Criminals using prepaid cards to launder money 

05/23/2011
Dallas Morning News - Online

Published 22 May 2011 10:45 PM

BOGOTA, Colombia — Forget bulk cash. Heavy and hard to hide, it's simply not
the most convenient cross-border conveyance for a 21st-century money
launderer.

A safer and increasingly attractive alternative for today's criminal is
electronic cash loaded on stored-value or prepaid cards. Getting them
doesn't require a bank account, and many types can be used anonymously.

U.S. crime fighters consider the cards a burgeoning threat that regulators
haven't adequately addressed.

In the past year, said John Tobon, a senior U.S. Immigration and Customs
Enforcement agent, the cards have become the preferred means of paying
couriers who transport illicit drugs across the U.S.

No one knows how big a role the cards play in moving the more than $20
billion in drug earnings that U.S. authorities estimate crosses from the
U.S. to Mexico annually. Yet while anyone crossing that border with $10,000
or more in cash must declare it, prepaid cards are legally exempt.

It was bank and wire-transfer records that enabled law enforcement to
identify the 9/11 hijackers and their overseas cells. “Had the 9/11
terrorists used prepaid cards to cover their expenses, none of these
financial footprints would have been available,” a U.S. Treasury Department
report observed.

Visually, the cards are barely distinguishable from credit or debit cards
and the most versatile let users reload them remotely without having to
reveal their identity, using cash or online payment services.

Some cards can process tens of thousands of dollars a month. Just load them
up in Connecticut or Texas with, say, the proceeds of cocaine sales and
collect the cash in local currency from an ATM in Medellín, Colombia, or
elsewhere in Latin America.

In one of the first cases to clue law enforcement to the threat,
Dallas-based Virtual Money Inc. provided the cards to crews who helped
Colombian drug traffickers move at least $7 million to Medellín during three
months in 2006, prosecutors say.

The money moved digitally, and Virtual Money allegedly violated U.S. law by
not reporting transfers above $10,000 or other activity suggesting illegal
money movement.

David Zapp, a New York attorney for a defendant sentenced to 45 months in
prison in the case, said his client was a small player in a scheme in which
cards had relatively low load limits of $1,000. The trick was volume — and
the ability to replenish the cards.

Some launderers probably had 400-500 cards, he said.

Law enforcement officials won't discuss the case because Virtual Money's
president, Robert Hodgins, remains a fugitive. In 2008, his suburban
Oklahoma City home, more than $250,000 and two cars were seized.

Investigators said they were able to get an informant inside Virtual Money.
Generally, cases tend to be difficult to build because money movements must
be linked to a crime.

State and local police in the U.S. are only just waking up to the cards, so
ICE created an explanatory pamphlet it is distributing far beyond Customs
and Border Patrol agents.

“We're involved in a case much larger than Virtual Money,” said Paul Campo,
chief of the DEA's financial crimes unit. It is in the Southwest U.S., he
said, adding that the DEA also has active cases in New England and the state
of Georgia.

An October report by the 34-nation Financial Action Task Force that sets
global anti-money laundering standards, cites just a half dozen laundering
cases involving prepaid cards in their short history — each involving from
$200,000 to $5 million. Yet Tobon says they have in the past year or so
become the preferred method for paying smugglers to move drugs across the
U.S.

The Treasury wants to require any business selling cards that can be used
internationally to keep customer identity records and report suspicious
transactions. That would affect more than 43,000 U.S. sellers ranging from
mom-and-pop groceries to chains such as Wal-Mart.

The prepaid card industry is balking, saying such rules would hike
administrative costs that would eventually land on consumers. 



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