (i == 0) {
+                        dangerous = true;
+                    } else {
+                        final char prevC = s.charAt(i - 1);
+                        if (prevC == ']' || prevC == '-') {
+                            if (i == 1) {
+                                dangerous = true;
+                            } else {
+                                final char prevPrevC = s.charAt(i - 2);
+                                dangerous = prevPrevC == prevC;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            dangerous = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    escapeType = dangerous ? (json ? ESC_HEXA : ESC_BACKSLASH) 
: NO_ESC;
+                } else if (c == '<') {  // against "<!"
+                    final boolean dangerous;
+                    if (i == ln - 1) {
+                        dangerous = true;
+                    } else {
+                        char nextC = s.charAt(i + 1);
+                        dangerous = nextC == '!' || nextC == '?';
+                    }
+                    escapeType = dangerous ? ESC_HEXA : NO_ESC;
+                } else if ((c >= 0x7F && c <= 0x9F)  // control chars range 2
+                            || (c == 0x2028 || c == 0x2029)  // UNICODE line 
terminators
+                            ) {
+                    escapeType = ESC_HEXA;
+                } else {
+                    escapeType = NO_ESC;
+                }
+                
+                if (escapeType != NO_ESC) { // If needs escaping
+                    if (sb == null) {
+                        sb = new StringBuilder(ln + 6);
+                        sb.append(s.substring(0, i));
+                    }
+                    
+                    sb.append('\\');
+                    if (escapeType > 0x20) {
+                        sb.append((char) escapeType);
+                    } else if (escapeType == ESC_HEXA) {
+                        if (!json && c < 0x100) {
+                            sb.append('x');
+                            sb.append(toHexDigit(c >> 4));
+                            sb.append(toHexDigit(c & 0xF));
+                        } else {
+                            sb.append('u');
+                            int cp = c;
+                            sb.append(toHexDigit((cp >> 12) & 0xF));
+                            sb.append(toHexDigit((cp >> 8) & 0xF));
+                            sb.append(toHexDigit((cp >> 4) & 0xF));
+                            sb.append(toHexDigit(cp & 0xF));
+                        }
+                    } else {  // escapeType == ESC_BACKSLASH
+                        sb.append(c);
+                    }
+                    continue; 
+                }
+                // Falls through when escapeType == NO_ESC 
+            }
+            // Needs no escaping
+                
+            if (sb != null) sb.append(c);
+        } // for each characters
+        
+        return sb == null ? s : sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static char toHexDigit(int d) {
+        return (char) (d < 0xA ? d + '0' : d - 0xA + 'A');
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Parses a name-value pair list, where the pairs are separated with comma,
+     * and the name and value is separated with colon.
+     * The keys and values can contain only letters, digits and <tt>_</tt>. 
They
+     * can't be quoted. White-space around the keys and values are ignored. The
+     * value can be omitted if <code>defaultValue</code> is not null. When a
+     * value is omitted, then the colon after the key must be omitted as well.
+     * The same key can't be used for multiple times.
+     * 
+     * @param s the string to parse.
+     *     For example: <code>"strong:100, soft:900"</code>.
+     * @param defaultValue the value used when the value is omitted in a
+     *     key-value pair.
+     * 
+     * @return the map that contains the name-value pairs.
+     * 
+     * @throws java.text.ParseException if the string is not a valid name-value
+     *     pair list.
+     */
+    public static Map parseNameValuePairList(String s, String defaultValue)
+    throws java.text.ParseException {
+        Map map = new HashMap();
+        
+        char c = ' ';
+        int ln = s.length();
+        int p = 0;
+        int keyStart;
+        int valueStart;
+        String key;
+        String value;
+        
+        fetchLoop: while (true) {
+            // skip ws
+            while (p < ln) {
+                c = s.charAt(p);
+                if (!Character.isWhitespace(c)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                p++;
+            }
+            if (p == ln) {
+                break fetchLoop;
+            }
+            keyStart = p;
+
+            // seek key end
+            while (p < ln) {
+                c = s.charAt(p);
+                if (!(Character.isLetterOrDigit(c) || c == '_')) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                p++;
+            }
+            if (keyStart == p) {
+                throw new java.text.ParseException(
+                       "Expecting letter, digit or \"_\" "
+                        + "here, (the first character of the key) but found "
+                        + jQuote(String.valueOf(c))
+                        + " at position " + p + ".",
+                        p);
+            }
+            key = s.substring(keyStart, p);
+
+            // skip ws
+            while (p < ln) {
+                c = s.charAt(p);
+                if (!Character.isWhitespace(c)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                p++;
+            }
+            if (p == ln) {
+                if (defaultValue == null) {
+                    throw new java.text.ParseException(
+                            "Expecting \":\", but reached "
+                            + "the end of the string "
+                            + " at position " + p + ".",
+                            p);
+                }
+                value = defaultValue;
+            } else if (c != ':') {
+                if (defaultValue == null || c != ',') {
+                    throw new java.text.ParseException(
+                            "Expecting \":\" here, but found "
+                            + jQuote(String.valueOf(c))
+                            + " at position " + p + ".",
+                            p);
+                }
+
+                // skip ","
+                p++;
+                
+                value = defaultValue;
+            } else {
+                // skip ":"
+                p++;
+    
+                // skip ws
+                while (p < ln) {
+                    c = s.charAt(p);
+                    if (!Character.isWhitespace(c)) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    p++;
+                }
+                if (p == ln) {
+                    throw new java.text.ParseException(
+                            "Expecting the value of the key "
+                            + "here, but reached the end of the string "
+                            + " at position " + p + ".",
+                            p);
+                }
+                valueStart = p;
+    
+                // seek value end
+                while (p < ln) {
+                    c = s.charAt(p);
+                    if (!(Character.isLetterOrDigit(c) || c == '_')) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    p++;
+                }
+                if (valueStart == p) {
+                    throw new java.text.ParseException(
+                            "Expecting letter, digit or \"_\" "
+                            + "here, (the first character of the value) "
+                            + "but found "
+                            + jQuote(String.valueOf(c))
+                            + " at position " + p + ".",
+                            p);
+                }
+                value = s.substring(valueStart, p);
+
+                // skip ws
+                while (p < ln) {
+                    c = s.charAt(p);
+                    if (!Character.isWhitespace(c)) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    p++;
+                }
+                
+                // skip ","
+                if (p < ln) {
+                    if (c != ',') {
+                        throw new java.text.ParseException(
+                                "Excpecting \",\" or the end "
+                                + "of the string here, but found "
+                                + jQuote(String.valueOf(c))
+                                + " at position " + p + ".",
+                                p);
+                    } else {
+                        p++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            // store the key-value pair
+            if (map.put(key, value) != null) {
+                throw new java.text.ParseException(
+                        "Dublicated key: "
+                        + jQuote(key), keyStart);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return map;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Used internally by the XML DOM_WRAPPER wrapper to check if the 
subvariable name is just an element name, or a more
+     * complex XPath expression.
+     * 
+     * @return whether the name is a valid XML element name. (This routine 
might only be 99% accurate. REVISIT)
+     * 
+     * @deprecated Don't use this outside FreeMarker; it's name if misleading, 
and it doesn't follow the XML specs.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    static public boolean isXMLID(String name) {
+        return _ExtDomApi.isXMLNameLike(name);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * @return whether the qname matches the combination of nodeName, nsURI, 
and environment prefix settings.
+     */
+    static public boolean matchesName(String qname, String nodeName, String 
nsURI, Environment env) {
+        return _ExtDomApi.matchesName(qname, nodeName, nsURI, env);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Pads the string at the left with spaces until it reaches the desired
+     * length. If the string is longer than this length, then it returns the
+     * unchanged string. 
+     * 
+     * @param s the string that will be padded.
+     * @param minLength the length to reach.
+     */
+    public static String leftPad(String s, int minLength) {
+        return leftPad(s, minLength, ' ');
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Pads the string at the left with the specified character until it 
reaches
+     * the desired length. If the string is longer than this length, then it
+     * returns the unchanged string.
+     * 
+     * @param s the string that will be padded.
+     * @param minLength the length to reach.
+     * @param filling the filling pattern.
+     */
+    public static String leftPad(String s, int minLength, char filling) {
+        int ln = s.length();
+        if (minLength <= ln) {
+            return s;
+        }
+        
+        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder(minLength);
+        
+        int dif = minLength - ln;
+        for (int i = 0; i < dif; i++) {
+            res.append(filling);
+        }
+        
+        res.append(s);
+        
+        return res.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pads the string at the left with a filling pattern until it reaches the
+     * desired length. If the string is longer than this length, then it 
returns
+     * the unchanged string. For example: <code>leftPad('ABC', 9, 
'1234')</code>
+     * returns <code>"123412ABC"</code>.
+     * 
+     * @param s the string that will be padded.
+     * @param minLength the length to reach.
+     * @param filling the filling pattern. Must be at least 1 characters long.
+     *     Can't be <code>null</code>.
+     */
+    public static String leftPad(String s, int minLength, String filling) {
+        int ln = s.length();
+        if (minLength <= ln) {
+            return s;
+        }
+        
+        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder(minLength);
+
+        int dif = minLength - ln;
+        int fln = filling.length();
+        if (fln == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "The \"filling\" argument can't be 0 length string.");
+        }
+        int cnt = dif / fln;
+        for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+            res.append(filling);
+        }
+        cnt = dif % fln;
+        for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+            res.append(filling.charAt(i));
+        }
+        
+        res.append(s);
+        
+        return res.toString();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Pads the string at the right with spaces until it reaches the desired
+     * length. If the string is longer than this length, then it returns the
+     * unchanged string. 
+     * 
+     * @param s the string that will be padded.
+     * @param minLength the length to reach.
+     */
+    public static String rightPad(String s, int minLength) {
+        return rightPad(s, minLength, ' ');
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Pads the string at the right with the specified character until it
+     * reaches the desired length. If the string is longer than this length,
+     * then it returns the unchanged string.
+     * 
+     * @param s the string that will be padded.
+     * @param minLength the length to reach.
+     * @param filling the filling pattern.
+     */
+    public static String rightPad(String s, int minLength, char filling) {
+        int ln = s.length();
+        if (minLength <= ln) {
+            return s;
+        }
+        
+        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder(minLength);
+
+        res.append(s);
+        
+        int dif = minLength - ln;
+        for (int i = 0; i < dif; i++) {
+            res.append(filling);
+        }
+        
+        return res.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pads the string at the right with a filling pattern until it reaches the
+     * desired length. If the string is longer than this length, then it 
returns
+     * the unchanged string. For example: <code>rightPad('ABC', 9, 
'1234')</code>
+     * returns <code>"ABC412341"</code>. Note that the filling pattern is
+     * started as if you overlay <code>"123412341"</code> with the left-aligned
+     * <code>"ABC"</code>, so it starts with <code>"4"</code>.
+     * 
+     * @param s the string that will be padded.
+     * @param minLength the length to reach.
+     * @param filling the filling pattern. Must be at least 1 characters long.
+     *     Can't be <code>null</code>.
+     */
+    public static String rightPad(String s, int minLength, String filling) {
+        int ln = s.length();
+        if (minLength <= ln) {
+            return s;
+        }
+        
+        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder(minLength);
+
+        res.append(s);
+
+        int dif = minLength - ln;
+        int fln = filling.length();
+        if (fln == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "The \"filling\" argument can't be 0 length string.");
+        }
+        int start = ln % fln;
+        int end = fln - start <= dif
+                ? fln
+                : start + dif;
+        for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
+            res.append(filling.charAt(i));
+        }
+        dif -= end - start;
+        int cnt = dif / fln;
+        for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+            res.append(filling);
+        }
+        cnt = dif % fln;
+        for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+            res.append(filling.charAt(i));
+        }
+        
+        return res.toString();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Converts a version number string to an integer for easy comparison.
+     * The version number must start with numbers separated with
+     * dots. There can be any number of such dot-separated numbers, but only
+     * the first three will be considered. After the numbers arbitrary text can
+     * follow, and will be ignored.
+     * 
+     * The string will be trimmed before interpretation.
+     * 
+     * @return major * 1000000 + minor * 1000 + micro
+     */
+    public static int versionStringToInt(String version) {
+        return new Version(version).intValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tries to run {@code toString()}, but if that fails, returns a
+     * {@code "[com.example.SomeClass.toString() failed: " + e + "]"} instead. 
Also, it returns {@code null} for
+     * {@code null} parameter.
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.20
+     */
+    public static String tryToString(Object object) {
+        if (object == null) return null;
+        
+        try {
+            return object.toString();
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            return failedToStringSubstitute(object, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String failedToStringSubstitute(Object object, Throwable e) 
{
+        String eStr;
+        try {
+            eStr = e.toString();
+        } catch (Throwable e2) {
+            eStr = _ClassUtil.getShortClassNameOfObject(e);
+        }
+        return "[" + _ClassUtil.getShortClassNameOfObject(object) + 
".toString() failed: " + eStr + "]";
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Converts {@code 1}, {@code 2}, {@code 3} and so forth to {@code "A"}, 
{@code "B"}, {@code "C"} and so fort. When
+     * reaching {@code "Z"}, it continues like {@code "AA"}, {@code "AB"}, 
etc. The lowest supported number is 1, but
+     * there's no upper limit.
+     * 
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+     *             If the argument is 0 or less.
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.22
+     */
+    public static String toUpperABC(int n) {
+        return toABC(n, 'A');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Same as {@link #toUpperABC(int)}, but produces lower case result, like 
{@code "ab"}.
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.22
+     */
+    public static String toLowerABC(int n) {
+        return toABC(n, 'a');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param oneDigit
+     *            The character that stands for the value 1.
+     */
+    private static String toABC(final int n, char oneDigit) {
+        if (n < 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't convert 0 or negative "
+                    + "numbers to latin-number: " + n);
+        }
+        
+        // First find out how many "digits" will we need. We start from A, then
+        // try AA, then AAA, etc. (Note that the smallest digit is "A", which 
is
+        // 1, not 0. Hence this isn't like a usual 26-based number-system):
+        int reached = 1;
+        int weight = 1;
+        while (true) {
+            int nextWeight = weight * 26;
+            int nextReached = reached + nextWeight;
+            if (nextReached <= n) {
+                // So we will have one more digit
+                weight = nextWeight;
+                reached = nextReached;
+            } else {
+                // No more digits
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // Increase the digits of the place values until we get as close
+        // to n as possible (but don't step over it).
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        while (weight != 0) {
+            // digitIncrease: how many we increase the digit which is already 1
+            final int digitIncrease = (n - reached) / weight;
+            sb.append((char) (oneDigit + digitIncrease));
+            reached += digitIncrease * weight;
+            
+            weight /= 26;
+        }
+        
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Behaves exactly like {@link String#trim()}, but works on arrays. If the 
resulting array would have the same
+     * content after trimming, it returns the original array instance. 
Otherwise it returns a new array instance (or
+     * {@link _CollectionUtil#EMPTY_CHAR_ARRAY}).
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.22
+     */
+    public static char[] trim(final char[] cs) {
+        if (cs.length == 0) {
+            return cs;
+        }
+        
+        int start = 0;
+        int end = cs.length;
+        while (start < end && cs[start] <= ' ') {
+            start++;
+        }
+        while (start < end && cs[end - 1] <= ' ') {
+            end--;
+        }
+        
+        if (start == 0 && end == cs.length) {
+            return cs;
+        }
+        if (start == end) {
+            return _CollectionUtil.EMPTY_CHAR_ARRAY;
+        }
+        
+        char[] newCs = new char[end - start];
+        System.arraycopy(cs, start, newCs, 0, end - start);
+        return newCs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tells if {@link String#trim()} will return a 0-length string for the 
{@link String} equivalent of the argument.
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.22
+     */
+    public static boolean isTrimmableToEmpty(char[] text) {
+        return isTrimmableToEmpty(text, 0, text.length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Like {@link #isTrimmableToEmpty(char[])}, but acts on a sub-array that 
starts at {@code start} (inclusive index).
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.23
+     */
+    public static boolean isTrimmableToEmpty(char[] text, int start) {
+        return isTrimmableToEmpty(text, start, text.length);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Like {@link #isTrimmableToEmpty(char[])}, but acts on a sub-array that 
starts at {@code start} (inclusive index)
+     * and ends at {@code end} (exclusive index).
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.23
+     */
+    public static boolean isTrimmableToEmpty(char[] text, int start, int end) {
+        for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
+            // We follow Java's String.trim() here, which simply states that c 
<= ' ' is whitespace.
+            if (text[i] > ' ') {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Same as {@link #globToRegularExpression(String, boolean)} with {@code 
caseInsensitive} argument {@code false}.
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.24
+     */
+    public static Pattern globToRegularExpression(String glob) {
+        return globToRegularExpression(glob, false);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Creates a regular expression from a glob. The glob must use {@code /} 
for as file separator, not {@code \}
+     * (backslash), and is always case sensitive.
+     *
+     * <p>This glob implementation recognizes these special characters:
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>{@code ?}: Wildcard that matches exactly one character, other 
than {@code /} 
+     *   <li>{@code *}: Wildcard that matches zero, one or multiple 
characters, other than {@code /}
+     *   <li>{@code **}: Wildcard that matches zero, one or multiple 
directories. For example, {@code **}{@code /head.ftl}
+     *       matches {@code foo/bar/head.ftl}, {@code foo/head.ftl} and {@code 
head.ftl} too. {@code **} must be either
+     *       preceded by {@code /} or be at the beginning of the glob. {@code 
**} must be either followed by {@code /} or be
+     *       at the end of the glob. When {@code **} is at the end of the 
glob, it also matches file names, like
+     *       {@code a/**} matches {@code a/b/c.ftl}. If the glob only consist 
of a {@code **}, it will be a match for
+     *       everything.
+     *   <li>{@code \} (backslash): Makes the next character non-special (a 
literal). For example {@code How\?.ftl} will
+     *       match {@code How?.ftl}, but not {@code HowX.ftl}. Naturally, two 
backslashes produce one literal backslash. 
+     *   <li>{@code [}: Reserved for future purposes; can't be used
+     *   <li><code>{</code>: Reserved for future purposes; can't be used
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @since 2.3.24
+     */
+    public static Pattern globToRegularExpression(String glob, boolean 
caseInsensitive) {
+        StringBuilder regex = new StringBuilder();
+        
+        int nextStart = 0;
+        boolean escaped = false;
+        int ln = glob.length();
+        for (int idx = 0; idx < ln; idx++) {
+            char c = glob.charAt(idx);
+            if (!escaped) {
+                if (c == '?') {
+                    appendLiteralGlobSection(regex, glob, nextStart, idx);
+                    regex.append("[^/]");
+                    nextStart = idx + 1;
+                } else if (c == '*') {
+                    appendLiteralGlobSection(regex, glob, nextStart, idx);
+                    if (idx + 1 < ln && glob.charAt(idx + 1) == '*') {
+                        if (!(idx == 0 || glob.charAt(idx - 1) == '/')) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                                    "The \"**\" wildcard must be directly 
after a \"/\" or it must be at the "
+                                    + "beginning, in this glob: " + glob);
+                        }
+                        
+                        if (idx + 2 == ln) { // trailing "**"
+                            regex.append(".*");
+                            idx++;
+                        } else { // "**/"
+                            if (!(idx + 2 < ln && glob.charAt(idx + 2) == 
'/')) {
+                                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                                        "The \"**\" wildcard must be followed 
by \"/\", or must be at tehe end, "
+                                        + "in this glob: " + glob);
+                            }
+                            regex.append("(.*?/)*");
+                            idx += 2;  // "*/".length()
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        regex.append("[^/]*");
+                    }
+                    nextStart = idx + 1;
+                } else if (c == '\\') {
+                    escaped = true;
+                } else if (c == '[' || c == '{') {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                            "The \"" + c + "\" glob operator is currently 
unsupported "
+                            + "(precede it with \\ for literal matching), "
+                            + "in this glob: " + glob);
+                }
+            } else {
+                escaped = false;
+            }
+        }
+        appendLiteralGlobSection(regex, glob, nextStart, glob.length());
+        
+        return Pattern.compile(regex.toString(), caseInsensitive ? 
Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE | Pattern.UNICODE_CASE : 0);
+    }
+
+    private static void appendLiteralGlobSection(StringBuilder regex, String 
glob, int start, int end) {
+        if (start == end) return;
+        String part = unescapeLiteralGlobSection(glob.substring(start, end));
+        regex.append(Pattern.quote(part));
+    }
+
+    private static String unescapeLiteralGlobSection(String s) {
+        int backslashIdx = s.indexOf('\\');
+        if (backslashIdx == -1) {
+            return s;
+        }
+        int ln = s.length();
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(ln - 1);
+        int nextStart = 0; 
+        do {
+            sb.append(s, nextStart, backslashIdx);
+            nextStart = backslashIdx + 1;
+        } while ((backslashIdx = s.indexOf('\\', nextStart + 1)) != -1);
+        if (nextStart < ln) {
+            sb.append(s, nextStart, ln);
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public static String toFTLIdentifierReferenceAfterDot(String name) {
+        return _StringUtil.backslashEscapeIdentifier(name);
+    }
+
+    public static String toFTLTopLevelIdentifierReference(String name) {
+        return _StringUtil.backslashEscapeIdentifier(name);
+    }
+
+    public static String toFTLTopLevelTragetIdentifier(final String name) {
+        char quotationType = 0;
+        scanForQuotationType: for (int i = 0; i < name.length(); i++) {
+            final char c = name.charAt(i);
+            if (!(i == 0 ? isFTLIdentifierStart(c) : isFTLIdentifierPart(c)) 
&& c != '@') {
+                if ((quotationType == 0 || quotationType == '\\') && (c == '-' 
|| c == '.' || c == ':')) {
+                    quotationType = '\\';
+                } else {
+                    quotationType = '"';
+                    break scanForQuotationType;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        switch (quotationType) {
+        case 0:
+            return name;
+        case '"':
+            return ftlQuote(name);
+        case '\\':
+            return _StringUtil.backslashEscapeIdentifier(name);
+        default:
+            throw new BugException();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String backslashEscapeIdentifier(String name) {
+        return replace(replace(replace(name, "-", "\\-"), ".", "\\."), ":", 
"\\:");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return {@link Configuration#CAMEL_CASE_NAMING_CONVENTION}, or {@link 
Configuration#LEGACY_NAMING_CONVENTION}
+     *         or, {@link Configuration#AUTO_DETECT_NAMING_CONVENTION} when 
undecidable.
+     */
+    public static int getIdentifierNamingConvention(String name) {
+        final int ln = name.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ln; i++) {
+            final char c = name.charAt(i);
+            if (c == '_') {
+                return Configuration.LEGACY_NAMING_CONVENTION;
+            }
+            if (_StringUtil.isUpperUSASCII(c)) {
+                return Configuration.CAMEL_CASE_NAMING_CONVENTION;
+            }
+        }
+        return Configuration.AUTO_DETECT_NAMING_CONVENTION;
+    }
+
+    // [2.4] Won't be needed anymore
+    /**
+     * A deliberately very inflexible camel case to underscored converter; it 
must not convert improper camel case
+     * names to a proper underscored name.
+     */
+    public static String camelCaseToUnderscored(String camelCaseName) {
+        int i = 0;
+        while (i < camelCaseName.length() && 
Character.isLowerCase(camelCaseName.charAt(i))) {
+            i++;
+        }
+        if (i == camelCaseName.length()) {
+            // No conversion needed
+            return camelCaseName;
+        }
+        
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append(camelCaseName.substring(0, i));
+        while (i < camelCaseName.length()) {
+            final char c = camelCaseName.charAt(i);
+            if (_StringUtil.isUpperUSASCII(c)) {
+                sb.append('_');
+                sb.append(Character.toLowerCase(c));
+            } else {
+                sb.append(c);
+            }
+            i++;
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isUpperUSASCII(char c) {
+        return c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z';
+    }
+    
+}


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