betodealmeida opened a new pull request, #38889:
URL: https://github.com/apache/superset/pull/38889

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   ### SUMMARY
   <!--- Describe the change below, including rationale and design decisions -->
   
   When using an adhoc expression `$expr` for the base axis, Superset will run 
this query to inspect the `cursor.description` to get the result type:
   
   ```sql
   SELECT $expr FROM $table LIMIT 1;
   ```
   
   One problem with this approach is that in some databases (ClickHouse, 
BigQuery, eg) this query still scans **all** rows, since it has no predicate.e 
for BigQuery as well.
   
   This PR changes the query to this shape:
   
   ```sql
   SELECT $expr FROM $table WHERE FALSE;
   ```
   
   I tested the fix against 17 different databases, and for 14 of them the type 
was still present in the `cursor.description` even though no rows were returned:
   
   - DuckDB
   - SQLite
   - PostgreSQL
   - CockroachDB
   - MariaDB
   - MySQL
   - SQL Server
   - Trino
   - Snowflake
   - Databricks
   - Oracle
   - Redshift
   - ClickHouse
   - BigQuery
   
   Unfortunately I already knew that the fix wouldn't work for these databases 
(since I wrote the DB API 2.0 library for them):
   
   - Druid
   - Pinot
   - Shillelagh/GSheets
   
   The first two require at least one row of data to populate the 
`cursor.description`, since the types are inferred from the returned Python 
types. Shillelagh and GSheets have their own quirks due to the fact that SQLite 
has no proper types implementation. `¯\_(ツ)_/¯`
   
   Because of Druid and Pinot I added a new DB engine spec attribute 
`type_probe_needs_row`:
   
   - False: use `WHERE FALSE`
   - True: use `LIMIT 1`
   
   ### BEFORE/AFTER SCREENSHOTS OR ANIMATED GIF
   <!--- Skip this if not applicable -->
   
   ### TESTING INSTRUCTIONS
   <!--- Required! What steps can be taken to manually verify the changes? -->
   
   ### ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
   <!--- Check any relevant boxes with "x" -->
   <!--- HINT: Include "Fixes #nnn" if you are fixing an existing issue -->
   - [ ] Has associated issue:
   - [ ] Required feature flags:
   - [ ] Changes UI
   - [ ] Includes DB Migration (follow approval process in 
[SIP-59](https://github.com/apache/superset/issues/13351))
     - [ ] Migration is atomic, supports rollback & is backwards-compatible
     - [ ] Confirm DB migration upgrade and downgrade tested
     - [ ] Runtime estimates and downtime expectations provided
   - [ ] Introduces new feature or API
   - [ ] Removes existing feature or API
   


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