Ok - now that we've moved over to mercurial, perhaps a little introduction
and a few ground rules would be in order:
First, mercurial (as you know) is a distributed version control system
(DVCS), which basically means one thing - your work area is a snapshot of
the entire repository, including all history, branches, tags, etc. Under a
traditional non-distributed VCS system like CVS or Subversion, this would be
expensive, but a DVCS manages your work area history as a set of diffs from
one revision to the next, so it's pretty efficient. If you still have your
subversion work area around, you might do a size comparison just for the fun
of it.
Like subversion, mercurial manages its historical information in a "hidden"
sub-directory called .hg. Unlike subversion, there's only one of these .hg
directories right under the root of the repo. Many of the features of
subversion have corollary functionality in mercurial, such as the "update"
command, the "status" command, etc. These functions operate just as you'd
expect them to. Some mercurial functionality, however is different and you
need to understand these differences to use them properly.
For instance, the commit operation exists in mercurial, but it commits a
change set to your local copy of the repository. In fact, the update command
updates from your local copy of the repository, rather than from the copy on
sourceforge.net. This is very nice because you have the opportunity to
modify your local history until it's just the way you like it. When you're
ready to publish your changes to the world, you use the "push" command to
push your local changes up to the master repo. Be careful with push - once
you push, you're committed in the same manner you were under subversion
commit. Until you push, however, everything in your copy of the repo is fair
game for changes you might like to make to it.
In reality, there is no concept of a "master" repo in a DVCS. Technically,
everyone's copy of a repository is just as valid as anyone else's copy.
However, to maintain some semblance of sanity in a project, a particular
copy of the repo is usually designated (by general agreement) as the
"master" copy. In this case, the master copy is the one hosted by
sourceforge.net.
When you "clone" a repository, the default push/pull path for your
repository is automatically configured to be the location from which you
cloned. This makes it simple to push your changes back to the same repo from
which you originally cloned - you simply "hg push" and your changes go back
to the repo your data originally came from. This origination information is
stored in a configuration file within the repo's .hg directory - it's called
.hg/hgrc. Cat or Type this file after you clone your repo and you'll see it
contains two lines:
[paths]
default = ssh://jcalc...@hg.code.sf.net/p/openslp/mercurial
You can change the default path for push/pull by simply changing this line
of text in the .hg/hgrc file, or you can use a location URL argument to the
push/pull commands to override the default path. Having the default path
configured in this way makes it easier to work in a manner that's similar
(if not the same as) the way we worked under subversion, updating from, and
pushing changes to a "master" repo.
There's a master configuration file found in the root of your user directory
called ~/.hgrc. You can add configuration lines to this file to provide
enhanced functionality tailored for your work habits or needs.
Here's a copy of my ~/.hgrc file (slightly edited to remove project-specific
entries) for your information:
# --- User interface --- #
[ui]
username = John Calcote <john.calc...@gmail.com>
ssh = "c:\program files (x86)\putty\plink.exe" -ssh -l jcalcote -i
"c:\users\jcalcote\keys\id_rsa.ppk" -batch
[trusted]
users = *
groups = *
[extensions]
hgsubversion = /users/jcalcote/dev/hg/hgsubversion/hgsubversion
color =
transplant =
purge =
graphlog =
rebase =
mq =
fetch =
graphlog =
progress =
[color]
mode = auto
status.modified = magenta bold
status.added = green bold
status.removed = red bold
status.deleted = cyan bold
status.unknown = blue bold
status.ignored = black bold
[extdiff]
cmd.meld = meld
[merge-tools]
meld.args = $base $local $other
[tortoisehg]
vdiff = meld
ui.language = en
editor = "C:\Program Files (x86)\notepad++\notepad++.exe"
tabwidth = 3
forcerepotab = True
Another difference that's important to recognize is that while you're making
changes to your copy of the repo, another team member is making changes to
his copy also. Conflicts occur when you both try to push your modified repos
to the "master". When this happens, the second push causes a branch to be
created in the master repo that must be merged back into the main line. It's
the second guy's job to merge.
In my professional use of mercurial, we use a "gatekeeper" to ensure that
branches aren't created in the master repo. Changes are bundled up and
pushed to the gatekeeper's mail box. He unbundles these changes, and commits
them when he's satisfied they meet all the criteria for a valid commit. We
don't have a gatekeeper in our setup, so we have to be more careful in how
we work if we want to keep a decent looking master repo. One way to do this
is to use a patch queue. In the above .hgrc file, you'll see an entry under
the [extensions] section, "mq=". This entry enables mercurial patch queues,
which is built into later versions of mercurial, but must be enabled with
this configuration statement. Once enabled, you can treat your changes like
a stack of patches that can be pushed onto and popped off of your local
history - a set of semi-committed changes that can be manipulated more
readily with a patch queue than without.
hg qnew -m "Some commit message" patch-name.patch
hg qpush
hg qpop
hg qseries (displays the current patch stack)
With patches enabled, you can pull the latest code from sf.net and make
changes to it over several days or weeks, keeping your changes in a set of
patches. When you're ready to push your changes to the master repo, you pop
all your patches, pull the latest code down from sf.net and then push your
patches back on. This effectively moves the conflicts down to your local
repo. You can fix any conflicts that might have been created by changes
pushed up to sf.net while you were working. You can also incrementally
update your local repo on a daily basis under your patch queue in order to
reduce the amount of conflict you have to deal with all at once just before
you're ready to push.
When a conflict does happen because you and another were unlucky enough to
push at the same time (usually within the same 5 minute period), then the
last one in will have to merge in the master. This means pulling down an
updated copy after the conflict has been created, and merging the branches
together, then pushing back up again. I'm making it a rule that the second
pusher (the one whose changes didn't make it into the master on the tip of
the branch) be the person responsible for the merge in order to keep the
conflict from happening multiple times in a row because to pusher's keep
trying to do the merge at the same time. All of this is unlikely in our
project, but it's worth having a plan for when/if it does.
I highly recommend reading (or at least skimming) the mercurial manual,
published by the authors of mercurial - Selenic Consulting:
http://mercurial.selenic.com/
It's fairly light reading and very helpful. I also highly recommend the use
of a graphical tool to manage certain aspects of your repo. TortoiseHG is a
wonderful addition to your tool box - it's written in QT and is thus
portable to both Windows and Linux. You can install it on linux from apt-get
or zypper or whatever platform software installation tool. You can install
it on windows by downloading an installer - google it. When you run "thg"
from the command line in a working directory, TortoiseHG presents a
graphical display of your local repo, including your patch queue and any
local commits you may have made. It really helps you get your head around
your repo's recent history and the way patches are applied to that history.
Regards,
John
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