The following summarizes the synopses of all of the commands included
in the coreutils package.
- Stephen
----
PSARC/2007/048
Include GNU coreutils 6.4
Stephen Hahn (sch at sun.com)
ident "$Hg: d-coreutils-appendix.txt a0bc76430dfa 2007/01/10 01:21:04 -0800 $
SMI"
Appendix A. Utility synopses for GNU variant utilities
A.1 [
Usage: test EXPRESSION
or: test
or: [ EXPRESSION ]
or: [ ]
or: [ OPTION
Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise,
EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of:
( EXPRESSION ) EXPRESSION is true
! EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false
EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true
EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true
-n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero
STRING equivalent to -n STRING
-z STRING the length of STRING is zero
STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal
STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal
INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2
FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers
FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2
FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2
-b FILE FILE exists and is block special
-c FILE FILE exists and is character special
-d FILE FILE exists and is a directory
-e FILE FILE exists
-f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file
-g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID
-G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID
-h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)
-k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set
-L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)
-O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID
-p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe
-r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted
-s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero
-S FILE FILE exists and is a socket
-t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal
-u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set
-w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted
-x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted
Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links.
Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells.
INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING.
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of test and/or [, which usually
supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.2 base64
Usage: ./base64 [OPTION] [FILE]
Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output.
-w, --wrap=COLS Wrap encoded lines after COLS character (default 76).
Use 0 to disable line wrapping.
-d, --decode Decode data.
-i, --ignore-garbage When decoding, ignore non-alphabet characters.
--help Display this help and exit.
--version Output version information and exit.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548.
Decoding require compliant input by default, use --ignore-garbage to
attempt to recover from non-alphabet characters (such as newlines) in
the encoded stream.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.3 basename
Usage: ./basename NAME [SUFFIX]
or: ./basename OPTION
Print NAME with any leading directory components removed.
If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Examples:
./basename /usr/bin/sort Output "sort".
./basename include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio".
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.4 cat
Usage: ./cat [OPTION] [FILE]...
Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.
-A, --show-all equivalent to -vET
-b, --number-nonblank number nonblank output lines
-e equivalent to -vE
-E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line
-n, --number number all output lines
-s, --squeeze-blank never more than one single blank line
-t equivalent to -vT
-T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I
-u (ignored)
-v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Examples:
./cat f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents.
./cat Copy standard input to standard output.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.5 chgrp
Usage: ./chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
or: ./chgrp [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
Change the group of each FILE to GROUP.
With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE.
-c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made
--dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is
the default), rather than the symbolic link itself
-h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced
file (useful only on systems that can change the
ownership of a symlink)
--no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default)
--preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/'
-f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages
--reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a
GROUP value
-R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively
-v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed
The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R
option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final
one takes effect.
-H if a command line argument is a symbolic link
to a directory, traverse it
-L traverse every symbolic link to a directory
encountered
-P do not traverse any symbolic links (default)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Examples:
./chgrp staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff".
./chgrp -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff".
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.6 chmod
Usage: ./chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
or: ./chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
or: ./chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
Change the mode of each FILE to MODE.
-c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made
--no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default)
--preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/'
-f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages
-v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed
--reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values
-R, --recursive change files and directories recursively
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.7 chown
Usage: ./chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...
or: ./chown [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE.
-c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made
--dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is
the default), rather than the symbolic link itself
-h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced
file (useful only on systems that can change the
ownership of a symlink)
--from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP
change the owner and/or group of each file only if
its current owner and/or group match those specified
here. Either may be omitted, in which case a match
is not required for the omitted attribute.
--no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default)
--preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/'
-f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages
--reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than
specifying OWNER:GROUP values
-R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively
-v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed
The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R
option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final
one takes effect.
-H if a command line argument is a symbolic link
to a directory, traverse it
-L traverse every symbolic link to a directory
encountered
-P do not traverse any symbolic links (default)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed
to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER.
OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic.
Examples:
./chown root /u Change the owner of /u to "root".
./chown root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff".
./chown -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root".
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.8 chroot
Usage: ./chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
or: ./chroot OPTION
Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh).
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.9 cksum
Usage: ./cksum [FILE]...
or: ./cksum [OPTION]
Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.0 comm
Usage: ./comm [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2
Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line.
With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains
lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2,
and column three contains lines common to both files.
-1 suppress lines unique to FILE1
-2 suppress lines unique to FILE2
-3 suppress lines that appear in both files
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.10 cp
Usage: ./cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
or: ./cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
or: ./cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --archive same as -dpPR
--backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file
-b like --backup but does not accept an argument
--copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive
-d same as --no-dereference --preserve=link
-f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be
opened, remove it and try again
-i, --interactive prompt before overwrite
-H follow command-line symbolic links
-l, --link link files instead of copying
-L, --dereference always follow symbolic links
-P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links
-p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps
--preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default:
mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible
additional attributes: links, all
--no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes
--parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY
-R, -r, --recursive copy directories recursively
--remove-destination remove each existing destination file before
attempting to open it (contrast with --force)
--sparse=WHEN control creation of sparse files
--strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE
argument
-s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying
-S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY
-T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file
-u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer
than the destination file or when the
destination file is missing
-v, --verbose explain what is being done
-x, --one-file-system stay on this file system
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the
corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior
selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST
file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes.
Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files.
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through
the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:
none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)
numbered, t make numbered backups
existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
simple, never always make simple backups
As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup
options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing,
regular file.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.11 csplit
Usage: ./csplit [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN...
Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ...,
and output byte counts of each piece to standard output.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d
-f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx'
-k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors
-n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2
-s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes
-z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be:
INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number
/REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line
%REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line
{INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times
{*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible
A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.12 cut
Usage: ./cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes
-c, --characters=LIST select only these characters
-d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter
-f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line
that contains no delimiter character, unless
the -s option is specified
-n (ignored)
--complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters
or fields.
-s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters
--output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter
the default is to use the input delimiter
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one
range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written
in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once.
Each range is one of:
N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1
N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line
N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field
-M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.13 date
Usage: ./date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
or: ./date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
-d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now'
-f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE
-r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE
-R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format
--rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format.
TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for
date and time to the indicated precision.
-s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING
-u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
FORMAT controls the output. The only valid option for the second form
specifies Coordinated Universal Time. Interpreted sequences are:
%% a literal %
%a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)
%A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)
%b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)
%B locale's full month name (e.g., January)
%c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005)
%C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 21)
%d day of month (e.g, 01)
%D date; same as %m/%d/%y
%e day of month, space padded; same as %_d
%F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d
%g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)
%G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V
%h same as %b
%H hour (00..23)
%I hour (01..12)
%j day of year (001..366)
%k hour ( 0..23)
%l hour ( 1..12)
%m month (01..12)
%M minute (00..59)
%n a newline
%N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)
%p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known
%P like %p, but lower case
%r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)
%R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M
%s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
%S second (00..60)
%t a tab
%T time; same as %H:%M:%S
%u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday
%U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
%V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53)
%w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday
%W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
%x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)
%X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)
%y last two digits of year (00..99)
%Y year
%z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400)
%:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00)
%::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00)
%:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30)
%Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)
By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes.
The following optional flags may follow `%':
- (hyphen) do not pad the field
_ (underscore) pad with spaces
0 (zero) pad with zeros
^ use upper case if possible
# use opposite case if possible
After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number;
then an optional modifier, which is either
E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or
O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.14 dd
Usage: ./dd [OPERAND]...
or: ./dd OPTION
Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands.
bs=BYTES force ibs=BYTES and obs=BYTES
cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time
conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list
count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks
ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time
if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin
iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list
obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time
of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout
oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list
seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output
skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input
status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics
BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes:
xM M, c 1, w 2, b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024,
GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.
Each CONV symbol may be:
ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII
ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC
ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC
block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size
unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline
lcase change upper case to lower case
nocreat do not create the output file
excl fail if the output file already exists
notrunc do not truncate the output file
ucase change lower case to upper case
swab swap every pair of input bytes
noerror continue after read errors
sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used
with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs
fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing
fsync likewise, but also write metadata
Each FLAG symbol may be:
append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested)
dsync use synchronized I/O for data
sync likewise, but also for metadata
nonblock use non-blocking I/O
noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file
nofollow do not follow symlinks
nolinks fail if multiply-linked
Sending a USR1 signal to a running `dd' process makes it
print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying.
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$!
$ kill -USR1 $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid
18335302+0 records in
18335302+0 records out
9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s
Options are:
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.15 df
Usage: ./df [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides,
or all file systems by default.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all include dummy file systems
-B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
-H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage
-k like --block-size=1K
-l, --local limit listing to local file systems
--no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default)
-P, --portability use the POSIX output format
--sync invoke sync before getting usage info
-t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE
-T, --print-type print file system type
-x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE
-v (ignored)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.16 dir
Usage: ./dir [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information)
with -l: show ctime and sort by name
otherwise: sort by ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] control whether color is used to distinguish file
types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto'
-d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents,
and do not dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append `*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format
(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k like --block-size=1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control
characters specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default
unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U,
extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification
time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c,
or status -c; use specified time as sort key
if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is
FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to
non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time
with -l: show access time and sort by name
otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v sort by version
-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is
equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the
optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With
--color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected
to a terminal (tty). The environment variable LS_COLORS can influence the
colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command.
Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.17 dircolors
Usage: ./dircolors [OPTION]... [FILE]
Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable.
Determine format of output:
-b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS
-c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS
-p, --print-database output defaults
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which
file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used.
For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.18 dirname
Usage: ./dirname NAME
or: ./dirname OPTION
Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s,
output `.' (meaning the current directory).
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Examples:
./dirname /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin".
./dirname stdio.h Output ".".
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.19 du
Usage: ./du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
or: ./du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories
--apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal
fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
-b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-c, --total produce a grand total
-D, --dereference-args dereference FILEs that are symbolic links
--files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file
names specified in file F
-H like --si, but also evokes a warning; will soon
change to be equivalent to --dereference-args (-D)
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-k like --block-size=1K
-l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked
-m like --block-size=1M
-L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links
-P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default)
-0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline
-S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories
-s, --summarize display only a total for each argument
-x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems
-X FILE, --exclude-from=FILE Exclude files that match any pattern in FILE.
--exclude=PATTERN Exclude files that match PATTERN.
--max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as
--summarize
--time show time of the last modification of any file in the
directory, or any of its subdirectories
--time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time:
atime, access, use, ctime or status
--time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT
FORMAT is interpreted like `date'
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.20 echo
Usage: ./echo [OPTION]... [STRING]...
Echo the STRING(s) to standard output.
-n do not output the trailing newline
-e enable interpretation of backslash escapes
-E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized:
\0NNN the character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal)
\\ backslash
\a alert (BEL)
\b backspace
\c suppress trailing newline
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of echo, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.21 env
Usage: ./env [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...]
Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND.
-i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment
-u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.22 expand
Usage: ./expand [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks
-t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8
-t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.23 expr
Usage: ./expr EXPRESSION
or: ./expr OPTION
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below
separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be:
ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2
ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2
ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2
ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2
ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2
ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2
ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP
substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
length STRING length of STRING
+ TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a
keyword like `match' or an operator like `/'
( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION
Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical.
Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if
\( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0.
Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null
or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.24 factor
Usage: ./factor [NUMBER]...
or: ./factor OPTION
Print the prime factors of each NUMBER.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Print the prime factors of all specified integer NUMBERs. If no arguments
are specified on the command line, they are read from standard input.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.25 false
Usage: ./false [ignored command line arguments]
or: ./false OPTION
Exit with a status code indicating failure.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of false, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.26 fmt
Usage: ./fmt [-DIGITS] [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Reformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output.
If no FILE or if FILE is `-', read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines
-p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING,
reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines
-s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill
-t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second
-u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences
-w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.27 fold
Usage: ./fold [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to
standard output.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns
-s, --spaces break at spaces
-w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.28 ginstall
Usage: ./ginstall [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
or: ./ginstall [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
or: ./ginstall [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
or: ./ginstall [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY...
In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to
the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group.
In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies).
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
--backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file
-b like --backup but does not accept an argument
-c (ignored)
-d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all
components of the specified directories
-D create all leading components of DEST except the last,
then copy SOURCE to DEST
-g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group
-m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x
-o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only)
-p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files
to corresponding destination files
-s, --strip strip symbol tables
-S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY
-T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file
-v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through
the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:
none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)
numbered, t make numbered backups
existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
simple, never always make simple backups
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.29 groups
Usage: ./groups [OPTION]... [USERNAME]...
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Same as id -Gn. If no USERNAME, use current process.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.30 head
Usage: ./head [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-c, --bytes=[-]N print the first N bytes of each file;
with the leading `-', print all but the last
N bytes of each file
-n, --lines=[-]N print the first N lines instead of the first 10;
with the leading `-', print all but the last
N lines of each file
-q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names
-v, --verbose always print headers giving file names
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
N may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, k 1024, m 1024*1024.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.31 hostid
Usage: ./hostid
or: ./hostid OPTION
Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.32 hostname
Usage: ./hostname [NAME]
or: ./hostname OPTION
Print or set the hostname of the current system.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.33 id
Usage: ./id [OPTION]... [USERNAME]
Print information for USERNAME, or the current user.
-a ignore, for compatibility with other versions
-g, --group print only the effective group ID
-G, --groups print all group IDs
-n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG
-r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG
-u, --user print only the effective user ID
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.34 join
Usage: ./join [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2
For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to
standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited
by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input.
-a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where
FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2
-e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY
-i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields
-j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD'
-o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line
-t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator
-v FILENUM like -a FILENUM, but suppress joined output lines
-1 FIELD join on this FIELD of file 1
-2 FIELD join on this FIELD of file 2
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Unless -t CHAR is given, leading blanks separate fields and are ignored,
else fields are separated by CHAR. Any FIELD is a field number counted
from 1. FORMAT is one or more comma or blank separated specifications,
each being `FILENUM.FIELD' or `0'. Default FORMAT outputs the join field,
the remaining fields from FILE1, the remaining fields from FILE2, all
separated by CHAR.
Important: FILE1 and FILE2 must be sorted on the join fields.
E.g., use `sort -k 1b,1' if `join' has no options.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.35 kill
Usage: ./kill [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID...
or: ./kill -l [SIGNAL]...
or: ./kill -t [SIGNAL]...
Send signals to processes, or list signals.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL
specify the name or number of the signal to be sent
-l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers
-t, --table print a table of signal information
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1',
or an exit status of a process terminated by a signal.
PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group.
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of kill, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.36 link
Usage: ./link FILE1 FILE2
or: ./link OPTION
Call the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.37 ln
Usage: ./ln [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form)
or: ./ln [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form)
or: ./ln [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form)
or: ./ln [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form)
In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME.
In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory.
In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY.
Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic.
When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
--backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file
-b like --backup but does not accept an argument
-d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link
directories (note: will probably fail due to
system restrictions, even for the superuser)
-f, --force remove existing destination files
-n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a
directory as if it were a normal file
-i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations
-s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links
-S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create
the links
-T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file
-v, --verbose print name of each linked file
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through
the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:
none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)
numbered, t make numbered backups
existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
simple, never always make simple backups
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.38 logname
Usage: ./logname [OPTION]
Print the name of the current user.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.39 ls
Usage: ./ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information)
with -l: show ctime and sort by name
otherwise: sort by ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] control whether color is used to distinguish file
types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto'
-d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents,
and do not dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append `*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format
(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k like --block-size=1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control
characters specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default
unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U,
extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification
time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c,
or status -c; use specified time as sort key
if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is
FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to
non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time
with -l: show access time and sort by name
otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v sort by version
-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is
equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the
optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With
--color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected
to a terminal (tty). The environment variable LS_COLORS can influence the
colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command.
Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.40 md5sum
Usage: ./md5sum [OPTION] [FILE]...
Print or check MD5 (128-bit) checksums.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
-b, --binary read in binary mode
-c, --check read MD5 sums from the FILEs and check them
-t, --text read in text mode (default)
The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
--status don't output anything, status code shows success
-w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The sums are computed as described in RFC 1321. When checking, the input
should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print
a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for
text), and name for each FILE.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.41 mkdir
Usage: ./mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask
-p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
-v, --verbose print a message for each created directory
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.42 mkfifo
Usage: ./mkfifo [OPTION] NAME...
Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.43 mknod
Usage: ./mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR]
Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they
must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X,
it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal;
otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be:
b create a block (buffered) special file
c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file
p create a FIFO
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.44 mv
Usage: ./mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
or: ./mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
or: ./mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
--backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file
-b like --backup but does not accept an argument
-f, --force do not prompt before overwriting
-i, --interactive prompt before overwrite
--strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE
argument
-S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix
-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY
-T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file
-u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer
than the destination file or when the
destination file is missing
-v, --verbose explain what is being done
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through
the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values:
none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given)
numbered, t make numbered backups
existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
simple, never always make simple backups
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.45 nice
Usage: ./nice [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...]
Run COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling.
With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from
-20 (most favorable scheduling) to 19 (least favorable).
-n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of nice, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.46 nl
Usage: ./nl [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines
-d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages
-f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines
-h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines
-i, --page-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line
-l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one
-n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT
-p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages
-s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number
-v, --first-page=NUMBER first line number on each logical page
-w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are
two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing
second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of:
a number all lines
t number only nonempty lines
n number no lines
pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular
expression, BRE
FORMAT is one of:
ln left justified, no leading zeros
rn right justified, no leading zeros
rz right justified, leading zeros
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.47 nohup
Usage: ./nohup COMMAND [ARG]...
or: ./nohup OPTION
Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of nohup, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.48 od
Usage: ./od [OPTION]... [FILE]...
or: ./od [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]]
or: ./od --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]]
Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default,
of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument,
concatenate them in the listed order to form the input.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
All arguments to long options are mandatory for short options.
-A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed
-j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first
-N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes
-S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars
-t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats
-v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression
-w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line
--traditional accept arguments in traditional form
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate:
-a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit
-b same as -t o1, select octal bytes
-c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes
-d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units
-f same as -t fF, select floats
-i same as -t dI, select decimal ints
-l same as -t dL, select decimal longs
-o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units
-s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units
-x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units
If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed
if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit.
An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address
at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing.
For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal;
suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512.
TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications:
a named character, ignoring high-order bit
c ASCII character or backslash escape
d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer
f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer
o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer
u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer
x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer
SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for
sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for
sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D
for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double).
RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none.
BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, it is multiplied by 512
with b suffix, by 1024 with k and by 1048576 with m. Adding a z suffix to
any type adds a display of printable characters to the end of each line
of output. --string without a number implies 3. --width without a number
implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t d2 -w16.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.49 paste
Usage: ./paste [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from
each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs
-s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.50 pathchk
Usage: ./pathchk [OPTION]... NAME...
Diagnose unportable constructs in NAME.
-p check for most POSIX systems
-P check for empty names and leading "-"
--portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.51 pinky
Usage: ./pinky [OPTION]... [USER]...
-l produce long format output for the specified USERs
-b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format
-h omit the user's project file in long format
-p omit the user's plan file in long format
-s do short format output, this is the default
-f omit the line of column headings in short format
-w omit the user's full name in short format
-i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format
-q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time
in short format
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
A lightweight `finger' program; print user information.
The utmp file will be /var/adm/utmpx.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.52 pr
Usage: ./pr [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Paginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
+FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE], --pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]
begin [stop] printing with page FIRST_[LAST_]PAGE
-COLUMN, --columns=COLUMN
output COLUMN columns and print columns down,
unless -a is used. Balance number of lines in the
columns on each page.
-a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together
with -COLUMN
-c, --show-control-chars
use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation
-d, --double-space
double space the output
-D, --date-format=FORMAT
use FORMAT for the header date
-e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]]
expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8)
-F, -f, --form-feed
use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages
(by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header
and trailer without -F)
-h HEADER, --header=HEADER
use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header,
-h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h""
-i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]]
replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8)
-J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column
alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators
-l PAGE_LENGTH, --length=PAGE_LENGTH
set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines
(default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63)
-m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column,
truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J
-n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]]
number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB),
default counting starts with 1st line of input file
-N NUMBER, --first-line-number=NUMBER
start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first
page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE)
-o MARGIN, --indent=MARGIN
offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not
affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH
-r, --no-file-warnings
omit warning when a file cannot be opened
-s[CHAR],--separator[=CHAR]
separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR
is the <TAB> character without -w and 'no char' with -w
-s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column
options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set
-SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING]
separate columns by STRING,
without -S: Default separator <TAB> with -J and <space>
otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options
-t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers
-T, --omit-pagination
omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination
by form feeds set in input files
-v, --show-nonprinting
use octal backslash notation
-w PAGE_WIDTH, --width=PAGE_WIDTH
set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for
multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72)
-W PAGE_WIDTH, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH
set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always,
truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference
with -S or -s
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
-T implied by -l nn when nn <= 10 or <= 3 with -F. With no FILE, or when
FILE is -, read standard input.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.53 printenv
Usage: ./printenv [VARIABLE]...
or: ./printenv OPTION
If no environment VARIABLE specified, print them all.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of printenv, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.54 printf
Usage: ./printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]...
or: ./printf OPTION
Print ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are:
\" double quote
\NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits)
\\ backslash
\a alert (BEL)
\b backspace
\c produce no further output
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits)
\uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits)
\UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits)
%% a single %
%b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted,
except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN
and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with
ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled.
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of printf, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.55 ptx
Usage: ./ptx [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G)
or: ./ptx -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references
-G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx'
-F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations
-M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx'
-O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives
-R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w
-S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences
-T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives
-W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword
-b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE
-f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting
-g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields
-i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE
-o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE
-r, --references first field of each line is a reference
-t, --typeset-mode - not implemented -
-w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.56 pwd
Usage: ./pwd [OPTION]
Print the full filename of the current working directory.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of pwd, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.57 readlink
Usage: ./readlink [OPTION]... FILE
Display value of a symbolic link on standard output.
-f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in
every component of the given name recursively;
all but the last component must exist
-e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in
every component of the given name recursively,
all components must exist
-m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in
every component of the given name recursively,
without requirements on components existence
-n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline
-q, --quiet,
-s, --silent suppress most error messages
-v, --verbose report error messages
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.58 rm
Usage: ./rm [OPTION]... FILE...
Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).
-f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt
-i prompt before every removal
-I prompt once before removing more than three files, or
when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i,
while still giving protection against most mistakes
--interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or
always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always
--no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially
--preserve-root do not remove `/' (default)
-r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively
-v, --verbose explain what is being done
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R)
option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents.
To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo',
use one of these commands:
./rm -- -foo
./rm ./-foo
Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it is usually possible to recover
the contents of that file. If you want more assurance that the contents are
truly unrecoverable, consider using shred.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.59 rmdir
Usage: ./rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.
--ignore-fail-on-non-empty
ignore each failure that is solely because a directory
is non-empty
-p, --parents Remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors. E.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is
similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a'.
-v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.60 seq
Usage: ./seq [OPTION]... LAST
or: ./seq [OPTION]... FIRST LAST
or: ./seq [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST
Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT.
-f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT
-s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n)
-w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an
omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST.
FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values.
INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and
INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST.
FORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double';
it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point
decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.61 setuidgid
Usage: ./setuidgid USERNAME COMMAND [ARGUMENT]...
or: ./setuidgid OPTION
Drop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of
the specified USERNAME, and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs.
Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID.
Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND.
This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero).
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.62 sha1sum
Usage: ./sha1sum [OPTION] [FILE]...
Print or check SHA1 (160-bit) checksums.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
-b, --binary read in binary mode
-c, --check read SHA1 sums from the FILEs and check them
-t, --text read in text mode (default)
The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
--status don't output anything, status code shows success
-w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The sums are computed as described in FIPS-180-1. When checking, the input
should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print
a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for
text), and name for each FILE.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.63 sha224sum
Usage: ./sha224sum [OPTION] [FILE]...
Print or check SHA224 (224-bit) checksums.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
-b, --binary read in binary mode
-c, --check read SHA224 sums from the FILEs and check them
-t, --text read in text mode (default)
The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
--status don't output anything, status code shows success
-w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The sums are computed as described in RFC 3874. When checking, the input
should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print
a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for
text), and name for each FILE.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.64 sha256sum
Usage: ./sha256sum [OPTION] [FILE]...
Print or check SHA256 (256-bit) checksums.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
-b, --binary read in binary mode
-c, --check read SHA256 sums from the FILEs and check them
-t, --text read in text mode (default)
The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
--status don't output anything, status code shows success
-w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The sums are computed as described in FIPS-180-2. When checking, the input
should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print
a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for
text), and name for each FILE.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.65 sha384sum
Usage: ./sha384sum [OPTION] [FILE]...
Print or check SHA384 (384-bit) checksums.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
-b, --binary read in binary mode
-c, --check read SHA384 sums from the FILEs and check them
-t, --text read in text mode (default)
The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
--status don't output anything, status code shows success
-w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The sums are computed as described in FIPS-180-2. When checking, the input
should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print
a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for
text), and name for each FILE.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.66 sha512sum
Usage: ./sha512sum [OPTION] [FILE]...
Print or check SHA512 (512-bit) checksums.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
-b, --binary read in binary mode
-c, --check read SHA512 sums from the FILEs and check them
-t, --text read in text mode (default)
The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
--status don't output anything, status code shows success
-w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The sums are computed as described in FIPS-180-2. When checking, the input
should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print
a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for
text), and name for each FILE.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.67 shred
Usage: ./shred [OPTIONS] FILE [...]
Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder
for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary
-n, --iterations=N Overwrite N times instead of the default (25)
--random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE (default /dev/urandom)
-s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted)
-u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting
-v, --verbose show progress
-x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block;
this is the default for non-regular files
-z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
If FILE is -, shred standard output.
Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove
the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda,
and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular
files, most people use the --remove option.
CAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption:
that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional
way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this
assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is
not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes:
* log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with
AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.)
* file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes
fail, such as RAID-based file systems
* file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server
* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS
version 3 clients
* compressed file systems
In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies
(and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode,
which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the
data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual.
Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option
to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file,
as documented in the mount man page (man mount).
In addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies
of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file
to be recovered later.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.68 shuf
Usage: ./shuf [OPTION]... [FILE]
or: ./shuf -e [OPTION]... [ARG]...
or: ./shuf -i LO-HI [OPTION]...
Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line
-i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line
-n, --head-lines=LINES output at most LINES lines
-o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output
--random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE (default /dev/urandom)
-z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.69 sleep
Usage: ./sleep NUMBER[SUFFIX]...
or: ./sleep OPTION
Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default),
`m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations
that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating
point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time
specified by the sum of their values.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.70 sort
Usage: ./sort [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
Ordering options:
-b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks
-d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters
-f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters
-g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value
-i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters
-M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC'
-n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value
-R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys
--random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE (default /dev/urandom)
-r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons
Other options:
-c, --check check whether input is sorted; do not sort
-k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1, end it at POS2 (origin 1)
-m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort
-o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output
-s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison
-S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer
-t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition
-T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or /tmp;
multiple options specify multiple directories
-u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering;
without -c, output only the first of an equal run
-z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position
in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters
in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is
one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering
options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key.
SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes:
% 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
*** WARNING ***
The locale specified by the environment affects sort order.
Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses
native byte values.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.71 split
Usage: ./split [OPTION] [INPUT [PREFIX]]
Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default
size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT
is -, read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default 2)
-b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file
-C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file
-d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic
-l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file
--verbose print a diagnostic to standard error just
before each output file is opened
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SIZE may have a multiplier suffix: b for 512, k for 1K, m for 1 Meg.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.72 stat
Usage: ./stat [OPTION] FILE...
Display file or file system status.
-L, --dereference follow links
-f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status
-c --format=FORMAT use the specified FORMAT instead of the default;
output a newline after each use of FORMAT
--printf=FORMAT like --format, but interpret backslash escapes,
and do not output a mandatory trailing newline.
If you want a newline, include \n in FORMAT.
-t, --terse print the information in terse form
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system):
%a Access rights in octal
%A Access rights in human readable form
%b Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
%B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b
%d Device number in decimal
%D Device number in hex
%f Raw mode in hex
%F File type
%g Group ID of owner
%G Group name of owner
%h Number of hard links
%i Inode number
%n File name
%N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link
%o I/O block size
%s Total size, in bytes
%t Major device type in hex
%T Minor device type in hex
%u User ID of owner
%U User name of owner
%x Time of last access
%X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch
%y Time of last modification
%Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch
%z Time of last change
%Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch
Valid format sequences for file systems:
%a Free blocks available to non-superuser
%b Total data blocks in file system
%c Total file nodes in file system
%d Free file nodes in file system
%f Free blocks in file system
%i File System ID in hex
%l Maximum length of filenames
%n File name
%s Block size (for faster transfers)
%S Fundamental block size (for block counts)
%t Type in hex
%T Type in human readable form
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of stat, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.73 stty
Usage: ./stty [-F DEVICE] [--file=DEVICE] [SETTING]...
or: ./stty [-F DEVICE] [--file=DEVICE] [-a|--all]
or: ./stty [-F DEVICE] [--file=DEVICE] [-g|--save]
Print or change terminal characteristics.
-a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form
-g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form
-F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX
settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available.
Special characters:
* dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed
eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input)
eol CHAR CHAR will end the line
* eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line
erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed
intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal
kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line
* lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted
quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal
* rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line
start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it
stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output
susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal
* swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer
* werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed
Special settings:
N set the input and output speeds to N bauds
* cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns
* columns N same as cols N
ispeed N set the input speed to N
* line N use line discipline N
min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read
ospeed N set the output speed to N
* rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows
* size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel
speed print the terminal speed
time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second
Control settings:
[-]clocal disable modem control signals
[-]cread allow input to be received
* [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking
csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8]
[-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-')
[-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty
[-]hupcl same as [-]hup
[-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input
[-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-')
Input settings:
[-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal
[-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline
[-]ignbrk ignore break characters
[-]igncr ignore carriage return
[-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors
* [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character
[-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return
[-]inpck enable input parity checking
[-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters
* [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded
* [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase
* [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character
[-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters
[-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control
[-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence)
[-]tandem same as [-]ixoff
Output settings:
* bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1]
* crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3]
* ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1]
* nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1]
* [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline
* [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters
* [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays
* [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase
* [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline
* [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return
* [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column
[-]opost postprocess output
* tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3]
* tabs same as tab0
* -tabs same as tab3
* vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1]
Local settings:
[-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace
* crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings
* -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings
* [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c')
[-]echo echo input characters
* [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho
[-]echoe same as [-]crterase
[-]echok echo a newline after a kill character
* [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill
[-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters
* [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/'
[-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters
[-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters
[-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters
[-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters
* [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt
* [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal
* [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters
Combination settings:
* [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase
cbreak same as -icanon
-cbreak same as icanon
cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig
icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values
-cooked same as raw
crt same as echoe echoctl echoke
dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177
kill ^u
* [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany
ek erase and kill characters to their default values
evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7
-evenp same as -parenb cs8
* [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc
litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8
-litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7
nl same as -icrnl -onlcr
-nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret
oddp same as parenb parodd cs7
-oddp same as -parenb cs8
[-]parity same as [-]evenp
pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8
-pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7
raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip
-inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany
-imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0
-raw same as cooked
sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8
-ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr
-onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0
isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh
-xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special
characters to their default values.
Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments,
prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In
settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or
127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.74 sum
Usage: ./sum [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Print checksum and block counts for each FILE.
-r defeat -s, use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks
-s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.75 sync
Usage: ./sync [OPTION]
Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.76 tac
Usage: ./tac [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Write each FILE to standard output, last line first.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-b, --before attach the separator before instead of after
-r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression
-s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.77 tail
Usage: ./tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Print the last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
--retry keep trying to open a file even if it is
inaccessible when tail starts or if it becomes
inaccessible later; useful when following by name,
i.e., with --follow=name
-c, --bytes=N output the last N bytes
-f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]
output appended data as the file grows;
-f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are
equivalent
-F same as --follow=name --retry
-n, --lines=N output the last N lines, instead of the last 10
--max-unchanged-stats=N
with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not
changed size after N (default 5) iterations
to see if it has been unlinked or renamed
(this is the usual case of rotated log files)
--pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies
-q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names
-s, --sleep-interval=S with -f, sleep for approximately S seconds
(default 1.0) between iterations.
-v, --verbose always output headers giving file names
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
If the first character of N (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+',
print beginning with the Nth item from the start of each file, otherwise,
print the last N items in the file. N may have a multiplier suffix:
b 512, k 1024, m 1024*1024.
With --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which
means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track
its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to
track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log
rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the
named file by reopening it periodically to see if it has been removed and
recreated by some other program.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.78 tee
Usage: ./tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.
-a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
-i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.79 touch
Usage: ./touch [OPTION]... FILE...
Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a change only the access time
-c, --no-create do not create any files
-d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time
-f (ignored)
-m change only the modification time
-r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time
-t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time
--time=WORD change the specified time:
WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a
WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats.
If a FILE is -, touch standard output.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.80 tr
Usage: ./tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input,
writing to standard output.
-c, -C, --complement first complement SET1
-d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate
-s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character
that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence
of that character
-t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves.
Interpreted sequences are:
\NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits)
\\ backslash
\a audible BEL
\b backspace
\f form feed
\n new line
\r return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order
[CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1
[CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0
[:alnum:] all letters and digits
[:alpha:] all letters
[:blank:] all horizontal whitespace
[:cntrl:] all control characters
[:digit:] all digits
[:graph:] all printable characters, not including space
[:lower:] all lower case letters
[:print:] all printable characters, including space
[:punct:] all punctuation characters
[:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace
[:upper:] all upper case letters
[:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits
[=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR
Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear.
-t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of
SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters
of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to
expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may
only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not
translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after
translation or deletion.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.81 true
Usage: ./true [ignored command line arguments]
or: ./true OPTION
Exit with a status code indicating success.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
NOTE: your shell may have its own version of true, which usually supersedes
the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation
for details about the options it supports.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.82 tsort
Usage: ./tsort [OPTION] [FILE]
Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.83 tty
Usage: ./tty [OPTION]...
Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
-s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.84 uname
Usage: ./uname [OPTION]...
Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s.
-a, --all print all information, in the following order,
except omit -p and -i if unknown:
-s, --kernel-name print the kernel name
-n, --nodename print the network node hostname
-r, --kernel-release print the kernel release
-v, --kernel-version print the kernel version
-m, --machine print the machine hardware name
-p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown"
-i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown"
-o, --operating-system print the operating system
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.85 unexpand
Usage: ./unexpand [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output.
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks
--first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a)
-t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a)
-t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.86 uniq
Usage: ./uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or
standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences
-d, --repeated only print duplicate lines
-D, --all-repeated[=delimit-method] print all duplicate lines
delimit-method={none(default),prepend,separate}
Delimiting is done with blank lines.
-f, --skip-fields=N avoid comparing the first N fields
-i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing
-s, --skip-chars=N avoid comparing the first N characters
-u, --unique only print unique lines
-w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
A field is a run of whitespace, then non-whitespace characters.
Fields are skipped before chars.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.87 unlink
Usage: ./unlink FILE
or: ./unlink OPTION
Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.88 uptime
Usage: ./uptime [OPTION]... [ FILE ]
Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up,
the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs
in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.
If FILE is not specified, use /var/adm/utmpx. /var/adm/wtmpx as FILE is common.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.89 users
Usage: ./users [OPTION]... [ FILE ]
Output who is currently logged in according to FILE.
If FILE is not specified, use /var/adm/utmpx. /var/adm/wtmpx as FILE is common.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.90 vdir
Usage: ./vdir [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information)
with -l: show ctime and sort by name
otherwise: sort by ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] control whether color is used to distinguish file
types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto'
-d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents,
and do not dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append `*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format
(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k like --block-size=1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control
characters specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default
unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U,
extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification
time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c,
or status -c; use specified time as sort key
if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is
FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to
non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time
with -l: show access time and sort by name
otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v sort by version
-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is
equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the
optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With
--color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected
to a terminal (tty). The environment variable LS_COLORS can influence the
colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command.
Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.91 wc
Usage: ./wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
or: ./wc [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
Print newline, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if
more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
read standard input.
-c, --bytes print the byte counts
-m, --chars print the character counts
-l, --lines print the newline counts
--files0-from=F read input from the files specified by
NUL-terminated names in file F
-L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line
-w, --words print the word counts
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.92 who
Usage: ./who [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ]
-a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u
-b, --boot time of last system boot
-d, --dead print dead processes
-H, --heading print line of column headings
-l, --login print system login processes
--lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS
-m only hostname and user associated with stdin
-p, --process print active processes spawned by init
-q, --count all login names and number of users logged on
-r, --runlevel print current runlevel
-s, --short print only name, line, and time (default)
-t, --time print last system clock change
-T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ?
-u, --users list users logged in
--message same as -T
--writable same as -T
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
If FILE is not specified, use /var/adm/utmpx. /var/adm/wtmpx as FILE is common.
If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual.
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.93 whoami
Usage: ./whoami [OPTION]...
Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID.
Same as id -un.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
A.94 yes
Usage: ./yes [STRING]...
or: ./yes OPTION
Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils at gnu.org>.
--
Stephen Hahn, PhD Solaris Kernel Development, Sun Microsystems
stephen.hahn at sun.com http://blogs.sun.com/sch/
