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tomaz pushed a commit to branch trunk
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/libcloud.git

commit bae8e9607caff51605bad40be2dbaa8ac3b550fe
Author: Tomaz Muraus <to...@tomaz.me>
AuthorDate: Mon Jul 31 12:27:01 2023 +0200

    Reformat code with the latest version of black library.
---
 contrib/generate_contributor_list.py               |  1 -
 contrib/scrape-azure-prices.py                     |  1 -
 contrib/scrape-ec2-prices.py                       |  2 +-
 docs/examples/container/lxd/example_lxd.py         |  1 -
 libcloud/backup/drivers/dimensiondata.py           |  1 -
 libcloud/common/aliyun.py                          |  1 -
 libcloud/common/azure.py                           |  1 -
 libcloud/common/azure_arm.py                       |  1 -
 libcloud/common/durabledns.py                      |  1 -
 libcloud/common/google.py                          |  1 -
 libcloud/common/gridscale.py                       |  1 -
 libcloud/common/kubernetes.py                      |  2 --
 libcloud/common/nttcis.py                          |  1 -
 libcloud/common/vultr.py                           |  3 ---
 libcloud/common/xmlrpc.py                          |  1 -
 libcloud/compute/drivers/azure.py                  |  9 -------
 libcloud/compute/drivers/cloudstack.py             |  7 ------
 libcloud/compute/drivers/dimensiondata.py          |  3 ---
 libcloud/compute/drivers/ec2.py                    |  8 ------
 libcloud/compute/drivers/gce.py                    |  1 -
 libcloud/compute/drivers/gridscale.py              |  1 -
 libcloud/compute/drivers/internetsolutions.py      |  1 -
 libcloud/compute/drivers/kubevirt.py               |  6 -----
 libcloud/compute/drivers/linode.py                 |  1 -
 libcloud/compute/drivers/ntta.py                   |  1 -
 libcloud/compute/drivers/nttcis.py                 |  3 ---
 libcloud/compute/drivers/vsphere.py                |  4 ---
 libcloud/container/drivers/docker.py               |  5 ----
 libcloud/container/drivers/lxd.py                  | 29 ----------------------
 libcloud/container/drivers/rancher.py              |  1 -
 libcloud/dns/drivers/cloudflare.py                 |  1 -
 libcloud/dns/drivers/linode.py                     |  1 -
 libcloud/dns/drivers/vultr.py                      |  1 -
 libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/alb.py               |  4 ---
 libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/dimensiondata.py     |  1 -
 libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/gce.py               |  1 -
 libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/nttcis.py            |  1 -
 libcloud/pricing.py                                |  2 +-
 libcloud/storage/drivers/azure_blobs.py            |  1 -
 libcloud/storage/drivers/backblaze_b2.py           |  1 -
 libcloud/storage/drivers/digitalocean_spaces.py    |  3 ---
 libcloud/storage/drivers/minio.py                  |  1 -
 libcloud/storage/drivers/oss.py                    |  3 +--
 libcloud/storage/drivers/rgw.py                    |  3 ---
 libcloud/storage/drivers/s3.py                     |  2 +-
 libcloud/test/backup/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py    |  1 -
 libcloud/test/backup/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py    |  1 -
 libcloud/test/common/test_cloudstack.py            |  1 -
 libcloud/test/common/test_google.py                |  1 -
 libcloud/test/common/test_openstack_identity.py    |  8 +++---
 libcloud/test/compute/test_abiquo.py               |  1 -
 libcloud/test/compute/test_azure.py                | 11 --------
 libcloud/test/compute/test_azure_arm.py            |  2 --
 libcloud/test/compute/test_cloudsigma_v1_0.py      |  7 ------
 libcloud/test/compute/test_cloudstack.py           |  4 ---
 libcloud/test/compute/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py   |  3 ---
 libcloud/test/compute/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py   |  3 ---
 libcloud/test/compute/test_gandi.py                |  2 --
 libcloud/test/compute/test_kamatera.py             |  1 -
 libcloud/test/compute/test_kubevirt.py             |  3 ---
 libcloud/test/compute/test_nttcis.py               |  3 ---
 libcloud/test/compute/test_openstack.py            |  2 --
 libcloud/test/compute/test_rackspace.py            |  6 -----
 libcloud/test/compute/test_rimuhosting.py          |  1 -
 libcloud/test/compute/test_vcloud.py               | 10 +++++---
 libcloud/test/compute/test_vsphere.py              |  2 --
 libcloud/test/container/test_lxd.py                |  8 ------
 libcloud/test/dns/test_liquidweb.py                |  1 -
 libcloud/test/dns/test_luadns.py                   |  1 -
 .../test/loadbalancer/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py   |  1 -
 .../test/loadbalancer/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py   |  1 -
 libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_nttcis.py          |  2 --
 libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_rackspace.py       |  1 -
 libcloud/test/storage/test_azure_blobs.py          |  1 -
 libcloud/test/storage/test_base.py                 |  1 -
 libcloud/test/storage/test_cloudfiles.py           |  9 -------
 libcloud/test/storage/test_oss.py                  |  1 -
 libcloud/test/storage/test_s3.py                   |  1 -
 libcloud/test/test_utils.py                        |  1 -
 libcloud/utils/decorators.py                       |  1 -
 80 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 213 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/generate_contributor_list.py 
b/contrib/generate_contributor_list.py
index 520fe30a3..201c2263d 100755
--- a/contrib/generate_contributor_list.py
+++ b/contrib/generate_contributor_list.py
@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ def parse_changes_file(file_path, versions=None):
 
 
 def convert_to_markdown(contributors_map, include_tickets=False):
-
     # Contributors are sorted in ascending lexiographical order based on their
     # last name
     def compare(item1, item2):
diff --git a/contrib/scrape-azure-prices.py b/contrib/scrape-azure-prices.py
index 53ee06b2a..7c33ef55b 100755
--- a/contrib/scrape-azure-prices.py
+++ b/contrib/scrape-azure-prices.py
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ def get_azure_prices():
     result = {"windows": {}, "linux": {}}
     parsed_sizes = {"lowpriority", "basic", "standard"}
     for offer, value in prices_raw["offers"].items():
-
         size_raw = offer.split("-")
         #  Servers that go by the core with global price are not yet added
         if len(size_raw) != 3 or size_raw[2] not in parsed_sizes:
diff --git a/contrib/scrape-ec2-prices.py b/contrib/scrape-ec2-prices.py
index 6a029ea87..a4b6f5a37 100755
--- a/contrib/scrape-ec2-prices.py
+++ b/contrib/scrape-ec2-prices.py
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ def sort_key_by_numeric_other(key_value):
     """
     result = []
 
-    for (numeric, alpha, other) in RE_NUMERIC_OTHER.findall(key_value[0]):
+    for numeric, alpha, other in RE_NUMERIC_OTHER.findall(key_value[0]):
         numeric = int(numeric) if numeric else -1
         alpha = INSTANCE_SIZES.index(alpha) if alpha in INSTANCE_SIZES else 
alpha
         alpha = str(alpha)
diff --git a/docs/examples/container/lxd/example_lxd.py 
b/docs/examples/container/lxd/example_lxd.py
index 7b8d1bf80..55932af6d 100644
--- a/docs/examples/container/lxd/example_lxd.py
+++ b/docs/examples/container/lxd/example_lxd.py
@@ -123,7 +123,6 @@ def work_with_containers():
 
 
 def work_with_images():
-
     print("Working with images...")
 
     # LXD host change accordingly
diff --git a/libcloud/backup/drivers/dimensiondata.py 
b/libcloud/backup/drivers/dimensiondata.py
index f7d0f1ecd..4ea775067 100644
--- a/libcloud/backup/drivers/dimensiondata.py
+++ b/libcloud/backup/drivers/dimensiondata.py
@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ class DimensionDataBackupDriver(BackupDriver):
         region=DEFAULT_REGION,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         if region not in API_ENDPOINTS and host is None:
             raise ValueError("Invalid region: %s, no host specified" % 
(region))
         if region is not None:
diff --git a/libcloud/common/aliyun.py b/libcloud/common/aliyun.py
index 84ff64813..2414432df 100644
--- a/libcloud/common/aliyun.py
+++ b/libcloud/common/aliyun.py
@@ -167,7 +167,6 @@ class AliyunConnection(ConnectionUserAndKey):
 
 
 class SignedAliyunConnection(AliyunConnection):
-
     api_version = None
 
     def __init__(
diff --git a/libcloud/common/azure.py b/libcloud/common/azure.py
index 99cff6627..cce42df90 100644
--- a/libcloud/common/azure.py
+++ b/libcloud/common/azure.py
@@ -191,7 +191,6 @@ class AzureActiveDirectoryConnection(ConnectionUserAndKey):
         retry_failed=None,
         *kwargs,
     ):
-
         # Log in again if the token has expired or is going to expire soon
         # (next 5 minutes).
         if (time.time() + 300) >= int(self.expires_on):
diff --git a/libcloud/common/azure_arm.py b/libcloud/common/azure_arm.py
index 8f849c15b..b8caf3a2b 100644
--- a/libcloud/common/azure_arm.py
+++ b/libcloud/common/azure_arm.py
@@ -209,7 +209,6 @@ class 
AzureResourceManagementConnection(ConnectionUserAndKey):
         return super().connect(**kwargs)
 
     def request(self, action, params=None, data=None, headers=None, 
method="GET", raw=False):
-
         # Log in again if the token has expired or is going to expire soon
         # (next 5 minutes).
         if (time.time() + 300) >= int(self.expires_on):
diff --git a/libcloud/common/durabledns.py b/libcloud/common/durabledns.py
index ff6b74ac6..151640998 100644
--- a/libcloud/common/durabledns.py
+++ b/libcloud/common/durabledns.py
@@ -160,7 +160,6 @@ class DurableDNSException(Exception):
 
 
 class DurableResponse(XmlResponse):
-
     errors = []  # type: List[Dict]
     objects = []  # type: List[Dict]
 
diff --git a/libcloud/common/google.py b/libcloud/common/google.py
index aa79859db..1869e2e1d 100644
--- a/libcloud/common/google.py
+++ b/libcloud/common/google.py
@@ -499,7 +499,6 @@ class 
GoogleInstalledAppAuthConnection(GoogleBaseAuthConnection):
         access_code = None
 
         class AccessCodeReceiver(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
-
             # noinspection PyMethodParameters,PyPep8Naming
             def do_GET(self_):  # pylint: disable=no-self-argument
                 query = urlparse.urlparse(self_.path).query
diff --git a/libcloud/common/gridscale.py b/libcloud/common/gridscale.py
index 558222124..1c808f5cf 100644
--- a/libcloud/common/gridscale.py
+++ b/libcloud/common/gridscale.py
@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ class GridscaleConnection(ConnectionUserAndKey, 
PollingConnection):
         return r
 
     def get_poll_request_kwargs(self, response, context, request_kwargs):
-
         endpoint_url = "requests/{}".format(response.object["request_uuid"])
         kwargs = {"action": endpoint_url}
         return kwargs
diff --git a/libcloud/common/kubernetes.py b/libcloud/common/kubernetes.py
index 465af7df2..f4fadf68a 100644
--- a/libcloud/common/kubernetes.py
+++ b/libcloud/common/kubernetes.py
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ class KubernetesException(Exception):
 
 
 class KubernetesResponse(JsonResponse):
-
     valid_response_codes = [
         httplib.OK,
         httplib.ACCEPTED,
@@ -93,7 +92,6 @@ class KubernetesTLSAuthConnection(KeyCertificateConnection):
         cert_file=None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         super().__init__(
             key_file=key_file,
             cert_file=cert_file,
diff --git a/libcloud/common/nttcis.py b/libcloud/common/nttcis.py
index 9519b8c25..5d36dfad6 100644
--- a/libcloud/common/nttcis.py
+++ b/libcloud/common/nttcis.py
@@ -2293,7 +2293,6 @@ class XmlDictConfig(dict):
                 # It is possible to have duplicate element tags.
                 # If so, convert to a dict of lists
                 if element.tag.split("}")[1] in self:
-
                     if isinstance(self[element.tag.split("}")[1]], list):
                         
self[element.tag.split("}")[1]].append(dict(element.items()))
                     else:
diff --git a/libcloud/common/vultr.py b/libcloud/common/vultr.py
index 10f86dc7d..041571521 100644
--- a/libcloud/common/vultr.py
+++ b/libcloud/common/vultr.py
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ DEFAULT_API_VERSION = "2"
 
 
 class VultrResponse(JsonResponse):
-
     objects = None
     error_dict = {}  # type: Dict[str, str]
     errors = None
@@ -55,7 +54,6 @@ class VultrResponse(JsonResponse):
     }
 
     def __init__(self, response, connection):
-
         self.errors = []
         super().__init__(response=response, connection=connection)
         self.objects, self.errors = self.parse_body_and_errors()
@@ -90,7 +88,6 @@ class VultrResponse(JsonResponse):
         return VultrException(error["ERRORCODE"], error["ERRORMESSAGE"])
 
     def success(self):
-
         return len(self.errors) == 0
 
 
diff --git a/libcloud/common/xmlrpc.py b/libcloud/common/xmlrpc.py
index 278fc404d..e22d91372 100644
--- a/libcloud/common/xmlrpc.py
+++ b/libcloud/common/xmlrpc.py
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ class ErrorCodeMixin:
 
 
 class XMLRPCResponse(ErrorCodeMixin, Response):
-
     defaultExceptionCls = Exception  # type: Type[Exception]
 
     def success(self):
diff --git a/libcloud/compute/drivers/azure.py 
b/libcloud/compute/drivers/azure.py
index 364e0c7d9..b5c29a18f 100644
--- a/libcloud/compute/drivers/azure.py
+++ b/libcloud/compute/drivers/azure.py
@@ -664,7 +664,6 @@ class AzureNodeDriver(NodeDriver):
             )
 
             if 
self._is_storage_service_unique(service_name=ex_storage_service_name):
-
                 self._create_storage_account(
                     service_name=ex_storage_service_name,
                     location=_storage_location.service_location,
@@ -888,7 +887,6 @@ class AzureNodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         return result
 
     def ex_set_instance_endpoints(self, node, endpoints, 
ex_deployment_slot="Production"):
-
         """
         For example::
 
@@ -1895,7 +1893,6 @@ class AzureXmlSerializer:
         affinity_group,
         extended_properties=None,
     ):
-
         return AzureXmlSerializer.doc_from_data(
             "CreateStorageServiceInput",
             [
@@ -2249,7 +2246,6 @@ class AzureXmlSerializer:
                 or endpoint.load_balancer_probe.port
                 or endpoint.load_balancer_probe.protocol
             ):
-
                 load_balancer_probe = ET.Element("LoadBalancerProbe")
                 input_endpoint.append(load_balancer_probe)
                 AzureXmlSerializer.data_to_xml(
@@ -2295,7 +2291,6 @@ class AzureXmlSerializer:
         system_configuration_set,
         xml,
     ):
-
         AzureXmlSerializer.data_to_xml([("RoleName", role_name)], xml)
         AzureXmlSerializer.data_to_xml([("RoleType", role_type)], xml)
 
@@ -2396,7 +2391,6 @@ class AzureXmlSerializer:
         vm_image_name,
         role_size,
     ):
-
         doc = AzureXmlSerializer.doc_from_xml("PersistentVMRole")
         AzureXmlSerializer.role_to_xml(
             availability_set_name,
@@ -2459,7 +2453,6 @@ class AzureXmlSerializer:
         virtual_network_name,
         vm_image_name,
     ):
-
         doc = AzureXmlSerializer.doc_from_xml("Deployment")
         AzureXmlSerializer.data_to_xml([("Name", deployment_name)], doc)
         AzureXmlSerializer.data_to_xml([("DeploymentSlot", deployment_slot)], 
doc)
@@ -2560,7 +2553,6 @@ class AzureXmlSerializer:
 
     @staticmethod
     def extended_properties_dict_to_xml_fragment(extended_properties):
-
         if extended_properties is not None and len(extended_properties) > 0:
             xml = ET.Element("ExtendedProperties")
             for key, val in extended_properties.items():
@@ -2595,7 +2587,6 @@ class WindowsAzureData:
 
 
 class WindowsAzureDataTypedList(WindowsAzureData):
-
     list_type = None
     xml_element_name = None
 
diff --git a/libcloud/compute/drivers/cloudstack.py 
b/libcloud/compute/drivers/cloudstack.py
index e6c6b345f..b92895df7 100644
--- a/libcloud/compute/drivers/cloudstack.py
+++ b/libcloud/compute/drivers/cloudstack.py
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ def transform_int_or_unlimited(value):
     try:
         return int(value)
     except ValueError as e:
-
         if str(value).lower() == "unlimited":
             return -1
 
@@ -467,7 +466,6 @@ class CloudStackFirewallRule:
         start_port=None,
         end_port=None,
     ):
-
         """
         A Firewall rule.
 
@@ -530,7 +528,6 @@ class CloudStackEgressFirewallRule:
         start_port=None,
         end_port=None,
     ):
-
         """
         A egress firewall rule.
 
@@ -1383,7 +1380,6 @@ class CloudStackNodeDriver(CloudStackDriverMixIn, 
NodeDriver):
         imgs = self._sync_request(command="listTemplates", params=args, 
method="GET")
         images = []
         for img in imgs.get("template", []):
-
             extra = {
                 "hypervisor": img["hypervisor"],
                 "format": img["format"],
@@ -2114,7 +2110,6 @@ class CloudStackNodeDriver(CloudStackDriverMixIn, 
NodeDriver):
 
         networks = []
         for vpc in vpcs:
-
             networks.append(
                 CloudStackVPC(
                     vpc["name"],
@@ -2146,7 +2141,6 @@ class CloudStackNodeDriver(CloudStackDriverMixIn, 
NodeDriver):
 
         routers = []
         for router in rts:
-
             routers.append(
                 CloudStackRouter(
                     router["id"],
@@ -4206,7 +4200,6 @@ class CloudStackNodeDriver(CloudStackDriverMixIn, 
NodeDriver):
         return True
 
     def ex_detach_nic_from_node(self, nic, node):
-
         """
         Remove Nic from a VM
 
diff --git a/libcloud/compute/drivers/dimensiondata.py 
b/libcloud/compute/drivers/dimensiondata.py
index dca4b18f5..1d0148a89 100644
--- a/libcloud/compute/drivers/dimensiondata.py
+++ b/libcloud/compute/drivers/dimensiondata.py
@@ -120,7 +120,6 @@ class DimensionDataNodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         region=DEFAULT_REGION,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         if region not in API_ENDPOINTS and host is None:
             raise ValueError("Invalid region: %s, no host specified" % 
(region))
         if region is not None:
@@ -2723,7 +2722,6 @@ class DimensionDataNodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         value_required=None,
         display_on_report=None,
     ):
-
         """
         Modify a specific tag key
 
@@ -3720,7 +3718,6 @@ class DimensionDataNodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         ex_tagid_value_pairs=None,
         ex_tagname_value_pairs=None,
     ):
-
         """
         This MCP 2.0 only function deploys a new Cloud Server from a
         CloudControl compatible Server Image, which does not utilize
diff --git a/libcloud/compute/drivers/ec2.py b/libcloud/compute/drivers/ec2.py
index 9a3e2eaba..506e6f6cb 100644
--- a/libcloud/compute/drivers/ec2.py
+++ b/libcloud/compute/drivers/ec2.py
@@ -3048,7 +3048,6 @@ class BaseEC2NodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         try:
             results.append(self.connection.request(self.path, 
params=params.copy()).object)
         except Exception as e:
-
             if e.args[0].find("InvalidPermission.Duplicate") == -1:
                 raise e
         return results
@@ -3346,7 +3345,6 @@ class BaseEC2NodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         for node_id in node_instance_ids:
             nodes_elastic_ip_mappings.setdefault(node_id, [])
             for addr in self._to_addresses(result, only_associated):
-
                 instance_id = addr.instance_id
 
                 if node_id == instance_id:
@@ -4397,7 +4395,6 @@ class BaseEC2NodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         ]
 
     def _to_image(self, element):
-
         id = findtext(element=element, xpath="imageId", namespace=NAMESPACE)
         name = findtext(element=element, xpath="name", namespace=NAMESPACE)
 
@@ -4410,7 +4407,6 @@ class BaseEC2NodeDriver(NodeDriver):
             xpath="billingProducts/item/billingProduct",
             namespace=NAMESPACE,
         ):
-
             billing_products.append(p.text)
 
         # Get our tags
@@ -4764,7 +4760,6 @@ class BaseEC2NodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         for item in findall(
             element=element, xpath="privateIpAddressesSet/item", 
namespace=NAMESPACE
         ):
-
             priv_ips.append(
                 {
                     "private_ip": findtext(
@@ -5968,7 +5963,6 @@ class OutscaleNodeDriver(BaseEC2NodeDriver):
         return is_truncated, quota
 
     def _to_product_type(self, elem):
-
         productTypeId = findtext(element=elem, xpath="productTypeId", 
namespace=OUTSCALE_NAMESPACE)
         description = findtext(element=elem, xpath="description", 
namespace=OUTSCALE_NAMESPACE)
 
@@ -6001,7 +5995,6 @@ class OutscaleNodeDriver(BaseEC2NodeDriver):
         return product_type
 
     def _to_product_types(self, elem):
-
         product_types = []
         for product_types_item in findall(
             element=elem, xpath="productTypeSet/item", 
namespace=OUTSCALE_NAMESPACE
@@ -6044,7 +6037,6 @@ class OutscaleNodeDriver(BaseEC2NodeDriver):
         return product_types
 
     def _to_instance_types(self, elem):
-
         instance_types = []
         for instance_types_item in findall(
             element=elem, xpath="instanceTypeSet/item", 
namespace=OUTSCALE_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/libcloud/compute/drivers/gce.py b/libcloud/compute/drivers/gce.py
index c8a140af5..49b50c207 100644
--- a/libcloud/compute/drivers/gce.py
+++ b/libcloud/compute/drivers/gce.py
@@ -496,7 +496,6 @@ class GCEBackend(UuidMixin):
         capacity_scaler=1,
         description=None,
     ):
-
         if isinstance(instance_group, GCEInstanceGroup):
             self.instance_group = instance_group
         elif isinstance(instance_group, GCEInstanceGroupManager):
diff --git a/libcloud/compute/drivers/gridscale.py 
b/libcloud/compute/drivers/gridscale.py
index 479ea0b44..c68c482f6 100644
--- a/libcloud/compute/drivers/gridscale.py
+++ b/libcloud/compute/drivers/gridscale.py
@@ -650,7 +650,6 @@ class GridscaleNodeDriver(GridscaleBaseDriver, NodeDriver):
             return True
 
         else:
-
             return False
 
     def import_key_pair_from_string(self, name, key_material):
diff --git a/libcloud/compute/drivers/internetsolutions.py 
b/libcloud/compute/drivers/internetsolutions.py
index b668f8e3e..32cc42439 100644
--- a/libcloud/compute/drivers/internetsolutions.py
+++ b/libcloud/compute/drivers/internetsolutions.py
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ class InternetSolutionsNodeDriver(DimensionDataNodeDriver):
         region=DEFAULT_REGION,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         if region not in API_ENDPOINTS:
             raise ValueError("Invalid region: %s" % (region))
 
diff --git a/libcloud/compute/drivers/kubevirt.py 
b/libcloud/compute/drivers/kubevirt.py
index e5f8b4afe..a76293d9d 100644
--- a/libcloud/compute/drivers/kubevirt.py
+++ b/libcloud/compute/drivers/kubevirt.py
@@ -438,7 +438,6 @@ class KubeVirtNodeDriver(KubernetesDriverMixin, NodeDriver):
         data = json.dumps(vm)
         req = KUBEVIRT_URL + "namespaces/" + namespace + "/virtualmachines/"
         try:
-
             self.connection.request(req, method=method, data=data)
 
         except Exception:
@@ -486,7 +485,6 @@ class KubeVirtNodeDriver(KubernetesDriverMixin, NodeDriver):
         return namespaces
 
     def list_sizes(self, location=None):
-
         namespace = ""
         if location:
             namespace = location.name
@@ -678,7 +676,6 @@ class KubeVirtNodeDriver(KubernetesDriverMixin, NodeDriver):
             raise
         if result.object["status"]["phase"] != "Bound":
             for _ in range(3):
-
                 req = ROOT_URL + "namespaces/" + namespace + 
"/persistentvolumeclaims/" + name
                 try:
                     result = self.connection.request(req).object
@@ -861,7 +858,6 @@ class KubeVirtNodeDriver(KubernetesDriverMixin, NodeDriver):
             raise
 
     def ex_list_persistent_volume_claims(self, namespace="default"):
-
         pvc_req = ROOT_URL + "namespaces/" + namespace + 
"/persistentvolumeclaims"
         try:
             result = self.connection.request(pvc_req).object
@@ -871,7 +867,6 @@ class KubeVirtNodeDriver(KubernetesDriverMixin, NodeDriver):
         return pvcs
 
     def ex_list_storage_classes(self):
-
         # sc = storage class
         sc_req = "/apis/storage.k8s.io/v1/storageclasses"
         try:
@@ -940,7 +935,6 @@ class KubeVirtNodeDriver(KubernetesDriverMixin, NodeDriver):
             if "memory" in 
vm["spec"]["template"]["spec"]["domain"]["resources"]["limits"]:
                 memory = 
vm["spec"]["template"]["spec"]["domain"]["resources"]["limits"]["memory"]
         elif 
vm["spec"]["template"]["spec"]["domain"]["resources"].get("requests", None):
-
             if 
vm["spec"]["template"]["spec"]["domain"]["resources"]["requests"].get(
                 "memory", None
             ):
diff --git a/libcloud/compute/drivers/linode.py 
b/libcloud/compute/drivers/linode.py
index 2df7000ac..50f2fefdd 100644
--- a/libcloud/compute/drivers/linode.py
+++ b/libcloud/compute/drivers/linode.py
@@ -799,7 +799,6 @@ class LinodeNodeDriverV3(LinodeNodeDriver):
 
 
 class LinodeNodeDriverV4(LinodeNodeDriver):
-
     connectionCls = LinodeConnectionV4
     _linode_disk_filesystems = LINODE_DISK_FILESYSTEMS_V4
 
diff --git a/libcloud/compute/drivers/ntta.py b/libcloud/compute/drivers/ntta.py
index 04de2cc71..f47d2fc11 100644
--- a/libcloud/compute/drivers/ntta.py
+++ b/libcloud/compute/drivers/ntta.py
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ class NTTAmericaNodeDriver(DimensionDataNodeDriver):
         region=DEFAULT_REGION,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         if region not in API_ENDPOINTS:
             raise ValueError("Invalid region: %s" % (region))
 
diff --git a/libcloud/compute/drivers/nttcis.py 
b/libcloud/compute/drivers/nttcis.py
index 040e46849..a0d82868b 100644
--- a/libcloud/compute/drivers/nttcis.py
+++ b/libcloud/compute/drivers/nttcis.py
@@ -123,7 +123,6 @@ class NttCisNodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         region=DEFAULT_REGION,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         if region not in API_ENDPOINTS and host is None:
             raise ValueError("Invalid region: %s, no host specified" % 
(region))
         if region is not None:
@@ -3256,7 +3255,6 @@ class NttCisNodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         value_required=None,
         display_on_report=None,
     ):
-
         """
         Modify a specific tag key
 
@@ -4282,7 +4280,6 @@ class NttCisNodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         ex_tagid_value_pairs=None,
         ex_tagname_value_pairs=None,
     ):
-
         """
         This MCP 2.0 only function deploys a new Cloud Server from a
         CloudControl compatible Server Image, which does not utilize
diff --git a/libcloud/compute/drivers/vsphere.py 
b/libcloud/compute/drivers/vsphere.py
index 692248a98..3c4e45738 100644
--- a/libcloud/compute/drivers/vsphere.py
+++ b/libcloud/compute/drivers/vsphere.py
@@ -1200,7 +1200,6 @@ class VSphere_REST_NodeDriver(NodeDriver):
     ]
 
     def __init__(self, key, secret=None, secure=True, host=None, port=443, 
ca_cert=None):
-
         if not key or not secret:
             raise InvalidCredsError("Please provide both username " "(key) and 
password (secret).")
         super().__init__(key=key, secure=secure, host=host, port=port)
@@ -1550,7 +1549,6 @@ class VSphere_REST_NodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         ex_filter_datacenters=None,
         ex_filter_connection_states=None,
     ):
-
         kwargs = {
             "filter.folders": ex_filter_folders,
             "filter.names": ex_filter_names,
@@ -1782,7 +1780,6 @@ class VSphere_REST_NodeDriver(NodeDriver):
         return images
 
     def ex_list_networks(self):
-
         request = "/rest/vcenter/network"
         response = self._request(request).object["value"]
         networks = []
@@ -1950,7 +1947,6 @@ class VSphere_REST_NodeDriver(NodeDriver):
             )
 
         elif image.extra["type"] == "vm-template":
-
             tp_request = "/rest/vcenter/vm-template/library-items/" + image.id
             template = self._request(tp_request).object["value"]
             spec = {}
diff --git a/libcloud/container/drivers/docker.py 
b/libcloud/container/drivers/docker.py
index a202c4eec..4f6417636 100644
--- a/libcloud/container/drivers/docker.py
+++ b/libcloud/container/drivers/docker.py
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ VALID_RESPONSE_CODES = [
 
 
 class DockerResponse(JsonResponse):
-
     valid_response_codes = [
         httplib.OK,
         httplib.ACCEPTED,
@@ -102,7 +101,6 @@ class DockerException(Exception):
 
 
 class DockerConnection(ConnectionUserAndKey):
-
     responseCls = DockerResponse
     timeout = 60
 
@@ -120,7 +118,6 @@ class DockerConnection(ConnectionUserAndKey):
 
 
 class DockertlsConnection(KeyCertificateConnection):
-
     responseCls = DockerResponse
 
     def __init__(
@@ -134,7 +131,6 @@ class DockertlsConnection(KeyCertificateConnection):
         cert_file="",
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         super().__init__(
             key_file=key_file,
             cert_file=cert_file,
@@ -167,7 +163,6 @@ class DockertlsConnection(KeyCertificateConnection):
             self.cert_file = cert_file
 
     def add_default_headers(self, headers):
-
         headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json"
         return headers
 
diff --git a/libcloud/container/drivers/lxd.py 
b/libcloud/container/drivers/lxd.py
index 3841d3155..46e3c3353 100644
--- a/libcloud/container/drivers/lxd.py
+++ b/libcloud/container/drivers/lxd.py
@@ -158,7 +158,6 @@ class LXDStoragePool:
     """
 
     def __init__(self, name, driver, used_by, config, managed):
-
         # the name of the storage pool
         self.name = name
 
@@ -216,7 +215,6 @@ class LXDServerInfo:
 
     @classmethod
     def build_from_response(cls, metadata):
-
         server_info = LXDServerInfo()
         server_info.api_extensions = metadata.get("api_extensions", None)
         server_info.api_status = metadata.get("api_status", None)
@@ -228,7 +226,6 @@ class LXDServerInfo:
         return server_info
 
     def __init__(self):
-
         # List of API extensions added after
         # the API was marked stable
         self.api_extensions = None
@@ -278,7 +275,6 @@ class LXDResponse(JsonResponse):
     ]
 
     def parse_body(self):
-
         if len(self.body) == 0 and not self.parse_zero_length_body:
             return self.body
 
@@ -334,7 +330,6 @@ class LXDConnection(ConnectionUserAndKey):
 
 
 class LXDtlsConnection(KeyCertificateConnection):
-
     responseCls = LXDResponse
 
     def __init__(
@@ -350,7 +345,6 @@ class LXDtlsConnection(KeyCertificateConnection):
         certificate_validator=None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         if certificate_validator is not None:
             certificate_validator(key_file=key_file, cert_file=cert_file)
         else:
@@ -419,9 +413,7 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         ca_cert=None,
         certificate_validator=check_certificates,
     ):
-
         if key_file:
-
             if not cert_file:
                 # LXD tls authentication-
                 # We pass two files, a key_file with the
@@ -467,7 +459,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         self.version = self._get_api_version()
 
     def build_operation_websocket_url(self, uuid, w_secret):
-
         uri = "wss://%s:%s/%s/operations/%s/" "websocket?secret=%s" % (
             self.connection.host,
             self.connection.port,
@@ -524,7 +515,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         ex_instance_type=None,
         ex_timeout=default_time_out,
     ):
-
         """
         Create a new container
         Authentication: trusted
@@ -579,7 +569,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
             parameters = json.loads(parameters)
 
             if parameters["source"].get("mode", None) == "pull":
-
                 try:
                     # this means the image must be downloaded
                     image = self.install_image(path=None, 
ex_timeout=ex_timeout, **parameters)
@@ -623,7 +612,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         return container
 
     def get_container(self, id, ex_get_ip_addr=True):
-
         """
         Get a container by ID
 
@@ -748,7 +736,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         )
 
     def ex_freeze_container(self, container, ex_timeout=default_time_out):
-
         """
         Set the given container into a freeze state
 
@@ -770,7 +757,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         )
 
     def ex_unfreeze_container(self, container, ex_timeout=default_time_out):
-
         """
         Set the given container into  unfreeze state
 
@@ -819,14 +805,12 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
             raise self._get_lxd_api_exception_for_error(err)
 
         try:
-
             # wait until the timeout...but util getting here the operation
             # may have finished already
             id = response_dict["metadata"]["id"]
             req = "/{}/operations/{}/wait?timeout={}".format(self.version, id, 
ex_timeout)
             response = self.connection.request(req)
         except BaseHTTPError as err:
-
             lxd_exception = self._get_lxd_api_exception_for_error(err)
             # if not found assume the operation completed
             if lxd_exception.message != "not found":
@@ -952,7 +936,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
             )
 
         elif input["wait-for-websocket"] is True and input["interactive"] is 
True:
-
             return LXDContainerExecuteResult(
                 uuid=uuid,
                 secret_0=fds["0"],
@@ -964,7 +947,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
             )
 
         elif input["interactive"] is False and input["record-output"] is True:
-
             output = response_dict["metadata"]["metadata"]["output"]
             result = response_dict["metadata"]["metadata"]["result"]
             return LXDContainerExecuteResult(
@@ -978,7 +960,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
             )
 
         else:
-
             result = response_dict["metadata"]["metadata"]["result"]
             return LXDContainerExecuteResult(
                 uuid=uuid,
@@ -1054,7 +1035,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         return self._to_image(metadata=response_dict["metadata"])
 
     def install_image(self, path, ex_timeout=default_time_out, **ex_img_data):
-
         """
         Install a container image from a remote path. Not that the
         path currently is not used. Image data should be provided
@@ -1101,14 +1081,12 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         assert_response(response_dict=response_dict, status_code=100)
 
         try:
-
             # wait until the timeout...but until getting here the operation
             # may have finished already
             id = response_dict["metadata"]["id"]
             req = "/{}/operations/{}/wait?timeout={}".format(self.version, id, 
ex_timeout)
             response = self.connection.request(req)
         except BaseHTTPError as err:
-
             lxd_exception = self._get_lxd_api_exception_for_error(err)
             # if not found assume the operation completed
             if lxd_exception.message != "not found":
@@ -1234,7 +1212,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         return self._to_storage_pool(data=response_dict["metadata"])
 
     def ex_create_storage_pool(self, definition):
-
         """
         Create a storage_pool from definition.
 
@@ -1338,7 +1315,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
             type = volume[-2]
 
             if not detailed:
-
                 metadata = {
                     "config": {"size": None},
                     "name": name,
@@ -1393,7 +1369,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         pools = response_dict["metadata"]
 
         for pool in pools:
-
             pool_id = pool.split("/")[-1]
 
             volumes = self.ex_list_storage_pool_volumes(pool_id=pool_id)
@@ -1405,7 +1380,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         return None
 
     def create_volume(self, pool_id, definition, **kwargs):
-
         """
         Create a new storage volume on a given storage pool
         Operation: sync or async (when copying an existing volume)
@@ -1460,14 +1434,12 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         assert_response(response_dict=response_dict, status_code=100)
 
         try:
-
             # wait until the timeout...but util getting here the operation
             # may have finished already
             oid = response_dict["metadata"]["id"]
             req = "/{}/operations/{}/wait?timeout={}".format(self.version, 
oid, ex_timeout)
             response = self.connection.request(req)
         except BaseHTTPError as err:
-
             lxd_exception = self._get_lxd_api_exception_for_error(err)
             # if not found assume the operation completed
             if lxd_exception.message != "not found":
@@ -1517,7 +1489,6 @@ class LXDContainerDriver(ContainerDriver):
         """
 
         try:
-
             req = "/{}/storage-pools/{}/volumes/{}/{}".format(
                 self.version,
                 pool_id,
diff --git a/libcloud/container/drivers/rancher.py 
b/libcloud/container/drivers/rancher.py
index 8bf423dd1..1e68d5f4e 100644
--- a/libcloud/container/drivers/rancher.py
+++ b/libcloud/container/drivers/rancher.py
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ class RancherException(Exception):
 
 
 class RancherConnection(ConnectionUserAndKey):
-
     responseCls = RancherResponse
     timeout = 30
 
diff --git a/libcloud/dns/drivers/cloudflare.py 
b/libcloud/dns/drivers/cloudflare.py
index 12d2db578..7cf02eb06 100644
--- a/libcloud/dns/drivers/cloudflare.py
+++ b/libcloud/dns/drivers/cloudflare.py
@@ -200,7 +200,6 @@ class CloudFlareDNSDriver(DNSDriver):
     MEMBERSHIPS_PAGE_SIZE = 50
 
     def __init__(self, key, secret=None, secure=True, host=None, port=None, 
**kwargs):
-
         if secret is None:
             self.connectionCls = TokenDNSConnection
 
diff --git a/libcloud/dns/drivers/linode.py b/libcloud/dns/drivers/linode.py
index 45d7480c1..b2f609f25 100644
--- a/libcloud/dns/drivers/linode.py
+++ b/libcloud/dns/drivers/linode.py
@@ -87,7 +87,6 @@ class LinodeDNSDriver(DNSDriver):
         api_version=DEFAULT_API_VERSION,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         if cls is LinodeDNSDriver:
             if api_version == "3.0":
                 cls = LinodeDNSDriverV3
diff --git a/libcloud/dns/drivers/vultr.py b/libcloud/dns/drivers/vultr.py
index e147f59c8..bdff9bdfc 100644
--- a/libcloud/dns/drivers/vultr.py
+++ b/libcloud/dns/drivers/vultr.py
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ class VultrDNSDriver(DNSDriver):
 
 
 class VultrDNSDriverV1(VultrDNSDriver):
-
     connectionCls = VultrDNSConnection
 
     RECORD_TYPE_MAP = {
diff --git a/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/alb.py 
b/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/alb.py
index 34286f4e4..8ab3ea46e 100644
--- a/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/alb.py
+++ b/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/alb.py
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ class ALBTargetGroup:
         balancers=[],
         members=[],
     ):
-
         self.id = target_group_id
         self.name = name
         self.protocol = protocol
@@ -135,7 +134,6 @@ class ALBListener:
         ssl_certificate="",
         rules=[],
     ):
-
         self.id = listener_id
         self.protocol = protocol
         self.port = port
@@ -186,7 +184,6 @@ class ALBRule:
         conditions={},
         listener=None,
     ):
-
         self.id = rule_id
         self.is_default = is_default
         self.priority = priority
@@ -882,7 +879,6 @@ class ApplicationLBDriver(Driver):
         ]
 
     def _to_target_group(self, el):
-
         target_group = ALBTargetGroup(
             target_group_id=findtext(element=el, xpath="TargetGroupArn", 
namespace=NS),
             name=findtext(element=el, xpath="TargetGroupName", namespace=NS),
diff --git a/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/dimensiondata.py 
b/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/dimensiondata.py
index 6ff379f8c..11644d44a 100644
--- a/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/dimensiondata.py
+++ b/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/dimensiondata.py
@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@ class DimensionDataLBDriver(Driver):
         region=DEFAULT_REGION,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         if region not in API_ENDPOINTS and host is None:
             raise ValueError("Invalid region: %s, no host specified" % 
(region))
         if region is not None:
diff --git a/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/gce.py 
b/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/gce.py
index 13511197f..9fa5eecc8 100644
--- a/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/gce.py
+++ b/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/gce.py
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ class GCELBDriver(Driver):
     _VALUE_TO_ALGORITHM_MAP = {"RANDOM": Algorithm.RANDOM}
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-
         if kwargs.get("gce_driver"):
             self.gce = kwargs["gce_driver"]
         else:
diff --git a/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/nttcis.py 
b/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/nttcis.py
index 9f660426d..ecd1499f4 100644
--- a/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/nttcis.py
+++ b/libcloud/loadbalancer/drivers/nttcis.py
@@ -82,7 +82,6 @@ class NttCisLBDriver(Driver):
         region=DEFAULT_REGION,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         self.network_domain_id = network_domain_id
 
         if region not in API_ENDPOINTS and host is None:
diff --git a/libcloud/pricing.py b/libcloud/pricing.py
index 836cc5d55..496eccb07 100644
--- a/libcloud/pricing.py
+++ b/libcloud/pricing.py
@@ -193,7 +193,6 @@ def get_size_price(driver_type, driver_name, size_id, 
region=None):
 
 
 def get_image_price(driver_name, image_name, size_name=None, cores=1):
-
     # for now only images of GCE have pricing data
     if driver_name == "gce_images":
         return _get_gce_image_price(image_name=image_name, 
size_name=size_name, cores=cores)
@@ -221,6 +220,7 @@ def _get_gce_image_price(image_name, size_name, cores=1):
     :rtype: ``float``
     :return: Image price
     """
+
     # helper function to get image family for gce images
     def _get_gce_image_family(image_name):
         image_family = None
diff --git a/libcloud/storage/drivers/azure_blobs.py 
b/libcloud/storage/drivers/azure_blobs.py
index 763cbb8ad..1fafbe9ef 100644
--- a/libcloud/storage/drivers/azure_blobs.py
+++ b/libcloud/storage/drivers/azure_blobs.py
@@ -1221,7 +1221,6 @@ class AzureBlobsStorageDriver(StorageDriver):
         file_path,
         headers,
     ):
-
         headers = headers or {}
         lease.update_headers(headers)
 
diff --git a/libcloud/storage/drivers/backblaze_b2.py 
b/libcloud/storage/drivers/backblaze_b2.py
index 25b45f399..3ea831101 100644
--- a/libcloud/storage/drivers/backblaze_b2.py
+++ b/libcloud/storage/drivers/backblaze_b2.py
@@ -554,7 +554,6 @@ class BackblazeB2StorageDriver(StorageDriver):
     def _perform_upload(
         self, data, container, object_name, extra=None, verify_hash=True, 
headers=None
     ):
-
         if isinstance(data, str):
             data = bytearray(data)
 
diff --git a/libcloud/storage/drivers/digitalocean_spaces.py 
b/libcloud/storage/drivers/digitalocean_spaces.py
index f898fe91a..5e0bc7bae 100644
--- a/libcloud/storage/drivers/digitalocean_spaces.py
+++ b/libcloud/storage/drivers/digitalocean_spaces.py
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ class DOSpacesConnectionAWS4(SignedAWSConnection, 
BaseS3Connection):
         backoff=None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         super().__init__(
             user_id,
             key,
@@ -82,7 +81,6 @@ class DOSpacesConnectionAWS2(S3Connection):
         backoff=None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         super().__init__(
             user_id,
             key,
@@ -115,7 +113,6 @@ class DigitalOceanSpacesStorageDriver(BaseS3StorageDriver):
         region=DO_SPACES_DEFAULT_REGION,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         if region not in DO_SPACES_HOSTS_BY_REGION:
             raise LibcloudError("Unknown region (%s)" % (region), driver=self)
 
diff --git a/libcloud/storage/drivers/minio.py 
b/libcloud/storage/drivers/minio.py
index 0d4293103..a1bafdd21 100644
--- a/libcloud/storage/drivers/minio.py
+++ b/libcloud/storage/drivers/minio.py
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ class MinIOConnectionAWS4(SignedAWSConnection, 
BaseS3Connection):
         backoff=None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         super().__init__(
             user_id,
             key,
diff --git a/libcloud/storage/drivers/oss.py b/libcloud/storage/drivers/oss.py
index a3aa4b45c..b43cdaa67 100644
--- a/libcloud/storage/drivers/oss.py
+++ b/libcloud/storage/drivers/oss.py
@@ -545,7 +545,6 @@ class OSSStorageDriver(StorageDriver):
             body = response.parse_body()
             # pylint: disable=maybe-no-member
             for node in body.findall(fixxpath(xpath="Upload", 
namespace=self.namespace)):
-
                 key = finder(node, "Key")
                 upload_id = finder(node, "UploadId")
                 initiated = finder(node, "Initiated")
@@ -884,7 +883,7 @@ class OSSStorageDriver(StorageDriver):
 
         root = Element("CompleteMultipartUpload")
 
-        for (count, etag) in chunks:
+        for count, etag in chunks:
             part = SubElement(root, "Part")
             part_no = SubElement(part, "PartNumber")
             part_no.text = str(count)
diff --git a/libcloud/storage/drivers/rgw.py b/libcloud/storage/drivers/rgw.py
index 088c98838..ba8caede1 100644
--- a/libcloud/storage/drivers/rgw.py
+++ b/libcloud/storage/drivers/rgw.py
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ class S3RGWConnectionAWS4(SignedAWSConnection, 
BaseS3Connection):
         backoff=None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         super().__init__(
             user_id,
             key,
@@ -89,7 +88,6 @@ class S3RGWConnectionAWS2(S3Connection):
         backoff=None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         super().__init__(
             user_id,
             key,
@@ -120,7 +118,6 @@ class S3RGWStorageDriver(BaseS3StorageDriver):
         region=S3_RGW_DEFAULT_REGION,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-
         if host is None:
             raise LibcloudError("host required", driver=self)
 
diff --git a/libcloud/storage/drivers/s3.py b/libcloud/storage/drivers/s3.py
index c17698a6b..a46a7bd00 100644
--- a/libcloud/storage/drivers/s3.py
+++ b/libcloud/storage/drivers/s3.py
@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ class BaseS3StorageDriver(StorageDriver):
         """
         root = Element("CompleteMultipartUpload")
 
-        for (count, etag) in chunks:
+        for count, etag in chunks:
             part = SubElement(root, "Part")
             part_no = SubElement(part, "PartNumber")
             part_no.text = str(count)
diff --git a/libcloud/test/backup/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py 
b/libcloud/test/backup/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py
index eb666cfb0..46110ed7d 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/backup/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/backup/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py
@@ -303,7 +303,6 @@ class InvalidRequestError(Exception):
 
 
 class DimensionDataMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = BackupFileFixtures("dimensiondata")
 
     def _oec_0_9_myaccount_UNAUTHORIZED(self, method, url, body, headers):
diff --git a/libcloud/test/backup/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py 
b/libcloud/test/backup/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py
index 939a6b5f4..2156c423a 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/backup/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/backup/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py
@@ -303,7 +303,6 @@ class InvalidRequestError(Exception):
 
 
 class DimensionDataMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = BackupFileFixtures("dimensiondata")
 
     def _oec_0_9_myaccount_UNAUTHORIZED(self, method, url, body, headers):
diff --git a/libcloud/test/common/test_cloudstack.py 
b/libcloud/test/common/test_cloudstack.py
index 631680bb7..ad49df907 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/common/test_cloudstack.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/common/test_cloudstack.py
@@ -117,7 +117,6 @@ class CloudStackCommonTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class CloudStackMockHttp(MockHttp, unittest.TestCase):
-
     ERROR_TEXT = "ERROR TEXT"
 
     def _response(self, status, result, response):
diff --git a/libcloud/test/common/test_google.py 
b/libcloud/test/common/test_google.py
index 0b4250c61..4303f44aa 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/common/test_google.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/common/test_google.py
@@ -357,7 +357,6 @@ class GoogleAuthTypeTest(GoogleTestCase):
 
 
 class GoogleOAuth2CredentialTest(GoogleTestCase):
-
     _ia_get_code_patcher = mock.patch(
         "libcloud.common.google.GoogleInstalledAppAuthConnection.get_code",
         return_value=1234,
diff --git a/libcloud/test/common/test_openstack_identity.py 
b/libcloud/test/common/test_openstack_identity.py
index f8545a3cf..8f6b55066 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/common/test_openstack_identity.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/common/test_openstack_identity.py
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ class OpenStackIdentityConnectionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         user_id = OPENSTACK_PARAMS[0]
         key = OPENSTACK_PARAMS[1]
 
-        for (auth_version, mock_http_class, kwargs) in tuples:
-            for (url, url_path) in auth_urls:
+        for auth_version, mock_http_class, kwargs in tuples:
+            for url, url_path in auth_urls:
                 connection = self._get_mock_connection(
                     mock_http_class=mock_http_class, auth_url=url
                 )
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ class 
OpenStackIdentityConnectionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         user_id = OPENSTACK_PARAMS[0]
         key = OPENSTACK_PARAMS[1]
 
-        for (auth_version, mock_http_class, kwargs) in tuples:
+        for auth_version, mock_http_class, kwargs in tuples:
             connection = 
self._get_mock_connection(mock_http_class=mock_http_class)
             auth_url = connection.auth_url
 
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ class 
OpenStackIdentityConnectionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         user_id = OPENSTACK_PARAMS[0]
         key = OPENSTACK_PARAMS[1]
 
-        for (auth_version, mock_http_class, kwargs) in tuples:
+        for auth_version, mock_http_class, kwargs in tuples:
             mock_http_class.type = None
             connection = 
self._get_mock_connection(mock_http_class=mock_http_class)
             auth_url = connection.auth_url
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_abiquo.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_abiquo.py
index 373463389..13ae1b890 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_abiquo.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_abiquo.py
@@ -415,7 +415,6 @@ class AbiquoMockHttp(MockHttp):
     def 
_api_cloud_virtualdatacenters_4_virtualappliances_6_virtualmachines_3_tasks_b44fe278_6b0f_4dfb_be81_7c03006a93cb(
         self, method, url, body, headers
     ):
-
         if headers["Authorization"] == "Basic dGVuOnNoaW4=":
             # User 'ten:shin' failed task
             response = 
self.fixtures.load("vdc_4_vapp_6_vm_3_deploy_task_failed.xml")
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_azure.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_azure.py
index 5d50b8d3f..b42507c34 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_azure.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_azure.py
@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ class AzureNodeDriverTests(LibcloudTestCase):
             self.driver.list_nodes(ex_cloud_service_name="dcoddkinztest04")
 
     def test_restart_node_success(self):
-
         node = Node(
             id="dc03",
             name="dc03",
@@ -137,7 +136,6 @@ class AzureNodeDriverTests(LibcloudTestCase):
 
     #  simulating attempting to reboot a node that is already rebooting
     def test_restart_node_fail_no_deployment(self):
-
         node = Node(
             id="dc03",
             name="dc03",
@@ -155,7 +153,6 @@ class AzureNodeDriverTests(LibcloudTestCase):
             )
 
     def test_restart_node_fail_no_cloud_service(self):
-
         node = Node(
             id="dc03",
             name="dc03",
@@ -173,7 +170,6 @@ class AzureNodeDriverTests(LibcloudTestCase):
             )
 
     def test_restart_node_fail_node_not_found(self):
-
         node = Node(
             id="dc13",
             name="dc13",
@@ -191,7 +187,6 @@ class AzureNodeDriverTests(LibcloudTestCase):
         self.assertFalse(result)
 
     def test_destroy_node_success_single_node_in_cloud_service(self):
-
         node = Node(
             id="oddkinz1",
             name="oddkinz1",
@@ -207,7 +202,6 @@ class AzureNodeDriverTests(LibcloudTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(result)
 
     def test_destroy_node_success_multiple_nodes_in_cloud_service(self):
-
         node = Node(
             id="oddkinz1",
             name="oddkinz1",
@@ -223,7 +217,6 @@ class AzureNodeDriverTests(LibcloudTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(result)
 
     def test_destroy_node_fail_node_does_not_exist(self):
-
         node = Node(
             id="oddkinz2",
             name="oddkinz2",
@@ -241,7 +234,6 @@ class AzureNodeDriverTests(LibcloudTestCase):
             )
 
     def test_destroy_node_success_cloud_service_not_found(self):
-
         node = Node(
             id="cloudredis",
             name="cloudredis",
@@ -354,7 +346,6 @@ class AzureNodeDriverTests(LibcloudTestCase):
 
 
 class AzureMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("azure")
 
     def 
_3761b98b_673d_526c_8d55_fee918758e6e_services_hostedservices_oddkinz1_deploymentslots_Production(
@@ -584,7 +575,6 @@ class AzureMockHttp(MockHttp):
     def 
_3761b98b_673d_526c_8d55_fee918758e6e_services_hostedservices_testdcabc2_deploymentslots_Production(
         self, method, url, body, headers
     ):
-
         if method == "GET":
             body = self.fixtures.load(
                 
"_3761b98b_673d_526c_8d55_fee918758e6e_services_hostedservices_testdcabc2_deploymentslots_Production.xml"
@@ -601,7 +591,6 @@ class AzureMockHttp(MockHttp):
     def 
_3761b98b_673d_526c_8d55_fee918758e6e_operations_acc33f6756cda6fd96826394fce4c9f3(
         self, method, url, body, headers
     ):
-
         if method == "GET":
             body = self.fixtures.load(
                 
"_3761b98b_673d_526c_8d55_fee918758e6e_operations_acc33f6756cda6fd96826394fce4c9f3.xml"
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_azure_arm.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_azure_arm.py
index 85b320d6b..13fcba9bd 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_azure_arm.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_azure_arm.py
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ from libcloud.compute.drivers.azure_arm import (
 
 
 class AzureNodeDriverTests(LibcloudTestCase):
-
     TENANT_ID = "77777777-7777-7777-7777-777777777777"
     SUBSCRIPTION_ID = "99999999"
     APPLICATION_ID = "55555555-5555-5555-5555-555555555555"
@@ -677,7 +676,6 @@ class AzureNodeDriverTests(LibcloudTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(snaps[3].created, datetime))
 
     def test_list_snapshots_in_resource_group(self):
-
         snaps = self.driver.list_snapshots(ex_resource_group="111111")
         self.assertEqual(len(snaps), 2)
 
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_cloudsigma_v1_0.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_cloudsigma_v1_0.py
index d0c3b4d3a..a0deb3a66 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_cloudsigma_v1_0.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_cloudsigma_v1_0.py
@@ -152,24 +152,19 @@ class CloudSigmaHttp(MockHttp):
         return (httplib.OK, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _servers_62fe7cde_4fb9_4c63_bd8c_e757930066a0_start(self, method, url, 
body, headers):
-
         return (httplib.OK, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _servers_62fe7cde_4fb9_4c63_bd8c_e757930066a0_stop(self, method, url, 
body, headers):
-
         return (httplib.NO_CONTENT, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _servers_62fe7cde_4fb9_4c63_bd8c_e757930066a0_destroy(self, method, 
url, body, headers):
-
         return (httplib.NO_CONTENT, body, {}, 
httplib.responses[httplib.NO_CONTENT])
 
     def _drives_d18119ce_7afa_474a_9242_e0384b160220_clone(self, method, url, 
body, headers):
-
         body = self.fixtures.load("drives_clone.txt")
         return (httplib.OK, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _drives_a814def5_1789_49a0_bf88_7abe7bb1682a_info(self, method, url, 
body, headers):
-
         body = self.fixtures.load("drives_single_info.txt")
         return (httplib.OK, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
@@ -197,11 +192,9 @@ class CloudSigmaHttp(MockHttp):
         return (httplib.NO_CONTENT, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _drives_d18119ce_7afa_474a_9242_e0384b160220_destroy(self, method, 
url, body, headers):
-
         return (httplib.NO_CONTENT, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _servers_62fe7cde_4fb9_4c63_bd8c_e757930066a0_set(self, method, url, 
body, headers):
-
         body = self.fixtures.load("servers_set.txt")
         return (httplib.OK, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_cloudstack.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_cloudstack.py
index 469e9691f..6f9907d6e 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_cloudstack.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_cloudstack.py
@@ -341,7 +341,6 @@ class CloudStackCommonTestCase(TestCaseMixin):
         self.assertEqual(network.extra["project_id"], 
fixture_network["projectid"])
 
     def test_ex_delete_network(self):
-
         network = self.driver.ex_list_networks()[0]
 
         result = self.driver.ex_delete_network(network=network)
@@ -364,7 +363,6 @@ class CloudStackCommonTestCase(TestCaseMixin):
             self.assertEqual(nic.mac_address, fixture_nic[i]["macaddress"])
 
     def test_ex_add_nic_to_node(self):
-
         vm = self.driver.list_nodes()[0]
         network = self.driver.ex_list_networks()[0]
         ip = "10.1.4.123"
@@ -373,7 +371,6 @@ class CloudStackCommonTestCase(TestCaseMixin):
         self.assertTrue(result)
 
     def test_ex_remove_nic_from_node(self):
-
         vm = self.driver.list_nodes()[0]
         nic = self.driver.ex_list_nics(node=vm)[0]
 
@@ -436,7 +433,6 @@ class CloudStackCommonTestCase(TestCaseMixin):
         self.assertEqual(vpc.id, fixture_vpc["id"])
 
     def test_ex_delete_vpc(self):
-
         vpc = self.driver.ex_list_vpcs()[0]
 
         result = self.driver.ex_delete_vpc(vpc=vpc)
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py
index c0befbeb1..0113de55c 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py
@@ -2198,7 +2198,6 @@ class InvalidRequestError(Exception):
 
 
 class DimensionDataMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("dimensiondata")
 
     def _oec_0_9_8a8f6abc_2745_4d8a_9cbc_8dabe5a7d0e4_report_usage(
@@ -3472,7 +3471,6 @@ class DimensionDataMockHttp(MockHttp):
     def _caas_2_3_8a8f6abc_2745_4d8a_9cbc_8dabe5a7d0e4_network_createPortList(
         self, method, url, body, headers
     ):
-
         request = ET.fromstring(body)
         if request.tag != "{urn:didata.com:api:cloud:types}" "createPortList":
             raise InvalidRequestError(request.tag)
@@ -3499,7 +3497,6 @@ class DimensionDataMockHttp(MockHttp):
     def _caas_2_3_8a8f6abc_2745_4d8a_9cbc_8dabe5a7d0e4_network_editPortList(
         self, method, url, body, headers
     ):
-
         request = ET.fromstring(body)
         if request.tag != "{urn:didata.com:api:cloud:types}" "editPortList":
             raise InvalidRequestError(request.tag)
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py
index f26cea53e..ec4c2b3f8 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py
@@ -2294,7 +2294,6 @@ class InvalidRequestError(Exception):
 
 
 class DimensionDataMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("dimensiondata")
 
     def _oec_0_9_8a8f6abc_2745_4d8a_9cbc_8dabe5a7d0e4_report_usage(
@@ -3572,7 +3571,6 @@ class DimensionDataMockHttp(MockHttp):
     def _caas_2_4_8a8f6abc_2745_4d8a_9cbc_8dabe5a7d0e4_network_createPortList(
         self, method, url, body, headers
     ):
-
         request = ET.fromstring(body)
         if request.tag != "{urn:didata.com:api:cloud:types}" "createPortList":
             raise InvalidRequestError(request.tag)
@@ -3599,7 +3597,6 @@ class DimensionDataMockHttp(MockHttp):
     def _caas_2_4_8a8f6abc_2745_4d8a_9cbc_8dabe5a7d0e4_network_editPortList(
         self, method, url, body, headers
     ):
-
         request = ET.fromstring(body)
         if request.tag != "{urn:didata.com:api:cloud:types}" "editPortList":
             raise InvalidRequestError(request.tag)
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_gandi.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_gandi.py
index f21eab824..19b9832bb 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_gandi.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_gandi.py
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ from libcloud.test.common.test_gandi import BaseGandiMockHttp
 
 
 class GandiTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
     node_name = "test2"
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -212,7 +211,6 @@ class GandiRatingTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class GandiMockHttp(BaseGandiMockHttp):
-
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("gandi")
 
     def _xmlrpc__hosting_datacenter_list(self, method, url, body, headers):
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_kamatera.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_kamatera.py
index a42e8e1e8..ee16fb3cf 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_kamatera.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_kamatera.py
@@ -209,7 +209,6 @@ class KamateraTestDriver(KamateraNodeDriver):
 
 
 class KamateraMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("kamatera")
 
     def _service_server(self, method, url, body, headers):
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_kubevirt.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_kubevirt.py
index e5afafa32..0d89fac59 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_kubevirt.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_kubevirt.py
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ from libcloud.test.common.test_kubernetes import 
KubernetesAuthTestCaseMixin
 
 
 class KubeVirtTestCase(unittest.TestCase, KubernetesAuthTestCaseMixin):
-
     driver_cls = KubeVirtNodeDriver
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("kubevirt")
 
@@ -84,7 +83,6 @@ class KubeVirtTestCase(unittest.TestCase, 
KubernetesAuthTestCaseMixin):
 
 
 class KubeVirtMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("kubevirt")
 
     def _api_v1_namespaces(self, method, url, body, headers):
@@ -199,7 +197,6 @@ class KubeVirtMockHttp(MockHttp):
         return (httplib.OK, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _api_v1_namespaces_default_pods(self, method, url, body, headers):
-
         if method == "GET":
             body = self.fixtures.load("get_pods.json")
         else:
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_nttcis.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_nttcis.py
index ff45d0863..2a46477ee 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_nttcis.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_nttcis.py
@@ -2107,7 +2107,6 @@ class InvalidRequestError(Exception):
 
 
 class NttCisMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("nttcis")
 
     def _oec_0_9_myaccount_UNAUTHORIZED(self, method, url, body, headers):
@@ -3263,7 +3262,6 @@ class NttCisMockHttp(MockHttp):
     def _caas_2_7_8a8f6abc_2745_4d8a_9cbc_8dabe5a7d0e4_network_createPortList(
         self, method, url, body, headers
     ):
-
         request = ET.fromstring(body)
         if request.tag != "{urn:didata.com:api:cloud:types}" "createPortList":
             raise InvalidRequestError(request.tag)
@@ -3290,7 +3288,6 @@ class NttCisMockHttp(MockHttp):
     def _caas_2_7_8a8f6abc_2745_4d8a_9cbc_8dabe5a7d0e4_network_editPortList(
         self, method, url, body, headers
     ):
-
         request = ET.fromstring(body)
         if request.tag != "{urn:didata.com:api:cloud:types}" "editPortList":
             raise InvalidRequestError(request.tag)
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_openstack.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_openstack.py
index b683249f0..e8bf33222 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_openstack.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_openstack.py
@@ -722,7 +722,6 @@ class OpenStackMockHttp(MockHttp, unittest.TestCase):
         return (httplib.NO_CONTENT, "", {}, 
httplib.responses[httplib.NO_CONTENT])
 
     def _v1_0_slug_shared_ip_groups(self, method, url, body, headers):
-
         fixture = (
             "v1_slug_shared_ip_group.xml" if method == "POST" else 
"v1_slug_shared_ip_groups.xml"
         )
@@ -1102,7 +1101,6 @@ class OpenStack_1_1_Tests(unittest.TestCase, 
TestCaseMixin):
         self.assertEqual(sizes[0].vcpus, 8)
 
     def test_list_sizes_with_specified_pricing(self):
-
         pricing = {str(i): i * 5.0 for i in range(1, 9)}
 
         set_pricing(driver_type="compute", driver_name=self.driver.api_name, 
pricing=pricing)
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_rackspace.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_rackspace.py
index 24b0a67c4..1a05b5ae9 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_rackspace.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_rackspace.py
@@ -164,7 +164,6 @@ class BaseRackspaceNovaTestCase:
 
 
 class RackspaceNovaDfwTests(BaseRackspaceNovaTestCase, OpenStack_1_1_Tests):
-
     driver_klass = RackspaceNodeDriver
     driver_type = RackspaceNodeDriver
     driver_args = RACKSPACE_NOVA_PARAMS
@@ -174,7 +173,6 @@ class RackspaceNovaDfwTests(BaseRackspaceNovaTestCase, 
OpenStack_1_1_Tests):
 
 
 class RackspaceNovaOrdTests(BaseRackspaceNovaTestCase, OpenStack_1_1_Tests):
-
     driver_klass = RackspaceNodeDriver
     driver_type = RackspaceNodeDriver
     driver_args = RACKSPACE_NOVA_PARAMS
@@ -184,7 +182,6 @@ class RackspaceNovaOrdTests(BaseRackspaceNovaTestCase, 
OpenStack_1_1_Tests):
 
 
 class RackspaceNovaIadTests(BaseRackspaceNovaTestCase, OpenStack_1_1_Tests):
-
     driver_klass = RackspaceNodeDriver
     driver_type = RackspaceNodeDriver
     driver_args = RACKSPACE_NOVA_PARAMS
@@ -194,7 +191,6 @@ class RackspaceNovaIadTests(BaseRackspaceNovaTestCase, 
OpenStack_1_1_Tests):
 
 
 class RackspaceNovaLonTests(BaseRackspaceNovaTestCase, OpenStack_1_1_Tests):
-
     driver_klass = RackspaceNodeDriver
     driver_type = RackspaceNodeDriver
     driver_args = RACKSPACE_NOVA_PARAMS
@@ -207,7 +203,6 @@ class RackspaceNovaLonTests(BaseRackspaceNovaTestCase, 
OpenStack_1_1_Tests):
 
 
 class RackspaceNovaSydTests(BaseRackspaceNovaTestCase, OpenStack_1_1_Tests):
-
     driver_klass = RackspaceNodeDriver
     driver_type = RackspaceNodeDriver
     driver_args = RACKSPACE_NOVA_PARAMS
@@ -217,7 +212,6 @@ class RackspaceNovaSydTests(BaseRackspaceNovaTestCase, 
OpenStack_1_1_Tests):
 
 
 class RackspaceNovaHkgTests(BaseRackspaceNovaTestCase, OpenStack_1_1_Tests):
-
     driver_klass = RackspaceNodeDriver
     driver_type = RackspaceNodeDriver
     driver_args = RACKSPACE_NOVA_PARAMS
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_rimuhosting.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_rimuhosting.py
index 82f1237b8..3af9fddae 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_rimuhosting.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_rimuhosting.py
@@ -72,7 +72,6 @@ class RimuHostingTest(unittest.TestCase, TestCaseMixin):
 
 
 class RimuHostingMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("rimuhosting")
 
     def _r_orders(self, method, url, body, headers):
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_vcloud.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_vcloud.py
index 3df531e97..981f788bf 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_vcloud.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_vcloud.py
@@ -636,7 +636,13 @@ class VCloud_1_5_Tests(unittest.TestCase, TestCaseMixin):
     def test_change_vm_script_text_and_file_logic(self, _):
         assertion_error = False
 
-        for (vm_script_file, vm_script_text, open_succeeds, open_call_count, 
returned_early,) in (
+        for (
+            vm_script_file,
+            vm_script_text,
+            open_succeeds,
+            open_call_count,
+            returned_early,
+        ) in (
             (None, None, True, 0, True),
             (None, None, False, 0, True),
             (None, "script text", True, 0, False),
@@ -994,7 +1000,6 @@ class VCloud_5_5_Tests(unittest.TestCase, TestCaseMixin):
 
 
 class TerremarkMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("terremark")
 
     def _api_v0_8_login(self, method, url, body, headers):
@@ -1072,7 +1077,6 @@ class AnotherError(Exception):
 
 
 class VCloud_1_5_MockHttp(MockHttp, unittest.TestCase):
-
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("vcloud_1_5")
 
     def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, raw=False, 
stream=False):
diff --git a/libcloud/test/compute/test_vsphere.py 
b/libcloud/test/compute/test_vsphere.py
index c2593d3d7..c328a98d5 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/compute/test_vsphere.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/compute/test_vsphere.py
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ from libcloud.compute.drivers.vsphere import 
VSphere_REST_NodeDriver
 
 
 class KubeVirtTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-
     driver_cls = VSphere_REST_NodeDriver
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("vsphere")
 
@@ -68,7 +67,6 @@ class KubeVirtTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class VSphereMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = ComputeFileFixtures("vsphere")
 
     def _rest_com_vmware_cis_session(self, method, url, body, headers):
diff --git a/libcloud/test/container/test_lxd.py 
b/libcloud/test/container/test_lxd.py
index 5b5300b71..a9a437c5b 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/container/test_lxd.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/container/test_lxd.py
@@ -201,7 +201,6 @@ class LXDMockHttp(MockHttp):
         )
 
     def _linux_124_containers(self, method, url, body, headers):
-
         if method == "GET":
             return (
                 httplib.OK,
@@ -228,7 +227,6 @@ class LXDMockHttp(MockHttp):
         )
 
     def _linux_124_containers_second_lxd_container(self, method, url, body, 
headers):
-
         if method == "PUT" or method == "DELETE":
             json = self.fixtures.load("linux_124/background_op.json")
             return (httplib.OK, json, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
@@ -241,7 +239,6 @@ class LXDMockHttp(MockHttp):
             )
 
     def _linux_124_containers_first_lxd_container_state(self, method, url, 
body, headers):
-
         if method == "PUT" or method == "DELETE":
             json = self.fixtures.load("linux_124/background_op.json")
             return (httplib.OK, json, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
@@ -250,7 +247,6 @@ class LXDMockHttp(MockHttp):
             return (httplib.OK, json, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _linux_124_containers_second_lxd_container_state(self, method, url, 
body, headers):
-
         if method == "PUT" or method == "DELETE":
             json = self.fixtures.load("linux_124/background_op.json")
             return (httplib.OK, json, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
@@ -267,13 +263,11 @@ class LXDMockHttp(MockHttp):
         )
 
     def _linux_124_storage_pools(self, method, url, body, header):
-
         if method == "GET":
             json = self.fixtures.load("linux_124/storage_pools.json")
             return (httplib.OK, json, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _linux_124_storage_pools_pool1(self, method, url, body, header):
-
         if method == "GET":
             json = self.fixtures.load("linux_124/storage_pool_1.json")
             return (httplib.OK, json, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
@@ -286,7 +280,6 @@ class LXDMockHttp(MockHttp):
             )
 
     def _linux_124_storage_pools_pool2(self, method, url, body, header):
-
         if method == "GET":
             json = self.fixtures.load("linux_124/storage_pool_2.json")
             return (httplib.OK, json, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
@@ -299,7 +292,6 @@ class LXDMockHttp(MockHttp):
             )
 
     def _linux_124_storage_pools_pool3(self, method, url, body, header):
-
         if method == "GET":
             json = self.fixtures.load("linux_124/no_meta_pool.json")
             return (httplib.OK, json, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
diff --git a/libcloud/test/dns/test_liquidweb.py 
b/libcloud/test/dns/test_liquidweb.py
index 1e7e3e40e..a0135f127 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/dns/test_liquidweb.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/dns/test_liquidweb.py
@@ -330,7 +330,6 @@ class LiquidWebMockHttp(MockHttp):
         return (httplib.OK, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _v1_Network_DNS_Record_update(self, method, url, body, headers):
-
         body = self.fixtures.load("update_record.json")
         return (httplib.OK, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
diff --git a/libcloud/test/dns/test_luadns.py b/libcloud/test/dns/test_luadns.py
index 97406d278..cc6cb9455 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/dns/test_luadns.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/dns/test_luadns.py
@@ -278,7 +278,6 @@ class LuadnsMockHttp(MockHttp):
         return httplib.OK, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK]
 
     def _v1_zones_31_GET_RECORD_RECORD_DOES_NOT_EXIST(self, method, url, body, 
headers):
-
         body = self.fixtures.load("get_zone.json")
 
         return httplib.OK, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK]
diff --git a/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py 
b/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py
index 7a2b43651..5cdc2b2e1 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_dimensiondata_v2_3.py
@@ -490,7 +490,6 @@ class DimensionData_v2_3_Tests(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class DimensionDataMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = LoadBalancerFileFixtures("dimensiondata")
 
     def _oec_0_9_myaccount_UNAUTHORIZED(self, method, url, body, headers):
diff --git a/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py 
b/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py
index ab3347a4b..e8f02cc2f 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_dimensiondata_v2_4.py
@@ -490,7 +490,6 @@ class DimensionData_v2_4_Tests(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class DimensionDataMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = LoadBalancerFileFixtures("dimensiondata")
 
     def _oec_0_9_myaccount_UNAUTHORIZED(self, method, url, body, headers):
diff --git a/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_nttcis.py 
b/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_nttcis.py
index 78b1f01c5..bdcfc5b9f 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_nttcis.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_nttcis.py
@@ -628,7 +628,6 @@ def test_delete_ssl_domain_certificate(driver):
 
 
 class NttCisMockHttp(MockHttp):
-
     fixtures = LoadBalancerFileFixtures("nttcis")
 
     def _oec_0_9_myaccount_UNAUTHORIZED(self, method, url, body, headers):
@@ -737,7 +736,6 @@ class NttCisMockHttp(MockHttp):
     def _caas_2_7_8a8f6abc_2745_4d8a_9cbc_8dabe5a7d0e4_networkDomainVip_node(
         self, method, url, body, headers
     ):
-
         body = self.fixtures.load("networkDomainVip_node.xml")
         return (httplib.OK, body, {}, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
diff --git a/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_rackspace.py 
b/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_rackspace.py
index 4bc86fa27..cf4923dab 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_rackspace.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/loadbalancer/test_rackspace.py
@@ -1344,7 +1344,6 @@ class RackspaceLBMockHttp(MockHttp, unittest.TestCase):
 
             return (httplib.ACCEPTED, "", {}, 
httplib.responses[httplib.ACCEPTED])
         elif method == "POST":
-
             json_body = json.loads(body)
             access_list = json_body["accessList"]
             self.assertEqual("ALLOW", access_list[0]["type"])
diff --git a/libcloud/test/storage/test_azure_blobs.py 
b/libcloud/test/storage/test_azure_blobs.py
index 1e6d70e3d..a67e7dd79 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/storage/test_azure_blobs.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/storage/test_azure_blobs.py
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ from libcloud.storage.drivers.azure_blobs import (
 
 
 class AzureBlobsMockHttp(BaseRangeDownloadMockHttp, unittest.TestCase):
-
     fixtures = StorageFileFixtures("azure_blobs")
     base_headers = {}
 
diff --git a/libcloud/test/storage/test_base.py 
b/libcloud/test/storage/test_base.py
index 41db0c41f..e9dc72c84 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/storage/test_base.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/storage/test_base.py
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ class BaseStorageTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.driver1.strict_mode = False
 
     def test__upload_object_iterator_must_have_next_method(self):
-
         valid_iterators = [BytesIO(b("134")), StringIO("bar")]
         invalid_iterators = ["foobar", "", False, True, 1, object()]
 
diff --git a/libcloud/test/storage/test_cloudfiles.py 
b/libcloud/test/storage/test_cloudfiles.py
index 213406288..4187d9003 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/storage/test_cloudfiles.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/storage/test_cloudfiles.py
@@ -801,7 +801,6 @@ class CloudFilesTests(unittest.TestCase):
         expected_headers.update(cors_headers)
 
         def intercept_request(request_path, method=None, data=None, 
headers=None, raw=True):
-
             # What we're actually testing
             self.assertDictEqual(expected_headers, headers)
 
@@ -841,7 +840,6 @@ class CloudFilesTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @unittest.skip("Skipping as chunking is disabled in 2.0rc1")
     def test_upload_object_via_stream_chunked_encoding(self):
-
         # Create enough bytes it should get split into two chunks
         bytes_blob = "".join(["\0" for _ in range(CHUNK_SIZE + 1)])
         hex_chunk_size = ("%X" % CHUNK_SIZE).encode("utf8")
@@ -1055,7 +1053,6 @@ class CloudFilesDeprecatedUKTests(CloudFilesTests):
 
 
 class CloudFilesMockHttp(BaseRangeDownloadMockHttp, unittest.TestCase):
-
     fixtures = StorageFileFixtures("cloudfiles")
     base_headers = {"content-type": "application/json; charset=UTF-8"}
 
@@ -1255,7 +1252,6 @@ class CloudFilesMockHttp(BaseRangeDownloadMockHttp, 
unittest.TestCase):
         return (status_code, body, headers, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _v1_MossoCloudFS_foo_bar_container_object_PURGE_SUCCESS(self, method, 
url, body, headers):
-
         if method == "DELETE":
             # test_ex_purge_from_cdn
             headers = self.base_headers
@@ -1265,7 +1261,6 @@ class CloudFilesMockHttp(BaseRangeDownloadMockHttp, 
unittest.TestCase):
     def _v1_MossoCloudFS_foo_bar_container_object_PURGE_SUCCESS_EMAIL(
         self, method, url, body, headers
     ):
-
         if method == "DELETE":
             # test_ex_purge_from_cdn_with_email
             self.assertEqual(headers["X-Purge-Email"], "t...@test.com")
@@ -1274,7 +1269,6 @@ class CloudFilesMockHttp(BaseRangeDownloadMockHttp, 
unittest.TestCase):
         return (status_code, body, headers, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _v1_MossoCloudFS_foo_bar_container_NOT_FOUND(self, method, url, body, 
headers):
-
         if method == "DELETE":
             # test_delete_container_not_found
             body = self.fixtures.load("list_container_objects_empty.json")
@@ -1283,7 +1277,6 @@ class CloudFilesMockHttp(BaseRangeDownloadMockHttp, 
unittest.TestCase):
         return (status_code, body, headers, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _v1_MossoCloudFS_foo_bar_container_NOT_EMPTY(self, method, url, body, 
headers):
-
         if method == "DELETE":
             # test_delete_container_not_empty
             body = self.fixtures.load("list_container_objects_empty.json")
@@ -1292,7 +1285,6 @@ class CloudFilesMockHttp(BaseRangeDownloadMockHttp, 
unittest.TestCase):
         return (status_code, body, headers, httplib.responses[httplib.OK])
 
     def _v1_MossoCloudFS_foo_bar_container_foo_bar_object(self, method, url, 
body, headers):
-
         if method == "DELETE":
             # test_delete_object_success
             body = self.fixtures.load("list_container_objects_empty.json")
@@ -1398,7 +1390,6 @@ class CloudFilesMockHttp(BaseRangeDownloadMockHttp, 
unittest.TestCase):
     def _v1_MossoCloudFS_foo_bar_container_foo_test_stream_data_seek(
         self, method, url, body, headers
     ):
-
         # test_upload_object_via_stream_stream_seek_at_end
         hasher = hashlib.md5()
         hasher.update(b"123456789")
diff --git a/libcloud/test/storage/test_oss.py 
b/libcloud/test/storage/test_oss.py
index 66394d4ce..3debf9d0d 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/storage/test_oss.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/storage/test_oss.py
@@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ class ObjectTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class OSSMockHttp(MockHttp, unittest.TestCase):
-
     fixtures = StorageFileFixtures("oss")
     base_headers = {}
 
diff --git a/libcloud/test/storage/test_s3.py b/libcloud/test/storage/test_s3.py
index 6efd845ba..46aa60a2b 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/storage/test_s3.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/storage/test_s3.py
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ from libcloud.test.file_fixtures import StorageFileFixtures  
# pylint: disable-m
 
 
 class S3MockHttp(BaseRangeDownloadMockHttp, unittest.TestCase):
-
     fixtures = StorageFileFixtures("s3")
     base_headers = {}
 
diff --git a/libcloud/test/test_utils.py b/libcloud/test/test_utils.py
index 69d37059b..49a480587 100644
--- a/libcloud/test/test_utils.py
+++ b/libcloud/test/test_utils.py
@@ -479,7 +479,6 @@ class NetworkingUtilsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class TestPublicKeyUtils(unittest.TestCase):
-
     PUBKEY = (
         "ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDOfbWSXOlqvYjZmRO84/lIoV4gvuX+"
         "P1lLg50MMg6jZjLZIlYY081XPRmuom0xY0+BO++J2KgLl7gxJ6xMsKK2VQ+TakdfAH20"
diff --git a/libcloud/utils/decorators.py b/libcloud/utils/decorators.py
index 847933f52..1538e3254 100644
--- a/libcloud/utils/decorators.py
+++ b/libcloud/utils/decorators.py
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ def wrap_non_libcloud_exceptions(func):
         try:
             return func(*args, **kwargs)
         except Exception as e:
-
             if isinstance(e, LibcloudError):
                 raise e
 

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