Dari dulu tulisan dari hmp memang enak dibaca kok............., mungkin yang enggak kerasa enak karena belom pakai kacamata.........heheheh
----- Original Message ----- From: "Hendra Wijaya" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> To: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Sent: Friday, June 25, 2004 5:57 PM Subject: Re: [PB] Re: [Lingk] TSCA Incinerator > Mas-mas di HMP alhamdulillah sudah lebih enak dibaca > tulisannya, mudah-mudahan begitu seterusnya. > > Pada waktu lalu saya sajikan data mengenai Waste > Incineration using Cement Kiln. Ada beberapa > keuntungan dari pemanfaatan cement kiln : > 1. Temperatur bisa dipastikan mencapai 1400 oC karena > kalau tidak, semen nya nggak akan jadi clinker. (Lihat > kurva temperature zone cement kiln), waktu tinggal di > dalam kiln amatlah lama untuk ukuran sebuah > incinerator. > 2. Heavy metal yang terbentuk atau tadinya ada pada > limbah yang dibakar akan terikut di matriks semen yang > akan tersolidifikasi menjadi matriks padat padat saat > semen digunakan. > 3. Bahan organik yang ada pada limbah umumnya akan > teroksidasi hampir sempurna pada temperatur 1000 oC, > bahkan PCB, Furan, TCDD, PAH (tolong lihat di kurva > bahwa penurunan konsentrasi bahan organik tersebut > adalah asimptotis pada temperatur 1000 oC), sehingga > kekhawatiran yang ada akan dapat di antisipasi dengan > kondisi operasi yang lebih dari incinerator biasa) > 4. Landfill bagi limbah yang mengandung bahan organik > tinggi (>50%) bukan solusi yang paling tepat karena > degradasi bahan organik tersebut terus berlangsung dan > mengharuskan adanya pemantauan minimal 30 tahun dari > sejak limbah tersebut ditempatkan (aturan landfill > limbah B3). > 5. Pemanfaatan cement kiln ini masih dalam pembahasan > di kementrian lingkungan hidup, untuk itu masukan dari > rekan-rekan akan sangat berguna untuk dapat mengambil > keputusan yang tepat bagi masalah yang ada di sekitar > kita. Bayangkan disekitar jakarta ada berapa > industrial estate yang sampai hari ini belum tahu mau > dikemanakan limbah padatnya yang nota bene masih > mengandung bahan organik > 50%. > 6. Kemampuan EP pabrik semen pada saat ini sudah dapat > mencapai emisi 50 mg/Nm3 di Indonesia, di luar negeri > bahkan sudah mencapai 25 mg/Nm3 atau 10 mg/Nm3. > Sehingga cemaran partikulat bisa lebih baik > dikendalikan pada pabrik semen dari pada insinerator > biasa. > 7. Mekanisme automatic process shut down karena > berbagai kendala operasi sudah sedemikian terkendali > dibandingkan dengan otomatisasi sebuah insinerator > biasa. > 8. Pengalaman di negara maju seperti jerman sudah > dapat memanfaatkan limbah sebagai supplemental fuel > pabrik semen dengan emisi terlampir pada artikel > terdahulu. > 9. Tinggal kita menelaah apakah peluang pemanfaatan > insinerator semen dapat kita ambil dengan > memperhitungkan keselamatan masyarakat di sekitar > pabrik semen. > > > Hendra Wijaya > Pemerhati Lingkungan > > --- HMP <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > IMPACTS OF INCINERATION: EMISSIONS > > > > Existing data shows that burning hazardous waste, > > even in "state-of-the-art" > > incinerators, will lead to the release of three > > types of dangerous > > pollutants into the environment: > > > > Heavy metals > > > > Unburned toxic chemicals > > > > New pollutants - entirely new chemicals formed > > during the incineration > > process. > > > > Toxic Metals > > > > Metals are not destroyed during incineration and are > > often released into the > > environment in even more concentrated and dangerous > > forms than in the > > original waste. High-temperature combustion releases > > toxic metals such as > > lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and chromium from > > wastes that contain these > > substances, including batteries, paints and certain > > plastics. They are > > released in the form of tiny particles or gases, > > increasing the risk of > > inhalation. An average-sized commercial incinerator > > (32,000 tonnes per year) > > burning hazardous waste with an average metals > > content emits these metals > > into the air at the rate of 92 tonnes a year (total > > for lead,cadmium, > > arsenic, mercury and chromium); another 304 tonnes a > > year will be found in > > residual ashes and liquids. Pollution control > > equipment can remove some but > > not all heavy metals from stack gases. But even then > > the metals do not > > disappear; they are merely transferred from the air > > into the ash, which is > > then landfilled. > > > > Subsequently, metals in the ash may leach into and > > contaminate soils and > > potentially groundwater. Presently, ash from > > incinerators is sometimes being > > used for construction purposes such as in asphalt, > > cement and for making > > paths. This practice can also have implications for > > the environment and for > > human health. For instance, metals can leach out of > > such construction > > materials. Ash from a municipal waste incinerator in > > Newcastle, UK, was used > > on local allotments and paths between 1994 and 1999. > > All of it had to be > > removed recently after it was found to contain > > unacceptably high levels of > > some heavy metals and dioxins. > > > > Unburned toxic chemicals > > > > No incinerator process operates at 100 per cent > > efficiency. Unburned > > chemicals are emitted in the stack gases of all > > hazardous waste > > incinerators. They also escape into the air as > > fugitive emissions during > > storage, handling and transport. While incinerators > > are designed to burn > > wastes, they also produce them in the form of ash > > and effluent from wet > > scrubbers and/or cooling processes. Incinerator ash > > carries many of the same > > pollutants that are emitted as stack gases. Studies > > have identified as many > > as 43 different semi-volatile organic chemicals in > > incinerator ash, and at > > least 16 organic chemicals in scrubber water from > > hazardous waste > > incinerators. Ash is commonly buried in landfill, > > while effluent is often > > treated before being discharged into rivers or > > lakes. > > > > > > New pollutants - dioxins and furans > > One of the most insidious aspects of incineration is > > the entirely new and > > highly toxic chemicals that can be formed during the > > combustion process. > > > > When fragments of partially burned waste chemicals > > recombine within > > incinerator furnaces, smokestacks, and/or pollution > > control devices, > > hundreds, even thousands, of new substances are > > created, many of which are > > more toxic than the original waste itself. > > > > > > > > There has been very little research on the > > identification of the multitude > > of pollutants emitted from incinerators. One study > > identified 250 volatile > > organic compounds, many of which are known to be > > highly toxic or > > carcinogenic, but it is likely that many other > > compounds are emitted which > > have yet to be identified. > > > > Among these are dioxins and furans (often referred > > to just as dioxins) a > > class of chemical compounds widely recognised to > > contain many highly toxic > > compounds including TCDD, a chemical which has been > > described as the most > > toxic chemical known to man. Dioxins are created > > when chlorine-containing > > materials are burned. They have no useful purpose > > and are associated with a > > wide range of health impacts including, cancer, > > altered sexual development, > > male and female reproductive problems, suppression > > of the immune system, > > diabetes, organ toxicity and a wide range of effects > > on hormones. > > > > DIOXINS - GLOBAL KILLERS > > > > Once emitted into the environment dioxins can > > travel vast distances on air > > and ocean currents, and because of this globe > > trotting ability are a global > > contaminant. In 1997, the International Agency for > > Research on cancer (IARC) > > classified TCDD, the most toxic dioxin as a human > > carcinogen. > > > > Dioxins are distributed into the environment as part > > of incinerator stack > > gases, bottom ash, fly ash and in the effluent of > > pollution control devices. > > The main route of exposure to dioxins in humans is > > through food intake. Once > > in the body they are only excreted very slowly and > > build up in fatty > > tissues. Studies suggest that people in the U.S. and > > some European countries > > now carry dioxins and furans that are at or near > > those levels which are > > suspected to cause health effects in humans. > > > > Dioxin released from an incinerator can be readily > > taken up by grazing > > animals and fish. > > > > > > In 1989, 16 dairy farmers downwind of a Rotterdam > > incinerator were banned > > from selling their milk, because it contained dioxin > > levels three times > > higher than anywhere else in the Netherlands. > > > > > > Residents of one property downwind of a chemical > > waste incinerator in > > Pontypool, South Wales, were advised not to consume > > duck or bantam eggs from > > their property. > > > > Fugitive Emissions > > Some waste is accidentally released when chemicals > > are removed from storage > > containers at the incinerator site, moved to > > transportation vehicles, or > > being shipped to and moved about within the > > incineration facility. An > > average incinerator burning 32,000 tonnes of waste > > per year will receive > > over 1500 tanker-truck shipments of wastes per year, > > or more than 28 trucks > > per week. According to the US EPA: "Fugitive > > emissions and accidental spills > > may release as much or more toxic material to the > > environment than direct > > emissions from incomplete waste incineration ..." > > There is also the risk of > > catastrophic waste releases in fires and explosions. > > > > Incinerator Ash is Hazardous Waste > > > > Leftover incinerator ash can be extremely toxic, > > containing concentrated > > amounts of lead, cadmium and other heavy metals, as > > well as dioxins and > > > === message truncated === > > > > > __________________________________ > Do you Yahoo!? > New and Improved Yahoo! 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