Su-hyeon,

On the nonce half. For an unsolicited call the delivery is defined, though not
in RFC 9901: RFC 9449 Section 9 has the resource server answer a request that
carries no nonce, using a 401 with the use_dpop_nonce error and a DPoP-Nonce
header, and the client retries with that value in the proof. So a resource
server can supply a nonce to a client that never asked it for one.

What that leaves open is aud. The proof binds htu and htm, not the audience of
the credential, and RFC 9901 leaves a KB-JWT's aud to the protocol in use.

So is the gap you mean the KB-JWT equivalent of Section 9 -- an HTTP-level
nonce and audience binding defined for a direct credential presentation -- and
would reusing Section 9 be the intended answer, or does that not carry,
because the challenge and the nonce belong to DPoP rather than to the
credential?

[Drafted with AI assistance; I have checked every point and agree with it.]

Best,
Jijie Wei
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